内镜经鼻蝶扩大入路手术治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤

目的探讨内镜下经鼻蝶扩大入路切除鞍结节脑膜瘤的可行性、手术技巧及并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析19例内镜下经鼻蝶扩大入路鞍结节脑膜瘤切除患者临床资料、手术疗效、并发症、长期随访结果。结果19例中9例实现Simposon I级切除,8例II级切除,2例III级切除。6例头痛均好转,16例视力视野损害患者术后改善14例,2例发生脑脊液漏,其中1例并发颅内感染,12例出现嗅觉损害。随访4~31个月无迟发型脑脊液漏、癫痫、尿量改变、垂体功能减退等并发症。10例嗅觉损害患者术后随访12个月时均得到部分恢复。结论内镜下经鼻蝶扩大入路切除鞍结节脑膜瘤是可选的理想手术入路。     

扩大前颅窝底入路切除颅鼻眶沟通肿瘤

目的 探讨扩大前颅窝底入路切除颅鼻眶沟通肿瘤的效果,并对一些手术技巧加以改进。方法 采用经扩大前颅窝底入路对5例颅鼻眶沟通肿瘤进行了手术切除。结果 肿瘤全切3例,近全切1例,大部分切除1例,术后并发症：脑脊液漏1例,5例嗅觉均丧失,全组无手术死亡。结论 采用该入路切除颅鼻眶沟通肿瘤,具有显露好,颅底重建可靠等优点。突向中颅窝侧方较多的肿瘤则需结合颞部入路,对不能用颅骨内板行骨性重建者采用自体的额骨条重建,效果较好。     

额鼻眶筛入路显微镜下一次性切除11例前颅底沟通瘤

目的 对11例前颅底沟通瘤行额鼻眶筛入路显微手术一次性切除疗效分析。方法 对手术治疗的11例前颅底沟通瘤进行回顾性分析。所有患者术前均行CT或MR检查。均经额鼻眶筛入路与相关科室配合运用显微外科技术一次性切除颅内外肿瘤。结果 全切除9例，次全切2例，手术效果好，无手术死亡及严重并发症。结论 额鼻眶筛入路手术治疗前颅底沟通瘤有利于肿瘤的广泛暴露和切除，多学科联合与显微外科技术对一次性切除颅内外肿瘤有帮助。术中颅底重建是手术的关键步骤之一。     

神经内镜经双鼻孔入路在颅底外科中的应用

目的回顾性分析神经内镜经双鼻孔入路在颅底外科手术中的应用。方法收集70例颅底疾病患者神经内镜经双鼻孔入路行颅底手术治疗的临床资料。其中垂体腺瘤40例,鞍结节脑膜瘤11例,嗅沟脑膜瘤、脊索瘤、脑脊液鼻漏修补及视神经管减压各3例,颅咽管瘤、齿状突畸形各2例,眶内海绵状血管瘤、表皮样囊肿及鼻咽癌各1例。术后观察患者临床疗效。结果手术切除肿瘤62例,完全切除54例(87.1%),次全切除8例(12.9%);其中3例脑脊液鼻漏修补完全治愈,3例视神经管减压后视力好转,2例齿状突切除术后神经症状明显改善。结论神经内镜经双鼻孔入路能充分暴露鞍区等颅底结构,有效避免因空间狭窄所引起的操作不便,值得临床推广应用。     

鼻内镜下经鼻蝶斜坡脊索瘤的手术治疗

摘要：目的探讨鼻内镜经鼻蝶入路手术治疗斜坡区脊索瘤的手术方法和临床效果。方法2010年3月~2015年4月收治13例斜坡区脊索瘤患者,运用鼻内镜经鼻蝶入路切除位于颅底斜坡的脊索瘤,未能全切除者术后辅以放射治疗,杀灭残留的肿瘤组织。结果经鼻蝶内镜下全切肿瘤6例,次全切除4例,大部分切除3 例。术后临床症状得到不同程度改善10 例,无明显缓解3例,术后辅助放疗。随访3个月至4年,4例术后2年复发,行再次手术,1例出现脑脊液鼻漏,行漏口修补后好转出院,其余患者肿瘤无复发。术后3例患者症状无明显缓解,患者年龄大,一般情况较差,未再次行手术治疗。结论鼻内镜下经鼻蝶入路切除主要位于中,上斜坡的脊索瘤,手术入路短,术中深部结构辨认清晰,相对于其他手术入路,该入路创伤小、安全、用时少,疗效满意。是斜坡脊索瘤治疗的一种较好的手术入路。     

