上海市1个月-12岁儿童气质特点研究

目的 :探讨儿童气质的变化特点 ,并为建立常模提供依据。方法 :选取有代表性的上海市 1个月— 12岁的儿童 ,有效例数 2 15 3人 ,采用Carey的EITQ、RITQ、TTS、BSQ、MCTQ进行儿童气质的研究 ,分别按年龄和性别进行分析。结果 :1岁以内气质的性别差异无或很小 ;1-3岁儿童中男孩较女孩反应强烈 ;3 -7岁儿童中男孩活动量较高、节律性较强、反应阈较高 ;8-12岁儿童中男孩的活动量较高、可预见性较低、反应较强烈、坚持性较低。 1岁内儿童的活动水平随年龄而增高 ,1岁以后的儿童总体上表现为高年龄组儿童的活动水平降低、适应性更强的倾向 ,3岁以后的儿童表现出随年龄增加而反应强度下降、坚持性增高的倾向 ,1-7岁之间儿童的注意分散度逐渐下降。气质特点约从 7岁左右开始更稳定。结论 :儿童气质的性别差异随年龄增长而逐渐显现出来 ,高年龄组中差异显著的维度较低年龄组多。气质特点随年龄变化的趋势与儿童的神经心理发育密切相关。     

学龄前儿童气质特征与智能发育水平的相关性

目的 :探讨学龄前儿童气质特征与智能发育水平的相关性。方法 :对 3 5 0名学龄前儿童采用《儿童气质量表》 (TM )和《Wechsler学前及初小儿童智能量表》 (WPPSI)进行测试。结果 :各种气质类型分布无性别差异 (P >0 0 5 )。气质特点倾向积极型的学龄前儿童智能发育水平高于气质特点倾向消极型的儿童 ,以语言智商较为明显 (P <0 0 1)。智能发育水平与儿童气质维度中的规律性、适应性、坚持度、活动量、反应强度、注意分散度和反应阈有关 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :学龄前儿童智能发育水平与气质外在表现可能存在相关性 ,气质维度对了解儿童的智能发展更有价值。对具有消极特点气质的儿童更应采取恰当的抚养与教育方式 ,以促进其智能的发展。     

3-6.5岁麻烦型气质儿童睡眠行为的心理干预研究

目的：探讨心理干预对3-6．5岁麻烦型气质儿童的睡眠行为的作用。方法：用CTPS(China Preschool-children Pemperament Scale)问卷对400名3-6．5岁儿童的气质类型进行家长填表评定；按国内常模结合评定划分出5个气质类型．对其中50名麻烦型气质儿童的睡眠行为问题进行调查，然后对麻烦型气质儿童的睡眠行为问题进行3个月的心理干预治疗。并对其睡眠行为做干预前后的进入睡眠前所需时间，起床所需时间及睡眠情绪进行调查比较。结果：心理干预可以纠正麻烦型气质儿童的睡眠行为，改善睡眠情绪，对提高睡眠速度与起床速度有效。     

家庭环境与儿童气质

目的：探讨影响儿童气质的因素。方法：采用NYLS《3－7岁儿童气质量表》家长评定问卷（PTQ），父母养育方式评定量表（EMBU），家庭环境量表中文版（FES－CV），和艾森克人格问卷（成人），用分层整群抽样法，对杭州地区3－6岁549例入托儿童进行了调查。结果：儿童每天看电视时间与儿童气质类型有关。父母养育方式中，情感温暖理解、惩罚严厉、过分干涉对儿童气质有影响。家庭环境、父母EPQ评分、入托情况等未显示有相关性。结论：父母养育方式和儿童看电视时间看学龄前儿童气质类型的主要影响因素。     

