Impaired immune function in obstructive jaundice

Sepsis is a common and occasionally lethal complication of obstructive jaundice. The reasons for this increased susceptibility to infection are unknown. This study examines lymphocyte and reticuloendothelial (RES) function in animals with obstructive jaundice. Twelve New Zealand white rabbits (3-4 kg) were studied. Lymphocyte function was evaluated in six rabbits by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulation. In six animals, hepatic RES function was assessed by calculating the phagocytic index (PI) using the disappearance of 99Tc sulfacolloid (5 mg/kg) iv. After baseline studies, the common bile duct was divided and ligated. The above studies and serum bilirubin were repeated at 3 weeks. Obstruction was then relieved by cholecystojejunostomy (CJ) and RES studies repeated monthly x 6. Preobstructive lymphocyte function showed a stimulation index ratio (log) of 0.85 +/- 0.25 for PHA, 0.75 +/- 0.3 for Con A, and 0.71 +/- 0.25 for PWM. With biliary obstruction, the values fell to -0.23 +/- 15 (P less than 0.006), -0.31 +/- 0.12 (P less than 0.006), and -0.29 (P less than 0.006), demonstrating impaired lymphocyte function. When tested lymphocytes were mixed with control pooled rabbit serum, however, no lymphocyte impairment was noted. Baseline hepatic PI was 6.02 +/- 0.18 and fell to 3.79 +/- 0.33 with obstruction (P less than .01) and remained low at (3.20 +/- 0.14) 1 month (P less than 0.01) and (3.33 +/- 0.23) at 3 months (P less than .01), after CJ but returned to normal (8.04 +/- 0.97) at 6 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

梗阻性黄疸患者免疫功能的变化

梗阻性黄疸患者由于机体免疫功能障碍而有较高的并发症、病死率。笔者结合近年文献资料初步综述了梗阻性黄疸患者机体免疫功能各个方面的变化及其相关的临床意义。     

Reticulo-endothelial function in obstructive jaundice

A study of reticulo-endothelial function was performed in 30 patients with obstructive jaundice. Reticulo-endothelial phagocytic function, measured by the clearance of intravenous human micro-aggregated albumin, was significantly depressed in jaundiced patients compared with non-jaundiced controls (P less than 0.001). There was a significant correlation (P less than 0.001) between phagocytic function and plasma bilirubin level but not with transaminase or bile salt level. Phagocytic function was not related to the presence of malignancy, but was markedly reduced in patients with cholangitis. There was no reduction in hepatic sinusoidal blood flow, opsonin levels (fibronectin, IgG, complement) or serum opsonic activity to account for the reticulo-endothelial dysfunction.     

Renal function and other factors in obstructive jaundice.

Renal function and other factors that possibly affect the outcome of operation were measured in 24 patients with obstructive jaundice and in 15 non-jaundiced controls. The preoperative features that were associated with a poor postoperative recovery from obstructive jaundice were a raised serum fibrinogen/fibrin degradation product concentration, infection, hypoalbuminaemia and a low glomerular filtration rate. Preoperative serum fibrinogen/fibrin degradation product concentrations were raised in 4 of the 6 jaundiced patients who died after surgery but in none of the controls, in whom there was no mortality. In the jaundiced patients there was a greater incidence of postoperative renal impairment than in the controls. All patients were given mannitol during operation. Further mannitol was required after surgery in 13 of the 24 jaundiced patients in order to maintain urine flow rate despite adequate intravenous fluids being given. In contrast, only 1 of the 15 control patients required post operative mannitol. It is emphasized that repeated doses of mannitol can lead to a profound natriuresis and adequate intravenous saline should be given.     

术前胆道引流对恶性阻塞性黄疸患者免疫功能的影响

目的观察术前胆道引流恶性阻塞性黄疸患者免疫、炎症状况的影响。方法选择2006年3月至10月我科住院的恶性阻塞性黄疸手术患者22例,按照术前胆道引流与否分为减黄组(PBD)和未减黄组(NPBD),另取10例胆囊结石或肝血管瘤手术患者作为正常对照组,观察引流前、引流后、术后1d、7d指标,包括肝功能指标ALT、AST、TB、DB、ALP、GGT以及免疫、炎症反应指标IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、CD4+、CD8+、CRP。结果术前胆道引流使13例患者的ALT、AST、GGT、TB下降。恶性阻黄组的IL-8水平较正常对照组的高[(1.330±0.334)μg/Lvs(0.331±0.095)μg/L,P0.05];恶性阻黄组的TNF-α水平较正常对照组的高([1.450±0.270)μg/Lvs(0.644±0.112)μg/L,P0.05]。引流后TNF-α水平较引流前显著降低,为(1.060±0.212)μg/L;术后7d时PBD组TNF-α水平为(0.793±0.251)μg/L,较术前差异性有统计学意义;非引流组术后7d时TNF-α水平为(1.180±0.205)μg/L,较术前下降明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。恶性阻黄患者胆道引流前后CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+、CRP水平无差别,是否行胆道引流差别亦无统计学意义。结论术前胆道引流可降低恶性阻塞性黄疸的血清TNF-α水平;血清TNF-α水平可作为反应恶性阻塞性黄疸免疫、炎症反应状态较为敏感的因子。     