鼻科学

内镜下纤维胶封闭技术处理内镜扩大的经蝶入路术后脑脊液鼻漏 术后脑脊液鼻漏处理是目前鼻内镜进路切除中线颅底病变的研究热点问题。尽管重建技术不断改进,但还没有技术能彻底有效的防止术后脑脊液鼻漏。作者报道9例在意大利那不勒斯大学神经外科接受经鼻内镜扩大颅底手术（3例颅咽管瘤,2例鞍结节脑膜瘤,     

颅底近颅底肿瘤的手术入路选择

目的 :探讨治疗颅底近颅底肿瘤的最佳手术入路。方法 :对 16 1例颅底近颅底肿瘤 ,采用颅面联合入路 6例 ,上颌骨截除或 (和 )眶内容物摘除术 5例 ,鼻侧切开术 7例 ,额眶入路 1例 ,上颌骨切开外旋及扩大外旋入路 2 1例 ,经颈合并下颌骨切开外旋入路 30例 ,经颈入路 4 8例 ,耳后大C形切口入路 19例 ,颈腮入路 8例 ,经口入路 6例 ,颞额入路 8例 ,耳前颞下入路 2例。结果 :98例良性肿瘤中除 2例经口入路者复发外 ,余无复发。恶性肿瘤 6 3例 ,1例术后 1.5个月并发脑脊液漏死于颅内感染。生存期最长 1例已超过 8年。生存 5年以上 10例 ,3年以上 19例 ,2年以上 16例 ,1年以上 16例。 3、5年生存率分别为 5 9.18% (2 9/49) ,38.4 6 % (10 /2 6 )。结论 :只有根据颅底肿瘤的具体部位及范围、病理类型进行术式设计 ,选择合适的手术入路才能提高颅底肿瘤的治疗效果。     

颅面联合入路在颅底沟通性肿瘤中的应用

目的探讨颅面联合入路在颅底区沟通性肿瘤治疗中的方法和疗效。方法回顾性分析我院44例经颅面联合入路手术治疗颅底区沟通性肿瘤患者资料,经病理证实恶性肿瘤31例,良性肿瘤13例。位于前颅底区35例,累及前、中颅底区9例。肿瘤切除后造成的硬脑膜缺损用自体组织严密修补,并用额部带蒂复合组织瓣行颅底区组织缺损修复。结果肿瘤全切38例,次全切除3例,部分切除3例,无手术死亡病例。并发症包括脑神经损伤3例,伤口感染2例,出现暂时性脑脊液漏2例,一过性精神症状2例。随访1~6年,10例死于肿瘤复发,失访2例。存活2年以上25例,3年以上17例。结论颅面联合入路是颅底区沟通性肿瘤外科治疗的主要手术入路之一,它是前颅底区(部分可以累及中颅底区)沟通性肿瘤较好的手术入路。     

额眶筛入路切除前中颅底颅鼻眶沟通瘤

目的探讨切除前中颅底、额、筛窦、眶沟通性肿瘤的最佳手术方式,以满足临床需要。方法对13例前中颅底颅鼻眶沟通瘤患者采用额眶筛入路、T型切口,将外鼻下翻,切除部分筛窦、纸板、额骨眶部及额窦后壁,充分暴露肿瘤组织,在手术显微镜下分块或完全切除肿瘤,分离、保护相应解剖部位,如视神经、内动脉、蝶鞍和脑膜等重要解剖结构。将外鼻回复,用钛板钛钉与额骨固定,恢复良好颌面外形。结果13例颅鼻眶沟通瘤手术均获得成功,随访24个月,11例肿瘤无复发,均无脑脊液鼻漏、脑膜脑膨出等并发症。面部外形良好。结论经额眶筛进入、侧下翻鼻骨入路是耳鼻咽喉科切除前中颅底颅鼻眶沟通瘤的一种良好方法。     

