脑梗死康复治疗前、后手运动功能BOLD-fMRI定量分析

目的利用血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像（BOLD-fMRI）技术研究急性期脑梗死患者短期康复治疗前、后的手运动中枢激活体积的变化，比较常规治疗者和康复治疗者中枢激活体积的变化规律，探讨脑梗死患者急性期手运动功能康复的机制。 方法选择脑梗死急性期患者16例作为患者组，随机分为康复治疗组8例，常规治疗组8例，分别于入院当日及治疗第14天进行fMRI检查，并采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分法（FMA）评定其手运动功能，记录并比较常规治疗组和康复治疗组治疗前、后的中枢激活体积；另选10名健康志愿者行单次fMRI检查，测定相同运动任务刺激后的脑功能区位置和激活体积，并与患者组进行比较。 结果16例脑梗死患者经治疗后，对侧感觉运动皮质（SMC）激活体积及FMA评分均大于治疗前（P<0.05）；康复治疗组治疗前、后患手运动激活对侧SMC的体积以及FMA评分的变化均较常规治疗组明显（P<0.05）。 结论脑梗死急性期采取临床短期康复治疗可引起患侧SMC区的相应变化，促进患肢功能的恢复。     

头针丛刺结合强制性运动疗法对脑梗死后手运动障碍疗效的功能性磁共振评价

目的采用血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像（BOLD-fMRI）观察急性期脑梗死患者经头针丛刺及强制性运动疗法（CIMT）治疗前、后其手运动中枢激活体积、激活强度变化。 方法采用随机数字表法将30例急性期（发病至入组时间≤3d）脑梗死患者分为试验组及对照组。2组患者均给予常规药物治疗，试验组同时辅以头针丛刺及CIMT治疗，对照组则辅以体针及一般康复治疗。于入院当天及治疗14d后进行fMRI检查，观察其大脑手运动功能区改善情况，并采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）上肢部分测定患者肢体功能改善情况。另外本研究同时选取15例年龄、性别相匹配的健康志愿者行单次fMRI检查，观察其相同任务下脑区激活体积与强度，并与患者组进行比较。 结果所有患者经治疗后其患肢运动时患侧感觉-运动皮质（SMC）激活体积、FMA评分均较治疗前增大（P<0.05）；试验组治疗前、后患侧手运动激活对侧SMC体积及激活强度均较对照组更明显（P<0.05）。 结论在脑梗死急性期采用头针丛刺结合CIMT治疗能进一步促进患侧大脑感觉-运动皮质功能恢复，改善患者运动功能，该联合疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

脑缺血性卒中患者运动功能康复的功能性磁共振成像研究

目的利用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）技术研究急性期缺血性脑卒中患者（以下简称急性期患者）运动相关皮质的激活情况，并探讨脑卒中后脑功能重组特点及其与肢体运动功能恢复的关系。方法采用GEI．5T双梯度16通道磁共振成像系统，对9例急性期患者和9例健康志愿者行Bold—fMRI检查。fMRI检查以被动对指运动（以下简称运动）为刺激任务，所有数据采用SPM2软件包进行离线后处理。比较健康志愿者与急性期患者fMRI结果的异同点，计算脑激活区体积和单侧化指数（LI），考察急性期患者患手运动LI值与患手运动功能的关系。结果健康志愿者单手运动激活对侧感觉运动皮质（SMC）、双侧辅助运动区（SMA）。急性期患者患手运动时同侧半球脑激话增多，健手运动的fMRI结果与健康志愿者基本一致。LI值也进一步确定，急性期患者患手运动时同侧半球脑激活增多。统计学分析表明，急性期患者患手运动的LI值与患手运动功能呈正相关。结论fMRI检查能客观地反映急性期患者运动相关皮质改变，提示存在脑功能代偿与重组。急性期患者患手运动LI值与患手运动功能呈正相关，提示fMRI是研究缺血性脑卒中后肢体运动功能康复与脑功能重组之间关系的一种有效工具。     