节律基因CLOCK单核苷酸多态性与生活方式在学龄前儿童肥胖中的交互作用

目的 探讨节律基因昼夜节律运动输出周期故障（CLOCK）单核苷酸多态性与生活方式对学龄前儿童肥胖的作用。方法 选择2021年6月至2022年6月在佛山复星禅诚医院儿童保健门诊查体的肥胖儿童60例（肥胖组），其中男性34例，女性26例；年龄3～6岁，平均年龄5.24岁；体质量16.54～18.73 kg，平均体质量17.08 kg。另选择100例体质量正常的健康儿童作为对照组，其中男性57例，女性43例；年龄3～6岁，平均年龄5.39岁；体质量13.75～15.21 kg，平均体质量14.96 kg。检测两组儿童节律基因CLOCK单核苷酸T3111C位点多态性基因型及等位基因频率分布，通过调查问卷统计两组儿童的临床资料和生活方式。采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析肥胖的危险因素，估算CLOCK单核苷酸T3111C位点多态性基因型和生活方式与肥胖风险的调整比值比（OR）及95%可信区间（CI），分析节律基因CLOCK单核苷酸T3111C位点多态性与生活方式因素对学龄前儿童肥胖的交互作用。结果 两组儿童TT基因型频率、TC基因型频率、CC基因型频率差异均有统计学意义（肥胖组与对照组比，8...     

行为抑制性、父母特质焦虑与学龄前儿童行为问题的关系

目的:验证行为抑制性气质、父母特质焦虑与学龄前儿童行为问题的关系,探索幼儿行为抑制性在父母特质焦虑与儿童行为问题关系中的中介作用。方法:调查北京地区174名4-7岁学龄前儿童父母的自身特质焦虑水平、孩子行为抑制性和行为问题水平。结果:1父母特质焦虑与学龄前儿童行为抑制性有显著正相关;2行为抑制性能够正向预测学龄前儿童的情绪问题和同伴问题,并对其亲社会行为有负向预测作用;3父母特质焦虑能够正向预测学龄前儿童的情绪问题;4儿童行为抑制性部分中介了父母特质焦虑与学龄前儿童情绪问题的关系。结论:学龄前儿童的行为抑制性气质是其内向性行为问题的显著预测因子,并且部分中介了父母特质焦虑与学龄前儿童情绪问题的关系。     

多动性障碍儿童气质与行为异常的相关性研究

目的　探讨多动性障碍 (HD)患儿气质与行为改变的关系。方法　采用Carey《3～ 7岁儿童气质问卷》(behav ioralstylequestionnaire,BSQ)和《8～ 1 2岁儿童气质问卷》(middlechildhoodtemperamentquestionnaire,MCTQ)对 50名HD患儿及 2 6名正常儿童的气质进行评价 ,采用Conners儿童行为问卷的父母症状问卷评价HD患儿的行为问题 ,并分析HD患儿气质维度与行为因子的相关性。结果　两组气质类型有明显差异 (P <0 0 5) ,HD患儿难养型、中间偏难养型及发动缓慢型 (占40 0 %)高于正常对照组 (占 1 1 5 %)。难养型、中间偏难养型及发动缓慢型患儿的品行问题及焦虑因子得分高于易养型、中间偏易养型。除学习问题外 ,行为因子与气质维度存在不同程度的正相关 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1 ) ,其中相关系数较大的为活动水平、趋避性、节律性、反应强度等。结论　HD患儿气质类型与正常儿童相比存在明显差异 ,并有一定的神经生物学基础。气质维度对HD患儿的行为表达存在不同程度的影响 ,此方面的研究对HD的临床咨询和治疗有一定的指导意义     

苯丙酮尿症患儿治疗后气质特征的研究

目的探讨苯丙酮尿症患儿特殊饮食治疗后的气质特质以及与正常儿童气质的差别。方法 2000年至2009年采用中国儿童气质量表对潍坊市新生儿疾病筛查中心确诊的71例PKU患儿和135例正常儿童进行测查。结果苯丙酮尿症患儿气质类型分布：PKU组I-D型、D型、S型所占比例较多,与正常儿童组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。PKU组在活动水平、节律性、适应性、持久性、心境、注意分散和反应阈7个维度的得分与正常儿童组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论治疗后的PKU患儿的气质有其独特性,其消极气质类型比例高于正常儿童,应针对患儿的气质特征进行综合治疗。     

