Sequence stratigraphic interpretation of a Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous) coal from the central Appalachian Basin,USA

Peat mires retain a sensitive record of water‐table (base‐level) fluctuations throughout their accumulation. On this basis, coals provide one of the best opportunities to interpret high‐resolution base‐level change in ancient non‐marine deposits. The petrographic composition of 275 samples collected from 11 localities along a 100 km south‐west to north‐east transect across the regionally extensive (>37 000 km²) Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous) Fire Clay coal of the Central Appalachian Basin, USA was analysed to determine its internal stratigraphy. The coal is positioned within the late lowstand/early transgressive systems tract of a fourth‐order depositional sequence. The results of the petrographic analyses reveal a cyclicity in the composition of the Fire Clay coal, which defines six units that are correlated over more than 100 km. Each coal cycle is characterized by a gradual upward transition from vitrinite‐dominated to inertinite‐dominated coal, which represents a ‘drying‐up’ succession. Increased concentrations of resistant peat components at the top of the drying‐up successions indicate reduced peat accumulation rates associated with slowing rate of water‐table rise, and may represent a residue of peat remaining from a phase of exposure and erosion resulting from a falling water table. These drying‐up successions are bound by surfaces that display an abrupt coal facies shift from inertinite‐rich to vitrinite‐rich coal, representing a rapid water‐table rise. Each cycle represents markedly different mire conditions with different aerial distributions, which supports the notion of temporal disconnection between each unit of coal, and suggests that considerable time may be ‘locked‐up’ in unit bounding exposure surfaces. Recognition that the rate of peat accumulation in a mire may vary considerably through time, has important implications for studies which assume that peat and coal successions provide continuous and time‐invariant records of base‐level fluctuations or palaeoecological change.     

鄂尔多斯盆地地下水勘查

鄂尔多斯盆地矿产资源丰富,生态环境脆弱,地下水资源分布不均,水质复杂。在研究盆地周边岩溶区岩溶发育规律,地下水富集规律,地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件的基础上,将周边岩溶区划分为9个岩溶水系统,进一步划分为25个岩溶水子系统。白垩系自流盆地初步揭示了深部赋存有丰富的地下水,地下水受岩相古地理、地下水补径排条件等控制,水质差异较大。总结了东部黄土覆盖区的地下水类型及开发利用模式     

内蒙古早白垩世五间房含煤盆地煤层煤相分析

内蒙古是我国非常重要的后备煤炭资源基地,煤层大多聚集在白垩纪断陷盆地中,其中,五间房含煤盆地煤炭资源丰富。通过对该盆地东南部3个钻孔57件煤样的煤岩学和煤化学分析,探讨了煤层的煤质特征、煤相类型及其演化规律。研究结果表明：本区煤层以低—中高灰、高挥发分产率和低—特低硫为特征;具有较高的镜/惰比和结构保存指数;煤相类型主要为潮湿森林沼泽相,自下而上,成煤泥炭沼泽覆水程度总体有所加深,上部泥炭沼泽具有水体逐渐加深的水进型特征,下部泥炭沼泽具有水体逐渐变浅的水退型特征。     

Three-dimensional sequence analysis of a subsurface carbonate ramp, Mississippian Appalachian foreland basin, West Virginia, USA

Well‐cuttings, wireline logs and limited core and outcrop data were used to generate a regional, three‐dimensional sequence framework for Upper Mississippian (Chesterian), Greenbrier Group carbonates in the Appalachian foreland basin, West Virginia, USA. The resulting maps were used to document the stratigraphic response of the basin to tectonics and to glacio‐eustasy during the transition into ice‐house conditions. The ramp facies include inner ramp red beds and aeolianites, lagoonal muddy carbonates, mid‐ramp ooid and skeletal grainstone shoal complexes, and outer ramp wackestone–mudstone, that grades downslope into laminated silty lime mudstone. The facies make up fourth‐order sequences, a few metres to over 90 m (300 ft) thick. The sequences are bounded along the ramp margin by lowstand sandstones and calcareous siltstones. On the ramp, sequence boundaries are overlain by thin transgressive siliciclastics and aeolianites, and only a few are calichified. Maximum flooding surfaces on the outer ramp lie beneath deeper water facies that overlie lowstand to transgressive siliciclastic or carbonate units. On the shallow ramp, maximum flooding surfaces overlie siliciclastic‐prone transgressive systems tracts, that are overlain by highstand carbonates with significant grainstone units interlayered with lagoonal lime mudstones. The fourth‐order sequences are the major mappable subsurface units; they are bundled into weak composite sequences which are bounded by red beds. In spite of differential subsidence rates across the foreland basin (1 to 3 cm/k.y. up to 25 cm/k.y.), eustatic sea‐level changes controlled regional sequence development. Thrust‐load induced differential subsidence of fault‐blocks, coupled with in‐plane stress, controlled the rapid basinward thickening of the depositional wedge, whose thickness and facies were influenced by subtle structures such as arches trending at high angles as well as parallel to the margin.     