内镜经鼻联合显微镜额眶颧颞入路处理颅内外沟通性肿瘤的临床分析

目的探讨内镜经鼻入路联合显微镜额眶颧颞入路在颅内外沟通性肿瘤手术中的应用。方法回顾分析2016年5月至2018年1月在天津市环湖医院采用内镜经鼻联合显微镜额眶颧颞入路进行手术治疗的7例颅内外沟通性肿瘤患者的临床资料。7例患者中男4例,女3例,年龄27~65岁,中位年龄48岁。7例患者中2例复发侵袭性垂体瘤,3例颅底脑膜瘤,1例斜坡软骨肉瘤,1例复发鼻咽癌。病变广泛累及鼻腔、鼻窦、双侧海绵窦、鞍区、鞍上、上斜坡、颞叶、翼腭窝、颞下窝以及颅内重要血管。7例患者均采用全身麻醉下内镜经鼻入路联合显微镜额眶颧颞入路肿瘤切除治疗,观察手术全切情况、术中术后并发症情况以及术后疗效。所有患者术后随访6~12个月,采用格拉斯哥预后分级(Glasgow outcome scale,GOS)评估患者预后。结果 7例患者中肿瘤全切5例,大部切除2例。术中未出现并发症。术后发生严重并发症2例:其中1例脑脊液鼻漏并颅内感染,经腰大池引流和鞘内注射药物治疗后治愈;1例动眼神经麻痹,随访期间内未恢复。术后其他并发症包括滑车神经功能障碍1例次,耳鸣1例次,面部麻木2例次,随访中部分神经功能恢复。术中术后无死亡病例。7例患者术后随访均无肿瘤复发,且7例患者GOS评分均达Ⅳ~Ⅴ级。结论内镜经鼻联合显微镜额眶颧颞入路处理复杂性颅内外沟通性肿瘤可一期切除肿瘤,手术并发症较少,具有较好的临床应用前景。     

Trans-facial and cranio-facial approach and resection of the skull base tumors

The paranasal sinus cancers comprise about 10% of all head and neck neoplasms. There are 80% of SCC among them. Paranasal sinus cancer is difficult to treat with surgery due to the anatomic integration of sinuses into the cranial base. Suborbital approach allows to simultaneous resection of the tumor from sinuses and anterior cranial fossa. The excision of the nasofrontal bone lamella gives a chance to orbital decompression and optic nerve decompression as well and opening the anterior cranial fossa through posterior wall of the frontal sinus. The goal of the study was to present cases showing advantages and effectiveness of this kind of surgical procedure.     

Posterior petrous face meningiomas: an algorithm for surgical management.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to report our surgical strategy in the management of 81 patients with posterior petrous face meningiomas. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: This study was conducted at a quaternary private otology and cranial base center. PATIENTS: Of 139 patients with posterior fossa meningioma, 81 occurred on the posterior petrous face of the temporal bone and were the object of this study. INTERVENTIONS: Thirty-one patients were approached by the enlarged translabyrinthine approach. The enlarged translabyrinthine approach with transapical extension Type II was performedin 29 patients. The combined retrosigmoid-retrolabyrinthine approach was chosen in 8 cases. The modified transcochlear approach Type A with permanent posterior transposition of the facial nerve (FN) was performed in 6 patients. Two patients underwent a retrolabyrinthine subtemporal transapical approach. One patient underwent a transpetrous middle cranial fossa approach. Four patients with intracanalicular meningiomas were operated on through the enlarged middle cranial fossa approach. RESULTS: Total removal of the tumor (Simpson Grades I and II) was achieved in most patients (92.5%). The FN was anatomically preserved in 79 of the 81 (97.5%) patients. Five patients had less than 1 year follow-up, and 2 patients were lost to follow-up and were excluded in evaluation of the final FN outcome. At 1-year follow-up, 46 patients (63%) had Grade I to II, 19 (26%) had Grade III, 4 (5.4%) had Grade IV, 1 (1.3%) had Grade V, and 3 (4.1%) had Grade VI. Hearing-preserving surgery was attempted in 15 patients (18.5%) with preoperative serviceable hearing. Of these 15 patients, 11 had their hearing preserved at the same preoperative level, and 4 experienced postoperative deafness. Postoperatively, a new deficit of 1 or more of the lower cranial nerves was recorded in 3 patients. One patient experienced subcutaneous cerebrospinal fluid collection that required surgical management. CONCLUSION: Total tumor removal (Simpson Grades I-II) remains our treatment of choice and takes priority over hearing preservation. Subtotal resection is indicated for older and debilitated patients with giant lesions to relieve the tumor compression on the cerebellum and brainstem. Subtotal removal is also preferred in the face of the absence of a plane of cleavage between the tumor and the brainstem, in the presence of encasement of vital neurovascular structures, in elderly patients with tumors adherent to preoperatively normal facial or lower cranial nerves.     