学龄前期儿童适应行为发展状况分析

目的：了解学龄前期儿童适应行为的发展状况。方法：采用湖南医科大学姚树桥、龚耀先编制的《儿童适应行为评定量表》对长春市200名学龄前期儿童进行测评。结果：1、Ⅱ类儿园学龄前期儿童的适应商ADQ比较有显著性差异,其中认知因子有极显著性差异;不同年龄组间的ADQ有极显著性差异,独立因子发展滞后于认知因子和社会/自制因子。结论：学龄前期儿童的适应行为随年龄增长会有提高,但优良的教育条件更能促进其适应行为的发展;学龄前期儿童适应行为的3个因子发展不均衡。     

儿童气质测试计算机辅助系统的建立和应用

儿童气质是儿童心理学中一个重要的指标，在儿童行为问题的诊断和矫正中应用广泛［１］。Ｔｈｏｍａｓ和Ｃｈｅｓｓ［２］通过纽约纵向研究（ＮｅｗＹｏｕｋＬｏｎｇｉｔｕｄｉｎａｌＳｔｕｄｙ，简称ＮＹＬＳ）将儿童气质归纳为９个维度：活动水平、节律性、趋避性、适应...     

Transient versus stable behavior problems in a normative sample: infancy to school age.

Identified 3 subgroups of children from a prospective longitudinal study of temperament and development: (a) those with stable, (b) transient, or (c) no-behavior problems, as rated by mothers across the toddler, preschool, and preparatory school grade periods. Children with stable behavior problems were particularly characterized by more difficult temperament, mothers' overall perception of the child as difficult, and aggressive behavior in the 2- to 4-year age period. Group differences were linear rather than categorical with transient behavior problem children showing a lesser degree of difficulty. In a second study where more comprehensive child and family measures were available, temperament was again an important discriminator, with Vineland Adaptive Behavior Composite Score, mothers' overall perception of the child's temperament, and maternal psychological health and stress factors also more adverse for the stable group. However, correct classification of the members of these groups using a combination of the above variables was not impressive.     

The moderating effects of parenting styles in the association between behavioral inhibition and parent-reported guilt and empathy in preschool children.

This study investigated interactions between children's temperament and parenting styles in their association with measures of guilt and empathy. Participants were 87 predominantly Caucasian, middle-class mothers and their children between the ages of 3 and 5 (M = 4.39, SD = .51). Children nominated by their preschool teachers as being behaviorally inhibited showed higher levels of parent-rated guilt and empathy than uninhibited children, irrespective of the type and quality of parenting they experienced. However, for uninhibited children, greater inconsistent discipline was associated with lower levels of guilt and lower levels of empathy, whereas higher levels of authoritarian parenting were associated with higher levels of guilt. These results support the presence of important interactions between temperament and parenting in explaining two critical dimensions of callous-unemotional traits.     

Bedsharing, temperament, and sleep disturbance in early childhood

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Temperament was explored as a factor in both night-waking and bedsharing in preschool-aged children. DESIGN: Bedsharers and solitary sleepers were categorized based on the frequency of current bedsharing. MANOVA was used to examine associations among temperament and sleep measures. SETTING: Two preschools affiliated with a rural university in the Northeast United States. Participants. 67 children between 2.4-5.6 years of age from two University-affiliated preschools were studied. INTERVENTION: Child temperament was rated by parents and teachers using the Carey Temperament Scale and compared to night-waking, current sleep habits, and the circumstances in which bedsharing occurred MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Parents and preschool teachers completed the Carey Temperament Scale for 3-7 year olds. Parents also scored the Sleep Habits Inventory and the Sleeping Arrangements Inventory, which provided a current and retrospective history of the child's sleep location and sleep patterns. Parents' ratings showed that bedsharers have less regular bedtimes; difficulty with sleep onset; more night-waking; and seek out the parents following awakening during the night. Temperamentally, bedsharers were found to be more intense and exhibit less adaptability and rhythmicity. However, teachers' temperament ratings did not predict bedsharing and were not concordant with parental ratings. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that bedsharing at preschool age is a complex phenomenon related to parents' ratings of child temperament, sleep habits, and disturbances such as night waking. Implications for the clinical assessment of sleep disorders are discussed.     