功能性核磁共振成像在计算机辅助的上肢功能训练治疗脑梗死上肢偏瘫中的应用研究

目的:探讨计算机辅助训练上肢对脑可塑性的可能作用。方法:脑卒中上肢偏瘫患者10例,均进行计算机辅助训练,治疗前后采用偏瘫上肢功能测试-香港版(FTHUE-HK),Fulg-Meyer上肢评定(FMA)及改良Barthel指数量表(MBI)评定上肢运动功能,及患者屈伸腕关节时进行功能核磁共振扫描(fMRI)。结果:治疗6周后,10例患侧的上肢功能评定FTHUE-HK、FMA及MBI评分均较治疗前后患侧上肢功能评定变化明显提高(P0.05)。fMRI扫描示:患者健侧手运动脑功能激活区主要位于对侧初级运动皮质区(SMC)及同侧小脑,患者健手在康复训练后脑激活区增多,包括对侧SMC区及同侧小脑、部分边缘系统;患者治疗前患侧手运动激活区分布广泛,而对侧SMC激活减少,同侧SMC激活增多,另主要还见辅助运动区激活增多;治疗后可见双侧SMC及辅助运动区激活,对侧SMC激活较治疗前增多,另主要还见对侧顶上小叶激活增多。结论:计算机训练可以有效改善脑卒中患者上肢运动功能,诱发大脑皮质功能重塑是其机制的重要组成部分。     

卒中早期手指被动运动的脑功能磁共振成像研究

目的应用扩散张量成像及BOLD-fMRI技术观察卒中早期手指被动运动时大脑半球相关区域血氧水平的变化情况.方法采用1.5 T MR成像系统对6名早期卒中患者进行BOLD-fMRI及扩散张量成像,采用手指被动屈伸运动作为fMRI的刺激任务.结果在锥体束中断时,卒中早期健手运动时激活双侧SMC区,患手运动可激活对侧半球后顶叶皮层及同侧SMC区;锥体束较完整时健手运动时激活对侧SMC区,患手运动激活双侧SMC区、双侧后顶叶皮层.结论卒中早期可能发生运动功能通路的重构,但锥体束不同损伤情况下运动功能恢复可能存在不同的机制.DTI与fMRI联合应用将是监测和研究脑卒中后恢复的有用工具.     

单侧皮层下缺血性脑卒中患者运动功能磁共振成像的纵向研究

目的分析单侧皮层下缺血性脑卒中患者患侧肢体运动时脑部激活区随时间的动态变化过程,以及与运动功能康复水平的关系。方法对6名健康志愿者与3例单侧皮层下缺血性脑卒中患者进行血氧水平依赖功能磁共振成像（BOLD-fMRI）,分别采取单侧手指和患侧手指顺序对指运动任务。采用统计参数图进行数据分析和脑功能区定位,计算不同感兴趣区内激活体素数目,并计算偏侧化指数（LI）。扫描结束后记录患者上肢Fugl-Meyer运动评分。对患者在发病后8个月内分别行两侧BOLD-fMRI检查,比较两次激活区域及LI的变化。结果脑卒中患者激活区较健康人广泛,3例患者在发病早期激活范围存在差异,但均表现为双侧感觉运动区（SMC）激活;在发病晚期,肢体同侧SMC激活减少,对侧SMC激活增多,相应的半球、SMC、M1区LI增高。结论单侧皮层下脑梗死患者随着病程时间延长,功能区逐渐向对侧SMC局限化。     

fMRI动态观察脑梗死患者脑运动功能的恢复

目的 采用fMRI纵向观察脑梗死患者双手握拳运动时脑功能区的动态重组和代偿情况,并探讨其与运动功能恢复水平的关系。方法 34例脑梗死患者(病例组)及16名正常人(正常对照组)分别进行双手的握拳运动,进行实时BOLD-fMRI,病例组在发病1周内(早期)首次扫描,其中11例患者5~7周(恢复期)再次接受扫描,正常对照组只扫描1次。应用SPM8软件测定初级运动皮层(M1)激活体积,计算偏侧化指数(LI)及Fugl-Meyer Assessment(FMA)运动积分,分析LI与FMA积分在早期和恢复期的变化。结果 早期患手运动激活双侧M1、次级运动皮层,恢复期主要激活对侧M1、次级运动皮层,同侧脑激活区减少;脑梗死患者LI与FMA值在早期与恢复期差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。患者健侧肢体运动的脑激活模式与正常人相似。结论 BOLD-fMRI可显示梗死患者脑皮层运动代表区的动态重塑过程,可为脑梗死治疗康复提供重要基础和方法。     