升清胶囊对阻塞性黄疸患者微创术后细胞免疫功能的改善作用

目的 研究升清胶囊对阻塞性黄疸患者微创术后细胞免疫功能的改善作用.方法 将符合纳入标准的51例患者,采用简单随机方法分为研究组(升清胶囊组)、对照组(胆维他组)和空白组(常规治疗组),每组17例.术后空白组常规处理,不服用利胆药物;对照组除常规处理外,于术后第1天起口服胆维他;研究组除常规处理外,于术后第1天开始口服中药升清胶囊.术后第1、7天分别检测患者免疫指标CD3、CD4、sIL-2R、IL-10、TNF及TB.采用单因素方差分析的统计学方法对实验数据做统计处理.结果 研究组、对照组与空白组术后第1天CD3、CD4、sIL-2R、TNF、IL-10值比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05);术后第7天比较均有统计学差异(P<0.05).术后第7天CD.CD4、sIL-2R值与术后第1天比较,研究组比对照组均增高(P<0.05);时照组比空白组均增高(P<0.05);研究组比空白组均增高(P<0.05).术后第7天TNF值与术后第1天比较,研究组较对照组无显著性降低(P>0.05);对照组比空白组降低(P<0.05);研究组比空白组降低(P<0.05).术后第7天IL-10值与术后第1天比较,研究组比对照组降低(P<0.05);对照组比空白组无显著性降低(P>0.05);研究组比空白组降低(P<0.05).术后第1、7天各组间TB值比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05).结论 升清胶囊能更有效地加快阻塞性黄疸患者微创术后免疫功能的恢复,较不服用利胆药物及服用胆维他者有明显优势.     

Reticulo-endothelial function in rats with obstructive jaundice

Reticulo-endothelial function was evaluated by measuring the biokinetics of a standardized 99mTc-sulphur colloid using scintillation camera technique in rats with biliary obstruction. There was no difference in the uptake of the colloid in the liver (K1) between sham operation and biliary obstruction at 1 week and 3 weeks. However, when corrected for changes in liver volume, the corrected colloidal uptake rate (cK1) of the liver was significantly decreased in 1 week's biliary obstruction (P less than 0.005 compared with sham operation) and 3 weeks' biliary obstruction (P less than 0.025 compared with 1 week obstruction). Colloidal uptake rate of the extrahepatic reticulo-endothelial system (K2) was significantly increased (P less than 0.005) in rats with 3 weeks' biliary obstruction. Activity distribution of 99mTc-sulphur colloid in 3 weeks' biliary obstruction was significantly decreased in both total organ basis and per gram basis (P less than 0.005). The results demonstrated a depression of RE activity of the liver in biliary obstruction.     

恶性重度梗阻性黄疸对机体免疫功能的影响及免疫增强剂的治疗作用

目的 探讨恶性重度梗阻性黄疸对机体免疫功能的影响及免疫增强剂的治疗作用。方法 选择我院2010年3月至2012年7月收治的无明显黄疸（TBil＜17.1μmol/L）的胆石症患者（A组,无黄疸对照组,n=20）,恶性非重度梗阻性黄疸患者（TBil17.1～342μmol/L）（B组,恶性非重度黄疸组,n=20）,恶性重度梗阻性黄疸（TBil＞342μmol/L）行经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术（PTCD）患者（C组,恶性重度黄疸组,n=39）。其中C组又分成免疫增强剂治疗组（C1,n=18）和非治疗组（C2,n=21）。C1组PTCD术后当天开始给予注射用胸腺肽α-1,1.6 mg/d,皮下注射,连用7 d。比较各组血浆细胞因子（IL-2、IFN-α、TNF-α）、T淋巴细胞亚群（CD3+、CD4+、CD8+）和NK细胞百分率的变化。结果 C组CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、NK细胞百分率及IL-2明显低于A组（P＜0.05）,CD3+、CD8+百分率及IL-2明显低于B组（P＜0.05）;TNF-α、IFN-αC组明显高于A组和B组（P＜0.05）;B组CD3+、NK细胞百分率及IL-2明显低于A组（P＜0.05）;CD4+/CD8+比值各组间无明显差异。C1组CD3+、CD4+百分率,CD4+/CD8+比值及IL-2呈升高趋势,TNF-α、IFN-α呈降低趋势,胸腺肽α-1治疗后第5天CD3+、CD4+百分率明显高于C2组（P＜0.05）,第7天CD4+百分率、CD4+/CD8+比值、IL-2、IFN-α明显高于C2组（P＜0.05）,TNF-α明显低于C2组（P＜0.05）。结论 恶性梗阻性黄疸患者免疫功能降低,重度黄疸时免疫功能受损更加明显。免疫增强剂可明显改善恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的免疫功能。     