Characteristics of telemagmatic metamorphism of the Ceshui Formation coal in Lianyuan coal basin

The Ceshui Formation coal is mostly anthracite and its metamorphism has been less documented.By analyzing systematically the reflectance of vitrinite and the results of X-ray diffraction of the Ceshui Formation cola in the Lianyuan coal basin,the spatial variation characteristics of coal ranks,coal metamorphic regions,the extension of coal metamorphic belts.coal metamorphic gradients,coal chemical structure and the effect on the degree of metamorphism of heat-production and -storge conditions,buried depth of the Indosinian-Yenshanian granites at the margins of the Lianyuan coal basin are discussed.The research results in conjunction of the features of regional hydrothermal alterations,endogenetic deposits with the Ceshui Formation coal measures,and the development of secondary vesicles indicate that the telemagmatic metamorphism is the main factor leading to the metamorphism of the Ceshui Formation coal in the region studied.     

Palynology of late Middle Pennsylvanian coal beds in the Appalachian Basin

Fossil spores and pollen have long been recognized as valuable tools for identifying and correlating coal beds. This paper describes the palynology of late Middle Pennsylvanian coal beds in the Appalachian Basin with emphasis on forms that assist both intra- and interbasinal coal bed correlation.Stratigraphically important palynomorphs that originate in late Middle Pennsylvanian strata include Torispora securis, Murospora kosankei, Triquitrites minutus, Cadiospora magna, Mooreisporites inusitatus, and Schopfites dimorphus. Taxa that terminate in the late Middle Pennsylvanian include Radiizonates difformis, Densosporites annulatus, Dictyotriletes bireticulatus, Vestispora magna, and Savitrisporites nux. Species of Lycospora, Cirratriradites, Vestispora, and Thymospora, as well as Granasporites medius, Triquitrites sculptilis, and T. securis end their respective ranges slightly higher, in earliest Late Pennsylvanian age strata.Late Middle Pennsylvanian and earliest Late Pennsylvanian strata in the Appalachian Basin correlate with the Radiizonates difformis (RD), Mooreisporites inusitatus (MI), Schopfites colchesterensis–S. dimorphus (CP), and Lycospora granulata–Granasporites medius (GM) spore assemblage zones of the Eastern Interior, or Illinois Basin. In the Western Interior Basin, these strata correlate with the middle-upper portion of the Torispora securis–Laevigatosporites globosus (SG) and lower half of the Thymospora pseudothiessenii–Schopfites dimorphus (PD) assemblage zones. In western Europe, late Middle Pennsylvanian and earliest Late Pennsylvanian strata correlate with the middle-upper portion of the Torispora securis–T. laevigata (SL) and the middle part of the Thymospora obscura–T. thiessenii (OT) spore assemblage zones. Allegheny Formation coal beds also correlate with the Torispora securis (X) and Thymospora obscura (XI) spore assemblages, which were developed for coal beds in Great Britain.     

金宝屯聚煤盆地沉积环境分析

本文以金宝屯煤田为例,研究其沉积环境、聚煤规律、含煤盆地岩相序列组合和岩相的空间配置。对以后在该地区的找煤工作具有指导作用。     

安徽淮河流域平原区地下水水温分布特征

介绍了安徽淮河流域平原区第四纪地质与水文地质概况,通过对所采集的1362组地下水水温数据空间分布特征的分析,认为本地区地下水水温西高东低;蒙城、凤台—寿县—长丰一带和界首—亳州、砀山等地是寻找面源型地热资源的有利地区.     

