X线、CT、SPECT、PET在评估小鼠的骨成像中的作用

目的利用各种影像诊断设备对正常小鼠的骨进行成像,观察其在小鼠骨成像中最佳成像参数。方法分别使用X线、CT、SPECT、PET对小鼠的骨进行拍摄成像。结果X线和CT均可以清楚地对小鼠的骨组织成像,而SPECT、PET由于其分辨率和特异性不高,成像较模糊。结论X线和CT检查对小鼠的骨成像明显,对小鼠疾病的观察有重要意义。而SPECT、PET对诊断小鼠的骨疾病意义不是很大。     

骨斑点症的X线分析(附6例报道及文献复习)

目的:对骨斑点症的临床特征、发病机理及鉴别诊断进行讨论,并探讨骨斑点症的X线特征,以提高对该病的影像学认识。方法:回顾性分析6例骨斑点症患者的临床及X线表现,其中3例患者属于同一家族,并对1例28岁患者随访1年,并复习相关文献。结果:病变好发部位为骨盆、跗骨、腕骨、指(趾)骨和长管状骨的骨骺及干骺端,影像表现为0.2~1.6 cm散在多发的大小不等的圆形或卵圆形致密阴影为特征,靠近关节面病灶较密集,大部分病灶位于松质骨内,病灶长轴与骨小梁走行相平行,密度均匀,边界清晰,相邻关节软骨骨质未见异常改变,其中4例病灶呈双侧对称性分布。1例随访病灶未见有明显变化。6例患者无任何症状,男女比为2:1,实验室相关检查均未见异常。结论:骨斑点症属于骨发育异常,是一种遗传性疾病,具有遗传学特点,X线检查是发现和诊断本病的主要依据,其X线表现具有特征性,熟悉其临床及X线特征有助于提高对该病的诊断。     

儿童青少年蹠骨骨皮质正常发育的X线研究

本文测量1607例正常儿童青少年第Ⅱ—Ⅳ蹠骨皮质厚度和皮质面积,并计算出三种相对指数。结果表明皮质厚度和皮质面积均随年龄增长逐渐增大,其发育在性别间有差异,其中前者出现两次交叉现象,符合人体发育规律;三种指数在年龄性别间无明显变化。本文认为蹠骨同掌骨一样也是骨量测量的最佳部位,建议最好用皮质厚度结合一种指数的方法判断骨量。本文为代谢性骨病的诊断和生长发育的评价提供了基础资料。     

骨斑点症X 线诊断(附家族三代3 例报道及文献复习)

目的:探讨家族性骨斑点症的临床及X线表现特征,提高X线诊断准确水平。方法:回顾性分析经临床证实的3例骨斑点症患者的临床及X线表现,并复习相关文献。结果:家族性骨斑点症X线特征为关节骨端多发斑点状致密影,边缘清楚,密度均匀。本组患者中2例有症状,1例患者无任何症状。常规生化检测无异常。结论:根据典型的X线特征及遗传特点,对骨斑点症可见做出正确诊断。     

CT影像和X线平片在脊柱爆裂型骨折诊断中的对比分析

目的分析X线平片与CT影像在脊柱爆裂骨折诊断中的应用价值。方法选取2015年7月~2016年7月我院收治的脊柱爆裂骨折患者70例为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,对照组患者予以X线平片进行诊断,观察组患者予以CT影像进行诊断,对比分析两组患者的检出率、检出时间以及检查费用情况。结果对照组患者的检出率为65.71%,检出时间(9.21±0.13)min,检查费用(115±25.20)元;观察组患者的检出率为88.57%,检出时间(2.32±0.30)min,检查费用(628±52.6)元。两组比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论脊柱爆裂型骨折患者行CT影像学诊断的临床价值明显优于X线平片,值得作为脊柱爆裂型骨折的首选检查方法。     

X射线衍射法在研究蛋白质动态过程中的应用

介绍了X射线衍射技术在研究蛋白质动态过程中的应用.首先介绍了用常规X射线衍射法和劳埃X射线衍射法等数据采样法研究反应时间为几分钟的蛋白质催化反应.然后介绍了通过选择不匹配底物,不适宜酸度,选择温度和酸度的跳跃,金属和光化学瞬时激发达到反应的同步来研究反应时间为几秒钟的蛋白质催化反应.     