Parent Depression Symptoms and Child Temperament Outcomes: A Family Study Approach

Parent personality and depression, family conflict, and child temperament were examined in a family study design including two children 2.5–5.5 years of age. Sibling resemblance for temperament was also investigated. Parent personality and family conflict had minimal significance for child temperament outcomes. However, parent depression was associated with higher child activity level and anger, and lower inhibitory control. These findings were supported by more rigorous regression analyses that included parent depression, child gender, and age as predictors. Sibling resemblance for child activity, anger and inhibitory control was also present, supporting a genetic etiology for child temperament. These findings indicate that children of depressed parents may be at increased risk for experiencing behavioral maladjustment related to anger, hyperactivity, and impulse control.     

Relation of neonatal iron status to individual variability in neonatal temperament

The relation between indices of neonatal iron status and individual differences in neonatal temperament were investigated in a sample of 148 low-income Peruvian women and their newborn infants. Using cord blood, at birth we obtained measures of neonatal ferritin, serum iron, and hemoglobin. While neonates were still in the hospital, their behavior during a structured anthropometry examination was videotaped and subsequently coded on four temperament dimensions: activity level, negative emotionality, alertness, and soothability. The same dimensions were coded using a videotape obtained during a subsequent visit to the neonates' homes. Results indicated that lower levels of neonatal hemoglobin and serum iron were related to higher levels of negative emotionality and to lower levels of alertness and soothability. A similar pattern was found for ferritin, but only for females. For the most part, relations between neonatal iron measures and neonatal temperament were linear, operating across the full range of iron values. Our pattern of iron-temperament results could not be attributed to variation in family demographics, low birth weight, gestational age, maternal dietary intake, or markers of neonatal illness and maternal diabetes. Our findings are consistent with prior research with older infants relating iron deficiency to temperament. These results support the importance of increased research on the early functional-behavioral consequences of individual differences in iron status as well as on the mechanisms that underlie such consequences.     

黄石地区学龄前儿童血铅与微量元素调查

目的了解黄石市学龄前儿童血铅水平及与微量元素状况。方法用石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪检测1645名学龄前儿童进行血铅和血钙、铁、锌、镁、铜5种微量元素。结果 1645名学龄前儿童血铅中毒率为29.3%,学龄前血铅中毒儿童的钙、铁、锌均低于学龄前正常儿童的值,且具有显著性意义。结论黄石市学龄前儿童血铅中毒和钙、铁、锌缺乏有相当高的比率,镁和铜缺乏比率较低。     

Development, behaviour and temperament: a prospective study of infants conceived through in-vitro fertilization

The development, behaviour and temperament of 65 singleton infants conceived through in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and 63 matched controls were compared at 1 year postpartum. Primiparous women were recruited during pregnancy and their infants' development was assessed at 1 year. In addition, test-taking behaviour was evaluated by an examiner using the Bayley behaviour rating scale and mothers completed a behaviour problem checklist and temperament scale. Mental, motor, speech and social development were appropriate for age, with no significant group differences. While receptive language development was in the normal range, IVF infants scored lower than control infants. Across both groups, mothers reported low levels of behaviour difficulty and mean temperament ratings were in the general population range. There were no group differences in observed test-taking behaviour. However, IVF mothers rated their children at a higher level of behaviour difficulty and more reactive than the ratings given by control mothers. Overall, singleton children conceived through IVF demonstrate appropriate general development at 1 year of age. The higher reported behaviour difficulty experienced by IVF mothers may reflect their concerns about the well-being and adjustment of their child during the first year.