Cevennes盆地北坳陷区独特的沉积与构造演化的耦合关系

发育于法国Ｃｅｖｅｎｎｅｓ聚煤盆地北坳区斯蒂芬期（Ｓｔｅｐｈａｎｉａｎ）同沉积断层在空间上局部控制了碎屑体及煤层的形态、厚度,且在时间上完成了构造反转。盆缘断层控制了盆地自身的几何形态及其岩相古地理格局,它们的活动性及强度的差异致使盆地沉降或沉积中心、富煤带的侧向迁移,使盆地整体的构造格架发生了由半地堑－地堑－新形式的半地堑的转化。在不同的演化时期,盆地钎特的沉积、充填作用对构造的活动与演化给予了     

Structural controls on fractured coal reservoirs in the southern Appalachian Black Warrior foreland basin

Coal is a nearly impermeable rock type for which the production of fluids requires the presence of open fractures. Basin-wide controls on the fractured coal reservoirs of the Black Warrior foreland basin are demonstrated by the variability of maximum production rates from coalbed methane wells. Reservoir behavior depends on distance from the thrust front. Far from the thrust front, normal faults are barriers to fluid migration and compartmentalize the reservoirs. Close to the thrust front, rates are enhanced along some normal faults, and a new trend is developed. The two trends have the geometry of conjugate strike-slip faults with the same σ₁ direction as the Appalachian fold-thrust belt and are inferred to be the result of late pure-shear deformation of the foreland. Face cleat causes significant permeability anisotropy in some shallow coal seams but does not produce a map-scale production trend.     

煤炭开采条件下三姑泉域岩溶含水层保护评价

三姑泉域是我国典型的北方岩溶区,同时位于国家规划的晋东大型煤炭基地,煤炭开采与水资源保护之间的问题较为突出。多年来区内煤炭资源的大规模开采造成了区域地下水位下降、水质恶化等现象。因此开展北方岩溶区煤炭基地含水层保护评价对水资源保护及经济可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。本文从含水层脆弱性、含水层功能和煤炭开采影响力三方面建立综合评价指标体系,采用APH法进行三姑泉域岩溶含水层综合保护评价。针对煤炭基地特征,采用增加了煤炭采空区指标的COP修正模型评价了含水层的脆弱性。含水层功能评价分别从供水能力与生态、大泉维持能力开展;煤炭开采影响力评价从开采活动及煤炭地质结构两方面开展。综合评价结果显示需要重点保护的区段为岩溶大泉、水源地及地表渗漏段,其次为岩溶强径流带及煤炭剧烈开采区,与实际情况相符。      

鄂尔多斯盆地中生界煤成烃潜力的实验研究

煤的热模拟实验研究表明:鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系煤以产气为主,三叠系煤相对倾向于生油,三叠系煤的产油量是侏罗系煤产油量的 6~8倍,且产油温度宽,生成的气体成分以甲烷为主,但三叠系煤对液态沥青的吸附量大。侏罗系煤不仅产量小,产油持续的温度范围窄,而且生成大量的二氧化碳,但其排油效率高,对液态沥青的吸附量只有三叠系煤的 1/10。煤系有机显微组分组成和特征是造成中生界煤生烃潜力差异的主要原因。由于侏罗系煤生烃潜力低,且成熟度低,三叠系煤生油潜力虽高,但煤系规模小,煤层厚度薄,难以形成工业性油气藏。     

辽河盆地东部凹陷沙三段煤种和煤级分布特征

运用煤田地质学基本理论和煤的镜质组反射率值及工业分析等有关数据,确定了辽河盆地东部凹陷古近系沙三段含煤亚段的煤种主要为褐煤、长焰煤和气煤;进而阐述了该煤段垂向上煤级与埋深的变化规律性、不同赋煤区各煤级垂向界限的差异性。在平面上,长焰煤在东部凹陷的6个赋煤区均有分布,褐煤分布于东部凹陷西南端和中北部,气煤则集中分布于该凹陷的中南部。区域地温场和火山活动控制了煤级的空间分布。     

鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地水文地质概念模型

水文地质概念模型是地下水模拟与水资源评价的基础。为了构建地下水数值模拟模型,以鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地为研究对象,以丰富翔实的勘查资料为依据,从白垩系地下水系统边界条件、水文地质结构、水流系统、水文地质参数、源汇项等方面进行概化,联合采用ArcGIS、RS、GMS同位素、基流分割、地质统计学、随机模拟等技术方法,建立了一组水文地质概念模型及其相应的空间离散表达,并讨论了地下水模拟面临的问题与发展趋势。     

