太阳能热发电储热材料研究进展

综述了太阳能热发电储热材料研究进展.分别介绍了浇注料、混凝土储热材料、液态显热储热、硝酸盐叠层相变储热、金属相变储热和氨热化学反应储热材料,分析了它们各自的优缺点,并展望了太阳能热发电储热材料的发展前景.     

太阳能发电用高温混凝土储热材料的制备及性能研究

论述太阳能热发电储热材料的分类及太阳能热发电储热混凝土的优势,介绍太阳热发电储热混凝土高温实验过程,经过对样品力学性能和热导率做了相关测试后,对实验结果进行了分析,论证了实验室制太阳能热发电高温储热混凝土在工业实际中的可行性。     

槽式太阳能热发电双罐式熔融盐间接储热系统设计研究

在槽式太阳能热发电储热系统的作用及特点基础上,综述了几种主要储热形式,双罐式熔融盐间接储热系统在槽式太阳能热发电中应用最为广泛。通过对比各种储热介质的配比成分、物理特性和成本,确定了用于槽式太阳能热发电双罐式熔融盐间接储热系统的熔融盐介质,并给出了该熔融盐的物理性质及品质要求。提出储热系统设备选型原则及槽式太阳能双罐式熔融盐间接储热系统设备布置的推荐意见,并进一步提出储热系统的运行模式及运行要求。     

太阳能热发电技术的研究

1太阳能发电技术 太阳能发电的方式有多种，主要有通过热过程的“聚热式太阳能热发电（CSP）”。     

太阳能热发电用熔盐储热材料金属相容性研究

为分析第三代太阳能热发电技术熔盐与低温罐选材的相容性,该文以一种低熔点(142℃)、高分解温度(>700℃)的混合熔盐为腐蚀环境,通过静态腐蚀实验研究碳钢(A515Gr70)和两种低合金钢(Q345R、15CrMoR)在450℃混合熔盐中的腐蚀行为。采用失重法测量不同金属的腐蚀速率。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和能谱仪(EDS)对金属腐蚀表面的微观形貌、相组成和微区成分进行分析。结果表明：碳钢不含有耐腐蚀元素Cr、Ni和Mo,腐蚀速率最大。15CrMoR表面氧化层以疏松多孔的Fe₂O₃为主,不能阻止熔盐浸入金属基体内部,导致氧化程度加重,耐腐蚀性较差。Q345R表面氧化层由致密性好的FeCr₂O₄、NiO和TiO₂组成,对金属基体具有保护性,耐腐蚀性最佳。     

太阳能热发电技术

叙述了太阳能热发电技术的分类及其在我国的应用前景。     

太阳能斯特林混凝土储热系统传热特性研究

设计碟式太阳能斯特林机混凝土储热系统,并对熔融盐及混凝土传热过程进行理论分析,对混凝土储释热过程进行模拟,运用多目标遗传算法进行优化,得到以下结论：在释热过程,选取290 ℃为流体出口的有效温度临界值,有效释热时间约2.1 h时,流体出口温度约为563 K,释热效率约为71%;高温混凝土和熔融盐沿着流程方向均存在一个温跃层区域,随着时间的延长,温跃层沿着流程方向逐渐向下游偏移,当温跃层移动到出口处时,熔融盐出口温度开始下降,温跃层占据的长度越小,储热系统效率越高;随着导热系数的增加,释热效率及有效释热时间提高。通过TOPSIS对解集进行重新排序分析,最优工况是蓄热量为2885 MJ、换热系数为672 W/（m·K）及储热效率为87%。     

太阳能热发电——太阳能斯特林热发电

本文通过对太阳能热发电,特别是太阳能斯特林热发电的发展和特点进行了叙述,说明了发展太阳能斯特林发电技术的意义和重要性.     

热气机太阳能热发电技术的发展

随着人们对环境的重视,对能源来源多元性的考虑,太阳能聚焦热发电（CPS）技术在世界上已受到越来越多的重视。碟式热气机太阳能热发电技术作为其中的一种技术在一些国家也得到了迅速的发展。这种技术在试验中体现出了效率高,布置灵活等特点,是未来太阳能热发电技术的选择之一.     

