叶片进排气边光学测量系统的实现

针对航空发动机叶片进排气边的制造精度和一致性较差等问题,搭建了非接触式的叶片进排气边光学测量系统,以实现叶片进排气边的几何尺寸和轮廓形状的快速精确测量。该系统以传统的三坐标测量机框架为平台,采用由两个互成一定角度的新型激光扫描测头构成的专用测头作为前端传感器,并且内置了多种数据后置处理算法。在测量过程中,在每个叶片截面的进排气边处选取5条截线,分别测量这5条截线上的轮廓信息,从而确定叶片进排气边的几何尺寸和加工余量。该系统可以作为叶片加工系统的组成部分,从而将叶片的设计、制造和测量3个环节紧密地联系在一起。最后,应用该系统对某一精锻叶片的3个等高截面上的进排气边进行了多次测量实验,结果验证了所搭建的叶片进排气边光学测量系统的实用性和有效性,而且测量结果的重复性精度能够满足系统的设计要求和叶片进排气边的检测需求。该项研究为叶片进排气边的加工质量提供了一种高效率、高精度和高一致性的评定手段。     

叶片电解加工三头柔性进给方向优化设计

以某型发动机叶片为研究对象,设计了新的三头柔性进给的电解加工方式,对毛坯装夹角度和阴极进给方向进行优化选择,提出了叶盆、叶背采用不同进给角度进行加工的方式来提高叶片的加工精度,以实现全方位叶片电解加工。进行了叶片电解加工实验,结果表明该进给方式可兼顾叶身和缘板的精度要求,实现叶片的全方位电解加工。     

[刀具及切削工艺]一种基于几何调控的辊轧叶片前后缘加工曲面自适应重建方法

针对航空发动机压气机辊轧叶片前后缘溢料端数控加工问题,提出了一种基于设计曲面几何调控的前后缘加工曲面自适应重建方法。根据自由变形理论以及曲面能量控制原理,建立了具有变形约束能力的自由曲面几何调控模型;利用该模型建立了基于遗传算法求解的辊轧叶片前后缘加工曲面自适应重建策略。该策略通过微量调整叶片设计曲面几何形状,使其在逼近叶身型面测量数据的同时尽可能维持初始几何形状,最终实现了辊轧叶片前后缘加工曲面的自适应重建。实例验证结果表明：利用该方法获得的辊轧叶片前后缘加工曲面可以在保证叶片形状精度的同时实现其与实际叶身的圆滑转接。     

A novel spiral machining approach for blades modeled with four patches

This paper aims at developing a novel spiral machining technique for four- or five-axis milling of blades. The main contributions are twofold. First, detailed algorithms are presented to model the blade surface with the idea that it can be separated into four patches, i.e., the pressure surface, the suction surface, the leading edge surface, and the trailing edge surface. The G¹ continuity across the boundary of each patch is considered. Second, based on the four patches modeled, the key routine of a new spiral machining method is further addressed in detail. It is carried out by machining the pressure and suction surfaces actually whereas passing by the leading and trailing edges in air cut. Experimental results show that the proposed methods can improve the machining quality and avoid overcut near the leading and trailing edges.     

开式整体叶轮数控加工技术研究

研究了开式整体叶轮数控加工技术.首先分析了该类零件的几何特点以及加工难点,然后提出了一套适合于开式整体叶轮数控加工的关键技术,包括流道可加工性分析、前后缘走刀步长计算以及刀轴矢量的生成及其平滑处理.比较了分片铣削和整片铣削加工方式,提出采用整片铣削代替接刀痕严重的分片铣削加工方式.加工实例表明,该技术是有效的,所加工零件的误差控制在设计允许公差范围内,达到了设计要求.     

航空发动机复杂扭曲叶片分步电解加工研究

为实现复杂扭曲叶片在较小间隙下的稳定加工,提出了一种分步式电解加工的工艺方法,建立了复杂扭曲叶片小间隙(0.2 mm)和大间隙下(0.5 mm)扭曲流道的流道模型,采用有限元法进行了流场仿真研究,结果表明增加流道间隙可以解决流道中涡流和流场紊乱的问题。开展了复杂扭曲叶片小间隙连续式加工和分步式加工的试验研究。结果表明,采用小间隙连续式加工,当阴极进给至3.8 mm位置时,在叶片排气边靠近叶根流道扭曲处出现短路打火情况;而采用分步式加工方式能够实现加工的顺利进行。     

超声电解复合微细加工装置与试验研究

分析微细电解复合超声频振动加工过程机理,提出一种微细加工新方法--超声电解复合微细加工;设计、构造并完善复合微细加工装置;研究微细阴极制作工艺,利用微细组合电加工技术制作各类截面形状的微细阴极;进行超声电解复合微细加工试验,验证微细电解复合超声频振动实现微细加工的可行性及其在加工速度、精度、表面质量等方面的技术优势,探讨超声电解复合微细加工制作微结构的工艺规律。     