中长链脂肪乳对阻塞性黄疸病人围手术期肝功能和免疫功能的影响

２１例阻塞性黄疸病人被分为长链脂肪乳（ＬＣＴ）输注组和中长链脂肪乳（ＭＣＴ／ＬＣＴ）输注组。术前１天，术后１、３天和７天抽血检测天冬氨酸转氨酶（ＧＰＴ），总补体、补体Ｃ３、Ｃ４和ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ。结果显示：ＭＣＴ／ＬＣＴ组ＧＰＴ术后呈下降趋势，而ＬＣＴ组变化不显著；ＭＣＴ／ＬＣＴ组补体较ＬＣＴ组增加明显；两组病人术后ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ均升高，ＬＣＴ组升高更明显。表明中长链脂肪乳有保护和改善肝功能、免疫功能的作用     

梗阻性黄疸患者术后应用肠内营养对红细胞免疫功能的影响

目的　研究术后肠内营养支持对梗阻性黄疸患者红细胞免疫功能的影响。方法　采用免疫增强型肠内营养剂对 11例梗阻性黄疸患者进行肠内喂养 ,分别于术前 1d、术后第 1、5、10天测定红细胞C3b受体花结率 (RRCR)、红细胞免疫复合物花结率 (RRICR) ,并与术后采用部分肠外营养的 10例梗阻性黄疸患者对比。结果　梗阻性黄疸患者存在着红细胞免疫功能抑制 ,术后喂养免疫增强型肠内营养剂能较快改善梗阻性黄疸患者红细胞免疫功能 ,且至术后第 10天RRCR、RRICR分别为 2 8.14± 7.0 5、5 .2 3± 1.63与对照组 2 1.2 0± 8.0 4、7.3 5± 2 .2 0相比差异均有显著性(P <0 .0 5 )。结论　梗阻性黄疸患者术后喂养免疫增强型肠内营养剂有助于红细胞免疫功能的恢复     

不同胆汁引流方式对梗阻性黄疸兔血清内毒素与免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨不同胆汁引流方式对梗阻性黄疸兔血清内毒素与免疫功能的影响。方法:将36只新西兰白兔随机均分为假手术组、外引流组、内引流组。外引流组与内引流组先建立可逆型梗阻性黄疸模型,7 d后解除梗阻,分别行胆汁外引流与内引流;假手术组按相同时间间隔行2次假手术。各组分别于造模前、造模后7 d、引流术后7 d采血,检测肝功能指标、血清内毒素水平、血中CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞的比例。结果:假手术组各时间点各项指标均无明显变化(均P0.05);造模后7 d,外引流组与内引流组血清胆红素、转氨酶、内毒素水平均较造模前明显升高,血CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞比例较造模前明显降低(均P0.05);行引流术7 d后,外引流组与内引流组肝功能指标、内毒素水平、CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞比例均较造模后7 d明显恢复,但内引流组后两项指标的恢复程度均明显优于外引流组(均P0.05)。结论:胆汁内引流较胆汁外引流更有利于梗阻性黄疸内毒素清除与机体免疫功能快速恢复。     

Renal function in obstructive jaundice in man: cholangiocarcinoma model

Renal function with respect to water clearance and renal hemodynamics was studied in 15 patients with obstructive jaundice due to cholangiocarcinoma. The results were compared with those of the control normal subjects. There was no change in renal function in the patients with mild to moderate jaundice, with total serum bilirubin from 8.0 to 15.1 mg/dl. Increased urinary sodium excretion and decreased free water and negative water clearances were observed in the patients with severe jaundice with total serum bilirubin from 27.0 to 40.4 mg/dl and normal serum albumin. Renal blood flow was normal, but creatinine clearance was decreased. In severely jaundiced patients with serum bilirubin from 30.5 to 40.1 mg/dl and hypoalbuminemia urinary sodium excretion, free water clearance, negative water clearance, renal blood flow and creatinine clearance were decreased. There was salt and water retention in this group. The findings suggest that in severe jaundice there is inhibition of sodium chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. ADH and increased hydraulic conductivity of the collecting tubules possibly contribute to decreased free water clearance. In severely jaundiced patients with hypoalbuminemia this salt losing effect is converted to salt retention by increased proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium.     