沁南地区高煤阶煤储层流速敏感性及影响因素

流速敏感性评价实验结果是确定煤层气藏合理排采速度的重要依据,对煤层气开发具有重要意义。高煤阶煤储层的低孔低渗特征使煤储层速敏性评价不能仿照常规储层的液体实验方法,为此提出利用氮气评价高煤阶煤储层流速敏感性的新方法,并对沁南地区高煤阶样品进行测试。结果表明:沁南地区高煤阶煤储层速敏损害程度相对较弱,主要损害程度为无敏感、弱敏感和中等偏弱3种;高煤阶煤储层原始渗透率是控制煤储层速敏损害率的主控因素,煤储层渗透率越大,速敏损害率越高;煤岩中黏土矿物含量对煤储层速敏损害率的影响相对有限,速敏损害率主要与黏土矿物赋存方式有关,当黏土矿物主要赋存于裂隙中时,煤储层速敏损害率相对较大。     

华北陆表海盆地海侵事件聚煤作用研究

在研究了陆表海盆地聚煤作用特点的基础上,提出了海侵事件成煤作用观点,分析了其机理。海侵导致了陆表海盆地沼泽环境的形成,进而形成泥炭沼泽,而随后的海侵事件导致了先形成的泥炭迅速处于深水环境最终成煤。海侵事件成煤作用形成的重要层位如煤层、海相层均具有较好的等时性。     

藏北羌塘盆地褶皱形变研究

羌塘盆地由于受多期构造活动的影响形成多个构造层,不同构造层的变形特征存在明显差异。其中三叠纪构造层多形成一些紧闭倒转的小型背、向斜褶皱,侏罗纪构造层内多发育大型宽缓的背、向斜及复背斜、复向斜,而白垩纪—新近纪构造层多位于向斜核部和背斜翼部,形成宽缓的褶曲。褶皱变形以近东西向为主,从老到新不同构造层形成的褶皱由紧闭到宽缓,存在一定的继承性和递进叠加的特点。褶皱轴迹的空间展布及变形特点表明不同时期板块的拼合挤压是导致盆地变形的主要驱动力,基底断裂及基底凸凹变化对褶皱的展布和变形有一定程度的控制和影响。     

Groundwater resources of the middle and upper Odra River basin, southwestern Poland

 The total amount of groundwater resources in the middle and upper Odra River basin is 5200×10³ m³/d, or about 7.7% of the disposable groundwater resources of Poland. The average modulus of groundwater resources is about 1.4 L/s/km². Of the 180 'Major Groundwater Basins' (MGWB) in Poland, 43 are partly or totally located within the study area. The MGWB in southwestern Poland have an average modulus of groundwater resources about 2.28 L/s/km² and thus have abundant water resources in comparison to MGWB from other parts of the country. Several types of mineral waters occur in the middle and upper Odra River basin. These waters are concentrated especially in the Sudety Mountains. Carbon-dioxide waters, with yields of 414 m³/h, are the most widespread of Sudetic mineral waters. The fresh waters of the crystalline basement have a low mineralization, commonly less than 100 mg/L; they are a HCO₃–Ca–Mg or SO₄–Ca–Mg type of water. Various hydrochemical compositions characterize the groundwater in sedimentary rocks. The shallow aquifers are under risk of atmospheric pollution and anthropogenic effects. To prevent the degradation of groundwater resources in the middle and upper Odra River basin, Critical Protection Areas have been designated within the MGWB. Received, January 1995 Revised, May 1996, August 1997 Accepted, August 1997     

鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地湖眼的形成及其水文地质意义

在鄂尔多斯盆地北部沙漠高原区,部分湖盆的边部发育有数量不等的"湖眼"."湖眼"是分布在湖盆边部的特殊的泉,通过对湖眼的野外调查和物质成分分析,总结了湖眼的分布、结构、动态变化和物质组成特征.研究结果表明,湖眼泥浆来自湖盆底泥,其水分可来自不同循环深度的地下水;湖眼的动态变化可以反映地下水的循环深度;湖眼的分布和动态变化对于研究地下水的排泄方式具有一定的水文地质意义.     

吐哈盆地煤层的吸附性及其影响因素

通过对吐哈盆地煤层的吸附性及其影响因素的深入研究,认为该盆地煤层虽然变质程度较低,但对甲烷气仍有较强的吸附能力;煤的变质程度是影响吐哈盆地煤层吸附性的主要因素,煤岩显微组分、煤中水分和含油性也对煤层吸附性有不同程度的影响。