一种带缘头避让的叶片高效螺旋加工方法

针对航空发动机叶片螺旋铣加工中前后缘处刀位点密集、刀轴矢量变化剧烈而导致的过切等问题,本文提出了一种带缘头避让的叶片高效螺旋加工方法。在叶片螺旋加工中,只有叶盆和叶背曲面参与切削,缘头曲面从螺旋加工过程剥离并对其实施单独处理。为实现螺旋加工中缘头部分的避让,本文利用三次非均匀B样条曲线给出了避让曲线的构造方法。切削实验结果表明,本文方法可有效提高航空发动机叶片的加工效率,并能有效保证缘头处的加工质量。     

钝尾缘叶片三维建模方法的研究

钝尾缘风力机翼型目前被多数用于大型风力机叶片叶根与最大弦长处,这是因为气动上,钝尾缘翼型能够提高升力系数斜率、降低翼型不敏感性;而结构上,钝尾缘翼型与相同厚度翼型相比增加了截面面积和转动惯量[1],论文依据钝尾缘特点,提出设计钝尾缘翼型方案,并以58米长度叶片为例,设计钝尾缘翼型形状,以及此区域主模型的分模方式,完成三维模型建立,为后续有限元建模及模具加工制造提供基础。     

Electrochemical machining analysis on grid cathode composed of square cells

During the electrochemical machining (ECM), the cathodes designed by the existing methods are mainly unitary cathodes, which can be only used to produce the workpieces with the same shapes. However, there are few researches on designing cathodes for machining the different workpieces with the different surfaces. This paper presents the grid cathode composed of the square cells to produce the workpieces with different shapes. Three types of the square cells, 2.5 mm′2.5 mm, 3 mm′3 mm, and 4 mm′4 mm, are utilized to construct the plane, the slant, and the blade cathode. The material of the cathode and the anode is CrNi 18 Ti 9 , and the ingredient of electrolyte is 15% NaCl and 15% NaNO 3 . The machining equilibrium machining current and time are acquired and analyzed, the machining process and the workpiece quality are compared between using the grid cathode and the unitary cathode. Moreover, the machining errors on the workpiece surface are measured and analyzed, and the error reasons are traced and discussed to obtain the better surface quality of the workpiece. The experiment and analysis results show that the grid cathode can be used to manufacture the workpieces with complex shapes in certain range of the error. The workpiece quality improves with the size of the square cell being reduced, and if the square element is small enough, the workpiece quality is almost equal to the one machined by the unitary cathode. The proposed research realizes a single cathode machining the different workpieces with the different surfaces.     

Investigation into the blade-formation process in electrochemical trepanning of diffusers

Abstract

Electrochemical trepanning process is an advanced manufacturing technology suitable for the machining of aero-engine components such as blades and diffusers. Tool-electrode (cathode) with special electrical isolation is adopted in the experimental investigations of this article using the electrochemical trepanning to produce a flow mode in which the electrolyte is supplied evenly to the blade being machined. The material removal model for these experiments is built based on the main technical principles of the ECM. For a better understanding of the electrochemical trepanning process during the machining of a blade, computer simulations were previously conducted aiming to observe the geometric shaping of the inter-electrode gap. The shaping process dynamic was analyzed and the distribution of electrical field intensity within the gap has been obtained under different feed rates of the tool-electrode relative to the blade. The profile of the cross-section of the blade was evaluated through the simulation, thus indicating that the blade’s taper angler decrease by increasing the feed rate. Also, practical experiments have been carried out, where the corresponding experimental results proved the simulation was effective. The best taper angle (0.70°) resulted from a machining condition in setting up a feed rate of 4?mm/min, whereas 3.72° was produced using 1?mm/min. Furthermore, a sector with multiple blades was electrochemically manufactured with the optimal set up of experimental parameters, being that the machining accuracy was about 0.12?mm. The application reflected that the method proposed in this article is appropriate and can be used for other complex structures in electrochemical trepanning.     

圆形出液口悬浮阴极平面电化学加工间隙建模及实验研究

提出利用极间电解液液膜支撑阴极悬浮形成加工间隙,通过调节流量和电流实现极间间隙的调节和控制的新方法。以圆形出液口悬浮阴极平面电化学加工为例,基于流体力学和电极过程动力学理论建立加工间隙的数学模型,得到间隙与流量、压差及电流之间的关系。利用Fluent软件对间隙模型流场特性进行分析,得到间隙中电解液的压力场和速度场的分布情况,进而得到进出口压差和出口流速;实验获得不同流量、电流条件下的加工间隙。理论模型计算结果和实验数据结果相近,变化规律基本一致。     