Meningoencephalocele as rhinosurgical problem

Cephalocele is a rare lesion mainly of congenital or traumatic origin. The lesion occurs as an extracranial hernia of dura mater that consists of cerebrospinal fluid only (meningocele) or cerebellar tissue (encephalocele). Some cephaloceles concern anterior cranial fossa and then are observed as hernias in nasal cavity or in paranasal sinuses. Three patients are presented. In 52 year woman, who was admitted due to idiopathic rhinorrhea (persisting 16 years) with periodical headache, the meningocele in right ethmoid sinus was diagnosed. The lesion was removed with the rhinosurgical approach and the defect in anterior cranial fossa was repaired with the free cartilaginous flap. 12 year boy was admitted due to the nasal tumor diagnosed by CT and MRI. The lesion was removed with the combined access: firstly the hernia sac was cut intracranially with the frontal craniotomy and then encephalocele was removed with lateral rhinotomy. Cranial fossa defect was repaired by the periosteum flap. In third case (8 year boy) encephalocele caused 5 incidences of purulent meningitis. CT and MRI showed the lesion in frontal sinus. Encephalocele was removed with rhinosurgical approach and the defect in posterior frontal wall was repaired with free cartilaginous and mucosal flaps. In all patients long term result of operations was good. Anatomic and pathologic conditions that influence on the choice of rhinosurgical or combined access to nasal and sinusal encephaloceles are presented and discussed.     

岩斜区脑膜瘤显微外科治疗

目的探讨岩斜区脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗方式及疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年1月~2015年12月采取不同手术入路治疗的66例岩斜区脑膜瘤的临床、影像、手术及随访资料。结果肿瘤全切46例（SimpsonI III级）,次全切20例（SimpsonIV级）。1例患者术后死于颅内感染,25例患者术后出现新的神经功能障碍,其中19例在末次随访过程中明显改善或消失。结论手术治疗目标是最大限度的切除肿瘤并减少术后并发症,针对累及不同区域的肿瘤选择不同入路,实现岩斜区脑膜瘤的个体化治疗,有助于疗效的提高。     

A rhinological approach for the craniofacial resection of the ethmoid

The craniofacial resection of the ethmoid is a surgical procedure directed at total extirpation of tumours that extend through the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. We have developed an original approach of the anterior cranial fossa through an osteoplastic frontal flap that has been utilized in a variety of problems of the frontal sinus. The procedure is completed with a facial approach. Different from other types of craniectomy that have been proposed, this method avoids both cosmetic deformity and infectious complications.     

神经导航血管融合成像辅助显微手术切除矢状窦旁脑膜瘤

目的探讨神经导航血管融合成像技术辅助显微外科手术切除矢状窦旁脑膜瘤的临床价值。方法回顾分析2016年1月~2018年6月采用神经导航血管融合成像技术辅助显微外科治疗的31例累及矢状窦的脑膜瘤患者的手术效果和预后情况。结果切除程度：Simpson 1级切除16 例（51.61%）；Simpson 2级10 例（32.26%）；Simpson 3级4例（12.91%）；Simpson 4级1例（3.22%）。肢体麻木无力改善12例，2例无改善，2例加重；2例头痛症状持续，余5例症状消失；2例癫痫症状完全缓解，余1例需持续口服抗癫痫药物控制；体检发现肿瘤的患者术后无神经功能障碍。术后病检示Simpson 1级切除患者病理分级均为WHO分级I级；Simpson 2级切除中，2例为WHO分级II级，余8例为WHO分级I级；Simpson 3级切除中，3例为WHO分级II级，1例为WHO分级III级；Simpson 4级切除的1例为WHO分级III级；15例未达到Simpson 1级切除的患者术后予以常规放射治疗。随访3~34个月,中位随访时间15.6个月，复发1 例，为WHO分级II级，予以再次手术治疗，术后已随访4个月，未见复发。结论对肿瘤及肿瘤基底部硬膜全切，术后有较低复发率，神经导航血管融合成像技术可指导术前手术计划、切口范围，为掌握肿瘤基底部矢状窦特征，术中处理矢状窦附着处肿瘤提供积极的参考依据，提高手术安全性，值得临床推广。     