太阳能-土壤储热方式的研究

太阳能-土壤储热是解决地源热泵热源不足问题的重要措施。储热方式不同,集热量、储热量和储热能效比也不同。实验结果表明：当日总辐照量由10 MJ/m2增加至30 MJ/m2时,直接储热模式下日均集热效率由0.474 7增长至0.502 1,日总储热量由63.10 k W·h增长至208.90 k W·h;间接储热模式下日均集热效率由0.359 8增至0.507 2,日总储热量由53.53kW·h增长至195.81kW·h;当日总辐照量高于13.94MJ/m2时,间接储热模式下日均热损率大于直接储热模式日均热损率,且差值逐步增大;直接储热模式日均储热能效比随日总辐照量变化但维持在35以上,而间接储热模式的日均储热能效比范围为15.54～17.28;直接储热模式在张北县更加适用,可以有效提高系统在非供热季的运行效率。     

Energy management in solar thermal power plants with double thermal storage system and subdivided solar field

In the paper, two systems for solar thermal power plants (STPPs) are devised for improving the overall performance of the plant. Each one attempts to reduce losses coming from two respective sources. The systems are simulated and compared to a reference STPP.     

Preliminary feasibility evaluation of solar thermal power generation in India

Results of a preliminary techno-economic appraisal of solar thermal power generation at three locations in India are presented. The study uses System Advisor Model developed by NREL, USA. The results of the study provide useful insight into (a) selecting appropriate reference direct normal irradiance for design of solar thermal power plants, (b) identifying suitable combinations of solar multiple and hours of thermal energy storage and (c) cost reduction potential. The parabolic trough technology is used for exemplifying the procedure for this purpose. The estimated levelised unit cost of electricity is in the range of Rs (US$1=Indian rupees 51.66 on 5 October 2012) 16–21 per kWh for the most likely range of input parameters. The results also indicate possibility of about 30% reduction in unit cost of electricity by year 2021.     

加快发展河北省太阳能光热发电的建议和对策

太阳能作为一种可再生的新能源,越来越引起人们的关注。我国每年太阳能资源理论储量折合标准煤达17000亿t,而包括风能、水能、生物质能、地热能在内的其它所有可再生能源折合标准煤不到60亿t,太阳能利用潜力巨大。太阳能发电主要有光伏发电和光热发电。太阳能光热发电比光伏发电具有更多的优势。阐述了太阳能光热发电的国内外发展现状,分析了河北省太阳能的资源潜力,并提出了河北省发展太阳能光热发电的建议和对策.     

Numerical analysis of latent heat thermal energy storage using encapsulated phase change material for solar thermal power plant

Thermal energy storage improves the load stability and efficiency of solar thermal power plants by reducing fluctuations and intermittency inherent to solar radiation. This paper presents a numerical study on the transient response of packed bed latent heat thermal energy storage system in removing fluctuations in the heat transfer fluid (HTF) temperature during the charging and discharging period. The packed bed consisting of spherical shaped encapsulated phase change materials (PCMs) is integrated in an organic Rankine cycle-based solar thermal power plant for electricity generation. A comprehensive numerical model is developed using flow equations for HTF and two-temperature non-equilibrium energy equation for heat transfer, coupled with enthalpy method to account for phase change in PCM. Systematic parametric studies are performed to understand the effect of mass flow rate, inlet charging system, storage system dimension and encapsulation of the shell diameter on the dynamic behaviour of the storage system. The overall effectiveness and transient temperature difference in HTF temperature in a cycle are computed for different geometrical and operational parameters to evaluate the system performance. It is found that the ability of the latent heat thermal energy storage system to store and release energy is significantly improved by increasing mass flow rate and inlet charging temperature. The transient variation in the HTF temperature can be effectively reduced by decreasing porosity.     

Dynamic simulation of thermal energy storage system of Badaling 1 MW solar power tower plant

In this paper, the thermal energy storage system of Badaling 1 MW solar power tower plant is modelled from mathematical models for whole of the working conditions using the modular modelling method. This model can accurately simulate the recharge and discharge processes of thermal energy storage system. The dynamic and static characteristics of the thermal energy storage system are analyzed based on the model response curves of the system state parameters that are obtained from different steam flow disturbances. Conclusions of this paper are good references for the design, operating, and control strategy of solar thermal power plant.     