七氟醚对大鼠梗阻性黄疸所致肝损伤的Th17和Th22免疫功能的调节作用

目的:探究七氟醚对大鼠梗阻性黄疸(OJ)所致肝损伤的Th17、Th22免疫功能的调节作用.方法:30只SD大鼠被分为对照组、OJ组和OJ+七氟醚(Sev)组各10只.OJ组和OJ+ Sev组大鼠通过结扎胆总管建立OJ肝损伤模型,其中OJ+七氟醚组大鼠通过吸入通过七氟醚进行干预.检测肝组织损伤情况、肝功能和血清炎症因子....     

Muramyl dipeptide improves mononuclear phagocyte system function in obstructive jaundice

Previous studies have demonstrated depression of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) of which the liver comprises 80-85% in animals subjected to 21 days of obstructive jaundice. This study examined the ability of a macrophage stimulant, muramyl dipeptide (MDP), to reverse MPS dysfunction in an obstructive jaundice rat model. Sixty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sham (n = 29) laparotomy or common duct ligation (CDL) (n = 33) and were studied after 21 days. Animals were injected with 1-3.5 X 10(6) Escherichia coli via a lateral tail vein, and colony-forming units (CFU) of the liver, lung, and spleen were determined at two time intervals: 30 min postinjection to determine the phagocytic activity of MPS (sham, n = 16; CDL, n = 20) and 24 hr postinjection to determine cytotoxic activity of MPS (sham, n = 13; CDL, n = 13). MDP (3 micrograms/g) was administered subcutaneously 24 hr prior to E. coli injection in 6 sham and 10 CDL rats studied at the 30-min time interval and 7 sham and 7 CDL rats studied at the 24-hr time interval. Pretreatment with MDP appeared to reverse the impairment of phagocytic activity in the liver of CDL rats returning it to the level of sham animals (P less than 0.05). However, pretreatment with MDP did not enhance the cytotoxic activity of the MPS as evidenced by higher CFU of E. coli in the liver, lung, and spleen of CDL animals pretreated with MDP as compared to CDL animals that did not receive MDP pretreatment. This increase was only significant in the spleen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Impaired Kupffer cell function and effect of immunotherapy in obstructive jaundice

BACKGROUND: Obstructive jaundice is frequently associated with septic complications. This study examined the influence of biliary obstruction on bacterial clearance and translocation. The study focused on the phagocytic and killing activities of Kupffer cells and the preventive effect on bacterial translocation of OK-432, which is a hemolytic streptococcal preparation developed as a biological response modifier. METHODS: To study the mechanism of sepsis in obstructive jaundice, two groups of Wistar rats were examined: rats subjected to common bile duct ligation (CBDL) and rats subjected to a sham operation. Bacterial clearance, organ distribution, hepatic blood flow, and phagocytic function of Kupffer cells were examined. To evaluate the effect of OK-432 on bacterial translocation, rats were divided into three groups: sham operation + phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), CBDL + PBS, and CBDL + OK-432. RESULTS: In this study, clearance of Escherichia coli. from the peripheral blood in CBDL rats was decreased significantly compared with that in sham-operated rats. Significant decreases in E.coli trapped in the liver and in hepatic blood flow were observed in CBDL rats compared with sham-operated rats. Phagocytic activity and superoxide production of Kupffer cells isolated from CBDL rats were significantly lower than in sham-operated rats. The incidence of bacterial translocation in CBDL rats was increased significantly, and oral administration of OK-432 prevented it. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that susceptibility to infection in obstructive jaundice is due to impaired phagocytic function of Kupffer cells. Furthermore, obstructive jaundice promotes bacterial translocation, and OK-432 may be useful in preventing this translocation.     

细胞因子和梗阻性黄疸

梗阻性黄疸 (ＯＪ)的治疗一直是外科一大难题 ,其术后常伴有感染、胃肠道出血、伤口不愈、肾功能衰竭甚至多器官衰竭等严重并发症 ,其原因一直不完全清楚。 1970年Ｗａｒｄｌｅ等[1] 首先揭示了ＯＪ与内毒素血症的关系后 ,对炎症反应启动者内毒素激活的炎症效应细胞 (如粒细胞、巨嗜细胞等 )释放的细胞因子研究受到了普遍关注。细胞因子网络功能紊乱可能是ＯＪ从局部病变发展为全身疾病的关键所在。1　ＯＪ的主要炎症细胞因子1 1　肿瘤坏死因子 (ＴＮＦ α)　分子量为 2 6ｋＤ的蛋白 ,主要来源于激活的单核细胞、巨噬细胞 ,其半寿期约 14～ …