康复训练对脑梗死患者脑功能重组影响的纵向fMRI研究

目的：利用BOLD-fMRI技术探讨脑梗死患者运动功能恢复过程中脑功能重组的发生及康复训练对脑梗死患者脑功能重组的影响。方法：16例病程1—3个月初发的皮质下脑梗死患者基本随机分为康复训练组（n＝10）和对照组（n＝6）,分别接受、不接受康复训练。两组患者分别于入组时（第1次）、入组4周后（第2次）进行FMA、MAS和MBI等运动功能评定和BOLD-fMRI扫描。fMRI扫描时运动模式依次为患手、健手被动腕关节背伸运动,比较两组患者fMRI扫描结果的异同点,计算患手运动时对侧M1激活的体积、强度和LI值,观察LI值与患手功能恢复的关系。 结果：①康复训练组患者运动功能改善程度明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。②第1次fMRI扫描时,两组患者都出现双侧大脑皮质广泛、散在的激活,表现为M1激活的缺失、双侧PMC、SMA、CMA、IPL、PFC、CRB等的明显激活。第2次fMRI扫描时,康复训练组患手运动时以对侧M1激活为主,并有双侧SMA、PMC的激活;对照组患者前、后两次fMRI扫描出现的皮质激活情况改变不大。③康复训练组患手被动运动时,M1区的LI值第1、2次fMRI扫描分别为负数、正数;不论是对侧M1激活的体积,还是强度,均是第2次fMRI检查优于第1次fMRI（P<0.05）。④康复训练组患者前后两次FMA、MAS评分的改善程度与M1区LI的改变呈正相关（r=0.917,r=0.949）。结论: 脑卒中偏瘫患者的运动功能恢复,其机制与大脑发生的功能重组有关。康复训练可使患手运动时对侧M1区出现更多、更强的激活。     

急性期开始强制性运动疗法对脑梗死患者生活质量的影响

目的 探讨在急性期进行强制性运动疗法(CIMT)对脑梗死患者生活质量的影响.方法 急性期脑梗死患者35例,随机分为CIMT组(n=17)和对照组(n=18).CIMT组限制健侧上肢及手的使用,每天10小时,连续2周,进行患肢及手的强化训练每天2小时,每周5天;对照组不限制健手使用,采用传统的作业疗法每天2小时,每周5天.使用SF-36生活质量量表分别在治疗前、治疗后6个月进行评价.结果 治疗后6个月SF-36生活质量量表评分显示,CIMI组在生理功能、社会功能、精神健康、躯体疼痛、总体健康5个维度的评分均明显高于对照组,生理功能(85±14)分vs(75±15)分、社会功能(85±12)分 vs (77±10)分、精神健康(85±13)分 vs (75±15)分、躯体疼痛(87±11)分 vs (77±13)分、总体健康(89±9)分vs(80±13)分(P＜0.05).结论 CIMT适用于急性期脑梗死患者,能明显提高其生活质量,疗效优于传统的康复治疗.     

经颅磁刺激在脑梗死患者偏瘫肢体功能康复中的应用

目的:探讨经颅磁刺激(TMS)在脑梗死患者偏瘫肢体功能康复中的应用.方法:将80例脑梗死患者分为三组,30例健侧刺激组、25例患侧刺激组和25例对照组,健侧刺激组、患侧刺激组予常规治疗+TMS治疗,对照组给予常规治疗,疗程均为2周.三组分别于治疗前、治疗后2周进行Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分、Barthel指数评分及临床肌力检查.结果:在治疗2周后,Fugl-Meyer评分健侧刺激组(53.1±14.7)分、患侧刺激组(51.7±13.9)分,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但明显优于对照组(39.8±13.8)分,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Barthel指数评分健侧刺激组(51.7±14.6)分、患侧刺激组(50.5±15.7)分,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),与对照组(43.8±15.2)分比较,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).健侧刺激组、患侧刺激组临床肌力检查均比对照组明显提高(P＜0.01).结论:脑梗死患者进行TMS治疗后可明显促进惠肢的功能恢复,值得临床推广应用.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。