基于机床运动学约束球头刀多轴加工刀轴矢量优化方法

针对目前航空发动机叶片进排气边加工精度和表面质量较差的问题,提出了一种基于机床运动学约束球头刀多轴加工刀轴矢量优化方法。建立刀位优化变量与刀位数据之间的关系方程,同时建立刀位数据与机床回转轴角度之间的运动变换方程,从而推导出刀位优化变量与机床回转轴角度之间的关系方程。通过求解上述方程得到球头刀多轴加工复杂曲面的刀轴矢量计算公式。在此基础上,给出球头刀多轴加工刀轴矢量优化方法和刀轨生成方法。同时,以某航空发动机叶片为例,分析了本文算法和Sturz算法对机床回转轴角度的影响。分别利用本文算法和Sturz算法生成该叶片进气边加工的刀轨,并在五轴数控机床上进行加工试验。试验结果表明,该算法能够避免加工过程中机床回转轴的大幅波动,使机床轴运动更加平稳和光滑,从而提高曲面的加工质量和加工效率,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

叶片后缘加厚对轴流风机性能的影响

为解决NACA65系列翼型叶片后缘轮廓线内切圆半径收敛至0引起的铸造工艺问题,采用三次多项式函数生成叶片后缘厚度函数,精确调整叶片后缘末端厚度.基于Ansys软件对不同叶片后缘厚度的风机进行流体仿真,并分析其气动性能与静力结构特性.结果表明叶片后缘增厚使得叶片附面层分离损失增加,尾迹与叶栅主流区的掺混损失增大.叶片载荷...     

组合曲面叶片的螺旋加工刀位轨迹生成

为提高叶片加工质量和改进现有螺旋加工方法,提出了一种新的针对组合曲面造型叶片的四轴螺旋加工方法.该方法在叶片曲面造型过程中,将叶片曲面分割为叶盆、叶背、前缘和后缘四个区域.根据组合曲面叶片造型,提出了组合曲面叶片螺旋加工刀位轨迹生成方法和切触点的计算公式.最后,基于UG软件平台,以二次开发方式编制了相应的数控编程模块.生成了连续光滑的叶片螺旋加工刀位轨迹.试验结果表明,该方法能够实现叶片的四坐标螺旋加工,并可有效提高叶片的加工质量.     

基于电流信号的电解加工间隙在线检测试验研究

为了实时检测加工间隙,以某型航空发动机涡轮转子叶片为研究对象,把电解加工的电流作为研究参数,针对平面、斜面和叶片型面三种阴极进行试验加工,用最小二乘多变元线性拟合法,分别建立平面、斜面阴极加工电流与加工间隙之间的关系式,用叶片型面加工数据对建立的关系式进行检验和修正,得到最终的修正关系式,分析关系式参数的变换关系,得出在±15%的误差范围内关系式可用于在线检测加工间隙的结论。     

发动机叶片电解加工工具进给方向分析和系统设计

超薄扭曲叶片因叶型薄、型面复杂、精度高 ,目前主要以电解加工作为首选加工工艺。本文以某型发动机叶片为研究对象 ,对电解加工中阴极进给方向和毛坯装夹位置作了优化选择 ,同时采用开放式控制系统、模块化设计思想开发可重构电解机床系统以满足不同叶片型面加工的要求。     

雕塑曲面体混流式叶片的多轴联动数控加工编程技术

转轮叶片是水轮机能量转换的关键部件,也是最难加工的零件,目前多轴联动数控加工是解决该类大型雕塑曲面零件最有效的加工方法。多轴联运数控加工编程则是实现其高精度的高效率加工的最重要环节。本文介绍混流式水轮叶片五轴联运数控加工大型雕塑曲面编程中涉及到转轮叶片三维造型、刀位轨迹计算、切削仿真、机床运动碰撞仿真、后置变换等关键技术。通过对这些技术的链接和研究,实现了大型叶片的多轴联动加工。     

Utilization of flow field simulations for cathode design in electrochemical machining of aerospace engine blisk channels

Electrochemical machining (ECM) cathode flow field design is crucial to machining aerospace engine blisk channels. In order to reduce the cathode design cycle and cost in machining, 3D cathodes and flow field simulation model were developed to facilitate analysis the flow fields in reversed flow patterns. The electrolyte flow line was determined by the distributions of electrolyte pressure, the diameter of the back orifice, and the areas of the back orifices in locations A, B, and C. The simulation results were utilized to analyze the influence of the electrolyte flow line. To verify the accuracy of the simulation, the experiments were carried out. The simulation results were consistent with the experiment data. It indicates that electrolyte flow field simulation is an effective method to optimize cathode design. Utilizing this methodology can improve the ECM cathode design efficiency and reduce cathode revision time.     

叶片电化学加工过程多场耦合仿真

针对叶片电化学加工过程难以预测、实验参数修正周期长的问题,建立与温度相关的叶片多场耦合仿真模型,基于COMSOL Multiphysics平台对叶片电化学加工过程进行多场耦合仿真,仿真分析了不同加工电压和不同进液流量对法向平衡间隙的影响。结果表明：加工电压越大,间隙也相应增大,且间隙分布越不均匀;进液流量越大,间隙分布越均匀。采用其中一组仿真参数进行工艺实验,仿真与实验的对比结果表明,叶片轮廓曲率变化缓慢处的仿真结果和实验结果比较贴合,而轮廓曲率变化较快处的仿真值与实验值差别相对较大,但两者的变化趋势相同。