气缸磨损的测量与搪缸工艺研究

介绍了气缸磨损程度的两个测量指标—椭圆度和不柱度以及测量方法;重点从选择修理尺寸、确定搪削量和搪削次数、气缸的定心法和搪缸的切削等几个方面研究了气缸搪缸的工艺。     

气缸套珩磨条的选择

本文系统分析了珩磨条的性能、特点 ,对构成金刚石及立方氮化硼 ( CBN)的参数选择以及气缸套珩磨要求有更深的理解 ,从而保证使用方正确选择珩磨条 ,提高珩磨质量。     

P7系列柱塞套中孔纯珩磨工艺

通过研磨工艺缺点及珩磨工艺优点分析，着重介绍了纯珩磨工艺、珩磨设备、珩磨刀具、夹具等。     

提高珩磨气缸内孔表面质量的探讨

本文分析了如何提高摩托车气缸体内孔表面质量,探计了珩磨余量、珩磨油石、珩磨速度及网纹角度的选择与应用效果。     

介绍一种气缸套珩磨夹具

分析了液压（气压）上压式珩磨夹具的缺点，以及对气缸套珩磨质量的影响，介绍了橡胶圈外包式珩磨夹具的优点，并提出设计方法。     

气缸套平台网纹谈

本文回顾了气缸套内表面加工技术的发展历史，对气缸套平台珩磨网纹表面的评定提出了先进的方法，介绍了平台珩磨加工的关键技术。     

珩磨工艺及设备在偶件精密加工中的应用

介绍了珩磨工艺的特点,从切削速度、切削交叉角、珩磨油石工作压力、行程等方面介绍了参数的选择方法,结合柱塞套的精密加工,及MBC-1805和Pro-S-Line45珩磨机,从零件加工精度、设备结构等角度分别介绍了卧式和立式珩磨机的特点及应用.     

柴油机机体主轴孔双材料珩磨工艺浅析

柴油机机体主轴孔由铝、铁2种材料组成,该孔珩磨为双材料断续面长孔珩磨工艺技术.本文主要介绍了该结构主轴孔珩磨工艺技术的研究应用过程,对主轴孔结构、材料特性、使用的珩磨刀具结构特性、切削参数等进行了分析,并对珩磨工艺技术进行了切削试验研究.通过试验实践总结出影响珩磨工艺技术的各种因素,浅析珩磨工艺技术,有效保证产品质量要求.     

活塞环"快速镀铬+珩磨+喷砂"工艺流程

本文介绍了活塞环快速镀铬、珩磨、喷砂工序的原理 ,并通过数据说明了采用“快速镀铬 珩磨 喷砂”工艺流程的优点     

珩磨技术在VE泵偶件生产中的应用

介绍了VE泵泵头中孔珩磨加工工艺及其特点 ,对珩磨加工的工艺布置 ,切削量分配 ,夹具设计以及珩磨刀具的修整等重要参数提供了经验。珩磨技术将在精密偶件的孔加工技术中得到进一步推广应用     

A classification of building energy performance indices

Energy performance indices are used around the world to evaluate and monitor residential and commercial building energy performance during design, construction, renovation, and operation. The two most common indices are Asset Ratings and Operational Ratings. Asset Ratings are based on modeled energy use with uniform conditions of climate, schedules, plug loads, occupancy, and energy management. Operational Ratings are based on measured energy use, often normalized for relevant variables like climate and level of energy service. Surprisingly, there is almost no discussion in the literature about the technical basis of these ratings and what they are attempting to measure. This paper analyzes the merits and weaknesses of the common ratings and introduces additional energy performance indices, in particular the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Index, which is the ratio of the energy consumption as measured at the meter to the simulated energy performance, calibrated for the actual operating conditions of the building. We provide examples of how such indices are currently used, although we do so as examples to illustrate our hypothesis as to what indices are most helpful to improve energy management, rather than as a comprehensive review. We show how these indices work together to provide better feedback to energy managers. The Operational Rating answers the question: “how does the energy intensity of this building compare to its peers?” The Asset Rating answers the question: “how efficient is this building?” The O&M Index answers the question: “how well is this building being managed?” These questions are useful to answer in the context of a comprehensive energy management program, such as would be required by an Energy Management System standard.     

一体化电力企业应用系统

综述了近年来IT技术发展对电力系统应用软件的影响；讨论了设计一体化电力企业应用系统需考虑的问题：如何实现互操作和信息的高度共享及提高应用系统的可靠性；提出了基于MAS的电力企业应用系统体系结构。     

应用非交错网格的SIMPLE算法计算柱塞式化油器内部流场

从描述柱塞式化油器胶体内部流场的基本微分方程出发，应用非交错网格的SIMPM算法将其离散成代数方程迭代求解，并阐述了壁面函数、边界条件如何转化成代数方程中的源项、以及如何保证计算收敛等方面的工作；通过算例比较，证明了程序的可靠性；最后计算柱塞在全开、半开、经济工况下的二维流场，得出了流速矢量图。     

The public–private divide in household behavior: How far into home can energy guidance reach?

Environmental problems in the energy system often originate from everyday activities and choices. Everyday activities in the home are part of the private sphere that can be contested in relation to energy policies. This article discusses the public–private divide in energy policies and how Swedish municipal energy consultants understand the divide. By analyzing the actions of energy consultants and their efforts to influence households, as well as how households perceive this guidance, I will discuss the public–private discourse in relation to energy policy and how this discourse can be a restriction for the energy consultants to reach their full potential.     