多层螺旋CT检查与腹部X线平片对急性肠梗阻的诊断价值比较研究

目的:研究比较多层螺旋CT(MSCT)检查与腹部X线平片对急性肠梗阻(AIO)的诊断价值。方法:选择2016年1月到2018年4月间在蚌埠医学院附属阜阳医院接受手术治疗的200例AIO患者作为研究对象,对所有患者先常规予以腹部X线平片诊断,12h后再通过MSCT为患者实施诊断,对比两种方法的诊断结果、诊断体验效果以及漏诊率和误诊率。结果:MSCT的肠梗阻检出率为94.50%,明显较腹部X线平片的69.00%更高(P0.05)。MSCT所诊断的肠梗阻中,梗阻类型为绞窄型及梗阻病因为肠肿瘤者均占100.00%,较腹部X线平片的36.21%和54.26%明显更高(P0.05)。MSCT的诊断舒适度评分、图像清晰度评分较腹部X线平片明显更高,而操作复杂度评分较腹部X线平片明显更低(P0.05)。MSCT的漏诊率、误诊率分别为4.00%、1.50%,较腹部X线平片的22.00%、9.00%明显降低(P0.05)。结论:对于AIO患者,MSCT较腹部X线平片具有更高的诊断价值,诊断体验效果更好,漏诊率和误诊率偏低。     

乳腺MRI 与乳腺X线在导管原位癌临床诊断中应用的比较研究

目的:探讨乳腺MRI与乳腺X线检查在导管原位癌(DCIS)诊断中的应用价值。方法:选择2012年5月至2014年9月在我院接受诊治的乳腺DCIS患者52例(58个病灶)为研究对象,对所有患者进行乳腺MRI及X线检查,以病理检查结果作为金标准,比较乳腺MRI及X线检查在导管原位癌(DCIS)诊断中的应用价值。结果:58个病灶中,乳腺MRI共检查出阳性54例,阴性4例,其中误诊或漏诊4例;乳腺X线共检查出阳性49例,阴性9例,其中误诊或漏诊11例。乳腺MRI检查的灵敏度和准确度均显著高于乳腺X线,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。此外,乳腺MRI检查的特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值均分别高于乳腺X线,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:乳腺MRI检查对DCIS的诊断价值较高,具有广泛的应用前景,但亦存在少数误诊或漏诊。     

样线法和网捕法在机场鸟情调查中的应用比较

鸟击事件主要发生在机场范围内,对机场周边生境的鸟类组成进行调查,是制定鸟击防范对策的重要前提。国内多数机场已经开展了相关的鸟类组成调查,但是选用的调查方法却存在较大差异。以样线法和网捕法两种常用的调查方法对沈阳桃仙国际机场周边的迁徙期鸟类进行了研究,旨在比较两种调查方法在机场鸟类群落组成调查中的效果及调查的鸟类群落组成差异。结果表明：两种方法均适合机场鸟类调研,共记录到鸟类97种,网捕法记录的鸟类种数(83种vs. 57种)高于样线法,网捕法单独记录的鸟类种数(40种vs. 14种)也高于样线法。尽管两种方法每期(半个月)调查的物种数和目的数量无明显差别,但随调查强度(如调查次数)增加,网捕法累计记录到的鸟类种类明显高于样线法,且较晚达到渐近线。另外,两种方法调查记录的鸟类群落组成也具有显著的差别,如网捕法记录到较多鹌鹑和鸮形目等夜间迁徙或活动鸟类,而样线法可记录到鹭科和雁鸭类水鸟等。这说明两种调研方法在鸟类调查中有较好的互补性。因此,本研究认为机场鸟情调研时应该根据鸟情特点,选择合适的鸟类调研方法,综合采用多种调研方法可更有利于获得科学的鸟情信息。     

X射线衍射技术在烧骨实验研究中的初步应用

烧骨作为考古遗址中较为常见的一类特征遗物,对研究古人类用火行为有着重要的意义。过往研究表明,骨骼在加热过程中,其内部晶体会根据加热程度的不同产生不同的变化。骨骼在加热前的状态,能够在一定程度上反映古人类对骨骼进行热处理的动机与目的。为了了解骨骼在焚烧前的初始状态是否会对其内部晶体产生不同的影响,本研究利用56件现生羊骨进行了烧骨实验。实验设置了带肉骨、剔肉骨和干骨三种不同初始状态的骨骼,并在前人的研究基础上进一步细化了焚烧温度和时间参数。焚烧完成后,利用X射线衍射技术对所有样品进行了分析并观察其衍射图的差异。实验结果显示,骨骼有机质含量的多少,骨骼内部元素的不同,在一定的温度和时间条件下,会对骨骼内晶体的形成产生不同的影响。文章最后探讨了这种差异在考古研究中运用的可能性。     

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis may increase the tendency to development of osteoporosis by decreasing bone mineral density

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and deterioration of bony microarchitecture. It is a chronic condition of multifactorial etiology and is usually clinically silent until a fracture occurs. Fatty liver disease can range from fatty liver alone (steatosis) to fatty liver associated with inflammation. This state can occur with the use of alcohol (alcohol-related fatty liver) or in the absence of alcohol (NASH). It has been known that liver has important a role in bone metabolism via production of the active vitamin D. Here, we have discussed whether a relationship between NASH and osteoporosis.     