中央区窦镰旁大型脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨显微外科治疗中央区窦镰旁脑膜瘤的临床疗效，并进一步总结该病的显微外科治疗经验及体会。方法回顾性分析我科2010~2015年40例中央区窦镰旁大型脑膜瘤患者的临床资料。结果术后按照Simpson分级 40例患者其中位于中央区侵犯大脑镰及矢状窦壁者22例行Simpson I级切除16例，Simpson II级切除6例；位于中央区侵犯大脑镰及矢状窦腔者6例行Simpson I级切除4例（肿瘤致窦腔完全闭塞），Simpson IV级切除2例（肿瘤未使窦腔完全闭塞）；位于中央区皮层深部只侵犯大脑镰者5例均为Simpson I级切除；位于中央区皮层凸面只侵犯矢状窦者7例，其中只侵及窦壁者5例Simpson I级切除3例，Simpson II级切除2例，侵入窦腔者2例均行Simpson IV级切除。以上40例患者随访3个月至5年，Simpson I级切除的28例患者均无复发；Simpson II级切除8例者其中7例无复发，1例随访半年后肿瘤复发，予以伽马刀治疗后肿瘤消失；Simpson IV级切除4例随访1年后肿瘤均有所增长，均予以伽马刀治疗，之后失访。术后出现偏瘫者10例，随访1年后完全恢复者6例，4例部分恢复。无死亡病例。结论静脉窦等的血管影像及熟练的显微外科技术能有效地保护功能区皮层结构及回流静脉，从而减少术中出血，提高全切率，降低致残及复发率，避免死亡。     

以筛前动脉为蒂的鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣在额窦后壁缺损重建中的应用

 目的介绍一种以筛前动脉为血管蒂的鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣应用于额窦后壁缺损修复重建的新方法,并总结其疗效和初步应用体会。方法回顾性分析应用带蒂鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣修复15例额窦后壁脑脊液鼻漏病例,其中男12例,女3例,年龄12~51岁,平均年龄32岁,均为外伤引起的颅底骨折、术前均经过至少1个月保守治疗无效的脑脊液鼻漏患者。采用内镜下DrafIIB型额窦开放+上方带蒂的鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣进行颅底修复。结果所有病例均一次性重建成功,术后1个月拔除填充物后无脑脊液鼻漏发生,随访1~3年,无脑脊液鼻漏和颅内感染发生,额窦及上颌窦均引流通畅,上皮化好。主要副反应为鼻腔干燥结痂。结论以筛前动脉为血管蒂的鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣取材方便,应用于额窦后壁颅底缺损修复疗效满意,该术式有创新性。     

先天性鼻内脑膜脑膨出合并异位神经胶质瘤（附1例报道并文献复习）

 目的探讨先天性鼻部脑膜脑膨出合并鼻外神经胶质瘤的诊断和治疗。方法收集上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院收治的1例鼻内脑膜脑膨出合并鼻外神经胶质瘤患儿,并结合文献进行复习。入院后行鼻腔鼻窦CT扫描及头颅MRI,根据影像学检查结果制定手术方案,在全麻下行鼻内镜下鼻腔肿物切除术及颅底骨质缺损修补术联合鼻外径路外鼻肿物切除术,术后予应用透过血脑屏障的抗炎治疗。结果鼻根部及鼻腔肿块一次性切除,愈合良好,无脑脊液鼻漏、脑膜炎、鼻中隔穿孔、视力障碍及癫痫等并发症,随访1年无复发。术后病检提示鼻根部及鼻腔内送检肿物见神经胶质细胞,考虑为异位神经胶质瘤和脑膜脑膨出。结论对于婴幼儿先天性鼻部脑膜脑膨出,鼻腔鼻窦CT及头颅增强MRI是重要的诊断依据,根据病变部位制定不同的手术的方式。鼻内镜具有视野清晰、损伤小、出血少、并发症少的优点。颅底骨质缺损修补的关键是根据骨缺损面积,予肌肉、筋膜、软骨瓣或骨片填塞漏口。     

Facial fractures related to the orbit

The diagnosis and management of facial fractures, which are related to the orbit are discussed with special reference to their complications. Uncomplicated fractures of the frontal sinus without displacement require no specific therapy. Open reduction is required for depressed fractures of the anterior frontal sinus wall. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea associated with a frontal sinus fracture can be diagnosed by X-ray findings and/or the fluorescein test. The direct approach of the osteoplastic frontal sinus operation has been successfully employed for the repair of these dural defects. The diagnosis and various methods for reduction of the zygomatic fracture are discussed. The technique of open reduction and interossius wire fixation has been the technique most frequently employed. Fractures of the ethmoid sinuses are treated expectantly unless complicated by persistent orbital emphysema, hemorrhage, or cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. The spinal fluid rhinorrhea from the roof of the ethmoid or cribform plate is repaired, using the septal mucosal flap technique. The diagnosis of maxillary sinus fractures (blow-out fractures) is discussed with special reference to a comparison between the infraorbital and Caldwell-Luc approaches.