检测单相高阻接地故障的新方法及可靠性验证

在识别高阻接地故障与并联电容器投切进行区分的基础上,利用故障及投切操作的暂态高频分量的不同分析了新判据在其他正常投切操作如线路空载合闸、单相重合闸时的可靠性,以保证系统运行的可靠性和安全性。     

The use of systematic reviews to analyse demand-side management policy

Demand-side management (DSM) seeks to reduce overall energy consumption or change when energy is used to reduce peak demands and smooth the load curve. DSM is increasingly moving to the forefront of the energy policy agenda in many countries due to objectives for energy security, affordability and carbon emissions reduction. However, the policy side of DSM has been little explored in the literature, and the paper proposes how the method of systematic reviews can be applied to the energy policy field. Systematic reviews are commonly used in the medical sciences and are beginning to be applied to social science disciplines. The realist synthesis approach is utilised to determine not only impacts, but to analyse how and why policies are successful, and how contextual factors, such as market structure and regulatory environment, influence their success. A study quality assessment scale is proposed to appraise the quality of studies in determining what documents are included in the review. Systematic reviews are an effective method for collating the results of all the previous studies that have been done on a given programme, and it has an important and useful role for improving the evidence base for informing energy policy. The paper focuses on evaluating the method, discusses the case for realist synthesis to overcome issues of establishing how and why DSM policies work or fail and gives an example from ongoing research into how it can be applied to analyse DSM policy.     

Sources of time‐varying contact stress and misalignments in wind turbine planetary sets

Recent data shows that 90% of large wind turbines include a gearbox, and industry forecasts expect this figure to remain relatively stable. With global annual volumes (2009) of around 18,600 units, the quality, cost and performance of gearboxes is of paramount importance to the wind sector. The industry has been focusing some attention on gearbox reliability, as demonstrated by a growth in the number of specific seminars and collaborative programs on this topic. One aspect that needs to be brought to an industry‐wide forum is the understanding of the complexity of bearing design in the gearbox and the careful attention that needs to be paid to ensure a reliable gearbox design. This paper seeks to address this issue by clear demonstration of design issues using a model of the gearbox from the National Renewable Energy Lab's Gearbox Reliability Collaborative. Detailed models are presented with focus on determining the quality of the function of the planetary gear stages. Key design drivers are discussed such as the quality of alignment at the gears and bearings and the loads and stresses seen on these components. Under a design load case with a significant rotor off‐axis moment the stresses in the planet gears and bearings are investigated. It is shown how the misalignment of the planet pins varies with the rotation of the planetary set and how subsequently time‐varying contact stresses and load distributions occur in the planet gears and bearings. These factors strongly influence the fatigue life of the gearbox components as well as the level of vibration. Design tools are then used to demonstrate how small variations in the clearances of the planet carrier bearings can have a big effect on the quality of the design. Numerical studies show where optimal clearance settings lie and how the misalignment of the planetary set can be improved. Furthermore, a demonstration is made of how redesign of the bearing arrangement and subsequent optimization of the planet tooth geometry further improves the misalignment and results in significantly reduced time‐varying contact stresses, better load distribution and reduced vibration. It is illustrated that small clearances, such as in the carrier bearings, can have a large effect on the performance of the design and a study shows how to identify and reduce time‐varying misalignment and contact stresses resulting in lower vibration, lower fatigue and a more reliable product. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stability and nonlinear dynamics in power systems

Power systems are characterized by nonlinear dynamics, and unusual and unexpected behavior has been observed in both simple and complex networks. System behavior is expected to become increasingly complicated because of such factors as greater interconnection, the implementation of high-speed electronic power control devices and wheeling requirements. The author describes how, because other nonlinear systems are known to exhibit chaotic behavior, exploratory research is being conducted to determine if the potential for chaos exists in power networks and, if so, how to avoid or control such behavior. By increasing the fundamental understanding of power system dynamics, these investigations could lead to substantial economic benefits. They could reduce the potential for catastrophic failure as well as allow secure network operation closer to performance margins     

Investment incentives: regulation of the Finnish electricity distribution

Investments into the electricity distribution network are needed to support competition and to guarantee the security of supply as well as a good quality of electricity. The aim of this paper is to study the ex post regulatory system in Finland in context of investment incentives. The second objective is to study how the investments in the sector have developed after the liberalisation and what seem to be the most important factors influencing investments in light of empirical information and how regulation affects them. The investment volumes vary much between years but on average, no drastic developments have taken place.     

Influence of processing additives to nano-morphology and efficiency of bulk-heterojunction solar cells: A comparative review

Research and development towards high efficiency plastic solar cells have been accelerating in recent years. Polymer-based bulk heterojunction solar cells are offering an attractive and inexpensive concept for large scale production by solution processing as well as advantageous flexible and aesthetic form factors. The thin film nano-morphology of bulk-heterojunction solar cells has been shown to dramatically influence the photovoltaic performance of the devices. This article reviews the different methods used to control the film nano-morphology of bulk-heterojunction solar cells focussing on the chemical additives during solution processing. All power conversion efficiency limiting mechanisms of bulk-heterojunction solar cells are discussed in detail. It is shown, how the formation of optimal percolation pathways between donor and acceptor influences the photovoltaic device performance. It is explained how the film nano-morphology relates to light absorption, free charge carrier generation as well as charge transport to the electrodes.