Association of P2Y2 receptor SNPs with bone mineral density and osteoporosis risk in a cohort of Dutch fracture patients

The P2Y₂ receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor with adenosine 5′-triphosphate (and UTP) as natural ligands. It is thought to be involved in bone physiology in an anti-osteogenic manner. As several non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified within the P2Y₂ receptor gene in humans, we examined associations between genetic variations in the P2Y₂ receptor gene and bone mineral density (BMD) (i.e., osteoporosis risk), in a cohort of fracture patients. Six hundred and ninety women and 231 men aged ≥50 years, visiting an osteoporosis outpatient clinic at Maastricht University Medical Centre for standard medical follow-up after a recent fracture, were genotyped for three non-synonymous P2Y₂ receptor gene SNPs. BMD was measured at three locations (total hip, lumbar spine, and femoral neck) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Differences in BMD between different genotypes were tested using analysis of covariance. In women, BMD values at all sites were significantly different between the genotypes for the Leu46Pro polymorphism, with women homozygous for the variant allele showing the highest BMD values (0.05 > p > 0.01). The Arg312Ser and Arg334Cys polymorphisms showed no differences in BMD values between the different genotypes. This is the first report that describes the association between the Leu46Pro polymorphism of the human P2Y₂ receptor and the risk of osteoporosis.     

A theoretical model to predict distribution of the fabric tensor and apparent density in cancellous bone

 The adaptation of cancellous bone to mechanical forces is well recognized. Theoretical models for predicting cancellous bone architecture have been developed and have mainly focused on the distribution of trabecular mass or the apparent density. The purpose of this study was to develop a theoretical model which can simultaneously predict the distribution of trabecular orthotropy/orientation, as represented by the fabric tensor, along with apparent density. Two sets of equations were derived under the assumption that cancellous bone is a biological self-optimizing material which tends to minimize strain energy. The first set of equations provide the relationship between the fabric tensor and stress tensor, and have been verified to be consistent with Wolff’s law of trabecular architecture, that is, the principal directions of the fabric tensor coincide with the principal stress trajectories. The second set of equations yield the apparent density from the stress tensor, which was shown to be identical to those obtained based on local optimization with strain energy density of true bone tissue as the objective function. These two sets of equations, together with elasticity field equations, provide a complete mathematical formulation for the adaptation of cancellous bone. Received: 25 February 1997/Revised version: 23 September 1997     

Non-synonymous polymorphisms in the P2RX 4 are related to bone mineral density and osteoporosis risk in a cohort of Dutch fracture patients

In the present study we investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the P2RX₄, which alter the P2X₄R function, are associated with the development of osteoporosis and whether an interaction between the P2X₄R and P2X₇R confer a synergistic effect of these two receptors on osteoporosis risk. Patients with fracture (690 females and 231 males, aged ≥50 years) were genotyped for three non-synonymous P2X₄R SNPs. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the total hip, lumbar spine, and femoral neck. Subject carrying the variant allele of the Tyr315Cys polymorphism showed a 2.68-fold (95 % CI, 1.20–6.02) higher risk of osteoporosis compared with wild-type subject. Furthermore, significant lower lumbar spine BMD values were observed in subjects carrying the Cys315 allele as compared with wild-type (0.85 ± 0.17 and 0.93 ± 0.17 g/cm², respectively; p < 0.001). Assuming a recessive model, carriers of the variant allele of the Ser242Gly polymorphism showed increased BMD values at the lumbar spine compare to wild-type subject (1.11 ± 0.35 and 0.92 ± 0.17 g/cm², respectively; p = 0.0045). This is the first study demonstrating an association of non-synonymous polymorphisms in the P2RX₄ and the risk of osteoporosis, suggesting a role of the P2X₄R in the regulation of bone mass.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11302-012-9337-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

The role of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in the bone mineral density of Greek postmenopausal women with low calcium intake