储热混凝土单元设计与储热模拟

设计两种储热结构单元,采用ansys动态模拟方法模拟了在储热过程中储热单元温度最低点温度与时间的关系。研究发现：热导率越大储热速度越快,把钢管由平行排列改为三角错排,储热单元截面则由正方形变为正六边形,面积保持不变,传热性能有所提高;在混凝土中加入5％石墨片强化传热,等效热导率提高了4．7倍,与加5％石墨粉的混凝土相比,等效热导率提高了一倍。     

On the improvement of annual performance of solar thermal power plants through exergy management

Advancing in the learning curve of solar thermal power plants (STPP) requires detailed analysis for reducing exergy losses in the energy conversion chain. This requirement should be applied to any configuration proposed for the solar field and the power block. The aim of this work is to perform this type of analysis for two ways of structuring the power plant. The first plant structure consists of a subdivision of the solar collector field into specialized sectors with specific goals conveying different requirements in temperature. The second plant structure is based on a dual thermal energy storage system with a defined hierarchy in the storage temperature. The subdivision of the solar field into different sectors reduces the exergy losses in the heating process of the working fluid. Moreover, the average temperature of the heat transfer fluid in the solar field decreases when it is compared to the conventional solar field, reducing this way the exergy losses in the collectors. The dual thermal energy storage system is devised for keeping the exergy input to the power block at its nominal level for long periods of time, including post‐sunset hours. One of the storage systems gathers a fluid heated up to temperatures above the nominal value and the second one is the classical one. The combination of both allows the manager of the plant to keep the nominal operation of the plant for longer periods than in the case of classical system. Numerical simulations performed with validated models are the basis of the exergy analyses. The configurations are compared to a reference STPP in order to evaluate their worth. Furthermore, the behaviour of the configurations is analysed to study the irreversibility of the included devices. Special attention is paid to the storage systems, as they are a key issue in both plant structures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design and analysis of a solar tower power plant integrated with thermal energy storage system for cogeneration

In the current study, a solar tower–based energy system integrated with a thermal energy storage option is offered to supply both the electricity and freshwater through distillation and reverse osmosis technologies. A high‐temperature thermal energy storage subsystem using molten salt is considered for the effective and efficient operation of the integrated system. The molten salt is heated up to 565°C through passing the solar tower. The thermal energy storage tanks are designed to store heat up to 12 hours. The temperature variations in the storage tanks are studied and compared accordingly for evaluation. The effect of operating temperatures on the freshwater production and overall system efficiency is determined. About 24.46 MW electricity is generated in the steam turbine under sunny conditions. Furthermore, the storage subsystem stores heat during sunny hours to utilize later in cloudy hours and night time. The produced power decreases to 20.17 MW in discharging hours due to temperature decrease in the tank. The electricity generated by the system is then used to produce freshwater through the reverse osmosis units and also to supply electricity for the residential use. A total flowrate of 240.02 kg/s freshwater is obtained by distillation and reverse osmosis subsystems.     

Alternative storage options for solar thermal systems

The efficient implementation of solar systems in buildings depends on the storage of energy yielded, as it can both increase the solar system's autonomy and make it a feasible solution for zero energy buildings, and make storage vessels more compact, reducing precious space requirements. This is of particular important in places with reduced time of sunshine, where solar systems are less effective, because of the deviation between solar radiation and the demand. The traditional storage options use water, which is practical, safe and low‐cost, especially when the storage requirements are small. However, when larger storage is needed, limits concerning the use of water exist, mainly due to the need for larger installation space and the increased thermal losses. The use of phase change materials (PCM) for thermal energy storage seems an upcoming technology. The main idea is the substitution of water with PCM, which feature larger specific energy storage capacity compared to other conventional materials. In the context of the specific paper, a combined solar thermal system used for the preparation of domestic hot water (DHW) and space heating (Solar Combi System) with two different types of storage is studied, for two Greek cities. The aim is to find out which is the most efficient way of storing energy with respect to the autonomy of the system, for a solar combi system. This is being achieved by determining the comparative autonomy of PCM and water storage system for various climates. It was proven that using PCM is advantageous, as it can extend the autonomy duration of the solar system for 2 to 8 hours, depending on the season and the climatic conditions. However, it was also seen that in solar combi systems used throughout the whole year, PCM are inefficient during summer period.     

Evaluation of solar aided thermal power generation with various power plants

Solar aided power generation (SAPG) is an efficient way to make use of low or medium temperature solar heat for power generation purposes. The so‐called SAPG is actually ‘piggy back’ solar energy on the conventional fuel fired power plant. Therefore, its solar‐to‐electricity efficiency depends on the power plant it is associated with. In the paper, the developed SAPG model has been used to study the energy and economic benefits of the SAPG with 200 and 300 MW typical, 600 MW subcritical, 600 MW supercritical, and 600 and 1000 MW ultra‐supercritical fuel power units separately. The solar heat in the temperature range from 260 to 90°C is integrated with above‐mentioned power units to replace the extraction steam (to preheat the feedwater) in power boosting and fuel‐saving operating modes. The results indicate that the benefits of SAPG are different for different steam extracted positions and different power plants. Generally, the larger the power plant, the higher the solar benefit if the same level solar is integrated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.