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of common vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms on the bone mineral density (BMD) of Greek postmenopausal women. Healthy postmenopausal women (n=578) were recruited for the study. The BMD of the lumbar spine and hip was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with the Lunar DPX-MD device. Assessment of dietary calcium intake was performed with multiple 24-h recalls. Genotyping was performed for the BsmI, TaqI and Cdx-2 polymorphisms of the VDR gene. The selected polymorphisms were not associated with BMD, osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures. Stratification by calcium intake revealed that in the low calcium intake group (<680 mg/day), all polymorphisms were associated with the BMD of the lumbar spine (P<.05). After adjustment for potential covariates, BsmI and TaqI polymorphisms were associated with the presence of osteoporosis (P<.05), while the presence of the minor A allele of Cdx-2 polymorphism was associated with a lower spine BMD (P=.025). In the higher calcium intake group (>680 mg/day), no significant differences were observed within the genotypes for all polymorphisms. The VDR gene is shown to affect BMD in women with low calcium intake, while its effect is masked in women with higher calcium intake. This result underlines the significance of adequate calcium intake in postmenopausal women, given that it exerts a positive effect on BMD even in the presence of negative genetic predisposition.     

Relation of the estrogen receptor and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms with bone mineral density in postmenopausal Mexican-mestizo women

Background

Since osteoporosis is a complex disease characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD), which is determined by an interaction of genetics with metabolic and environmental factors, the aim of this study was to analyze the possible association among one polymorphism of VDR and two polymorphisms of ESR1; as well as their haplotypes with BMD in postmenopausal Mexican-mestizo women.

Methods

We studied 742 postmenopausal Mexican-mestizo women. A structured questionnaire for risk factors was applied and BMD was measured in the lumbar spine and total hip by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. DNA was obtained from blood leukocytes. One polymorphism of VDR (rs11568820) and two of ESR1 (rs2234693 and rs9340799) were studied. Real-time PCR allelic discrimination was used for genotyping. The differences between the means of the BMDs according to genotype were analyzed with covariance. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was tested. Pairwise linkage disequilibrium between single nucleotide polymorphisms was calculated by direct correlation r²; haplotype analysis was conducted.

Results

Rs9340799 of ESR1 and one haplotype formed by the two polymorphisms of the ESR1 were significantly associated with FN-BMD variations. Moreover, analysis of the genotype of rs11568820 of VDR and the rs2234693 of ESR1 showed no significant differences with BMD variations.

Conclusions

Our results showed that rs9340799 and one haplotype of ESR1 were significantly associated with BMD only at the femoral neck and this association remained after adjusting for covariates.     

禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜玻璃管药膜法敏感毒力基线的建立

【目的】建立禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi（Linnaeus）和麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae（Fabricius）对常用杀虫剂的相对敏感基线。【方法】从田间采集麦蚜在实验室内饲养30代以上,利用玻璃管药膜法测定其对杀虫剂的敏感度,每条毒力基线为2次以上独立测定数据合并后的计算结果。【结果】用玻璃管药膜法建立了包括新烟碱类、吡啶类、氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷类和拟除虫菊酯类共22个药剂品种对禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜3 h的敏感毒力基线。禾谷缢管蚜对新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉和啶虫脒的LC₅₀值分别为0.02和0.007 μg/cm²;对吡啶类药剂吡蚜酮的LC₅₀值为0.124 μg/cm²;对氨基甲酸酯类药剂丁硫克百威、硫双灭多威、灭多威、抗蚜威、西维因的LC₅₀值为0.0026~0.70 μg/cm²;对有机磷类药剂三唑磷、丙溴磷、氧乐果、乐果、马拉硫磷、辛硫磷、敌敌畏、毒死蜱的LC₅₀值为0.005~0.065 μg/cm²;对拟除虫菊酯类药剂三氟氯氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯的LC₅₀值为0.033~0.240 μg/cm²。麦长管蚜对新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉和啶虫脒的LC₅₀值分别为0.15和0.12 μg/cm²;对吡啶类药剂吡蚜酮的LC₅₀值为0.41 μg/cm²;对氨基甲酸酯类药剂丁硫克百威、硫双灭多威、灭多威、抗蚜威、西维因的LC50值为0.005~0.76 μg/cm²;对有机磷类药剂三唑磷、丙溴磷、氧乐果、乐果、马拉硫磷、辛硫磷、敌敌畏、毒死蜱的LC₅₀值为0.018~0.36 μg/cm²;对拟除虫菊酯类药剂三氟氯氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯的LC50值为0.20~2.94 μg/cm²。【结论】建立的两种麦蚜对22种杀虫药剂的相对敏感基线,包括当前所有可能用于防治麦蚜的药剂,可以用于以后麦蚜抗药性监测或其他相关研究的参照;禾谷缢管蚜对药剂的敏感度高于麦长管蚜。