可拓学理论在油漆生产安全评价中的应用

基于可拓学的物元理论,先构建油漆生产安全评价的经典域与节域物元,建立评价的物元模型。然后选取合适的指标,由关联函数和权重算出便于比较的关联度,进行安全等级划分。最后根据上述结果有针对性地制定出防护措施。该方法不仅克服了人为因素的影响,而且对评价指标进行量化处理,对于油漆厂安全生产具有一定的指导意义。实例证明可拓学理论应用于油漆生产安全评价具有较高的可信性与实用性。     

硫化矿开采中炸药自爆危险性的可拓综合评价

建立了硫化矿开采中炸药自爆危险性的评价指标体系,评价指标分为定量指标和定性指标,并划分危险性等级,根据危险性等级的不同,给予定量指标不同的取值范围,而对于定性指标,采取赋值的方式,将定性指标量化.基于物元理论和关联函数,将可拓理论引入炸药自爆危险性的评价中,建立了硫化矿开采中炸药自爆危险性的可拓综合评价模型.采用二层次可拓综合评价法对某矿进行危险性等级的评价,评价结果与实际情况相符,应用表明将该评价方法运用于硫化矿开采中炸药自爆危险性的评价中是合理可行的.     

基于层次分析和灰色理论的产品方案选择

目的解决多个评价指标在方案评价中的相互影响性。方法以电吹风为例,建立了多层次关联模型,采用层次分析法确定各层及相关指标的权重,运用灰色系统相关理论确定灰色关联系数矩阵,计算各方案的最终关联度,以此作为准则来综合评价方案的优劣。结果利用此方法,实现了对电吹风方案的综合评价。结论此方法可以定量地反映系统各个因素之间的相互作用、相互依赖关系,能全面地对设计方案的指标进行综合比较,并验证其在产品方案选择中的可行性。     

基于可拓语义分析的智能音箱造型设计

目的基于可拓学理论,将文化特征转化为文化因子的形式以指导产品造型设计,并以智能音箱的设计为例验证方法的可能性。方法提取能够表征文化内涵的文化因子,并将其进行对比分析,构建文化基元的可拓表征模型,得到智能音箱文化语义的意向空间;其次,用图解思维将词汇语义转换为图解语义,再将图解语义与文化内涵的关联度作为智能音箱图解语义集的标准;最后,将文化特征以语义文化因子形式与产品造型相融合,以无锡精微绣文化的现代智能音箱为例进行设计,验证该方法的可行性。结论可拓语义特征与文化内涵的关联度可以反映出地域文化和图解语义之间的转换关系,从而建立图解语义的评估系统,为文化产品的设计提供参考。     

基于理想优度的包装升降装置运动方案设计

目的为更全面、更科学地评价包装升降装置的设计方案,为其设计与优化提供有效的决策依据。方法将TRIZ理论的理想度与可拓学的优度评价进行融合,构建集成理想度与优度的机械运动方案评价方法,即以规范化的理想度为关联函数,以多级可拓综合评价过程为路径,对机械运动方案进行可靠、客观地评价。结果将理想优度用于包装升降装置运动方案设计的实践,建立各评价指标的理想度测算方法,并采用分子与分母的规范化来克服理想度计算中出现的分子分母量纲不一致的问题,以规范化的理想度为关联度,经过与权重系数合成得到优度,将关联函数选择、关联度计算及其规范化等计算过程简化为单一的理想度计算,快速完成包装升降装置运动方案的优选。结论理想优度简化了机械运动方案的可拓评价流程,通过在包装升降装置运动方案设计的实践,进一步证实了理想优度评价的有效性,并加快了评价速度,有助于提高机械运动方案的设计与评价效率。     

基于多种风险因素的矸石山边坡风险评价

该研究应用可拓理论综合考虑影响矸石边坡稳定的8种风险指标,建立了一套新的矸石边坡稳定性风险评价模型。与传统可拓理论评价模型相比,新模型在可拓距计算方面进行改进,并采用主客观权重相结合的综合分析法对8种风险指标进行权重分析,降低了传统理论算法在边坡稳定性风险评价过程中的系统误差。选取王家岭矸石边坡为案例,经新的边坡稳定性风险评价模型得出,2020年7月7日?2020年8月14日的风险等级变量特征值由原有的1.284上升到2.263,风险等级由低风险上升至中低风险等级,实现了现场矸石山边坡风险的定量评价。通过多个矸石边坡案例应用研究,发现改进的稳定性风险评价模型所得风险等级变量特征可与现有的边坡稳定性评估技术结合使用,实现矿山边坡安全指标与风险指标的综合评价。此外,该方法可以分析现场的实时监测数据,为矿山边坡安全风险评价提供一种客观简便的分析方法,进而有效改变目前矿山边坡工程监测重采集、轻分析的现状。     

基于可拓学模型的产品创新设计方法

阐述了可拓学的物元模型和菱形思维方法,并分析了可拓学应用在产品创新设计中的可行性。介绍了TRIZ方法,比较了TRIZ与可拓学矛盾解决方法的不同。将TRIZ与可拓学方法相结合,应用于产品创新设计中,形成了基于可拓学模型的产品创新设计方法,并通过创新设计实例验证了该方法。     

从B型超声图象中提取组织特征

超声图象中接收到的回波信号可分为“镜面”回波与“全向”散射回波。当超声束遇到较大界面的组织时,如器官边缘、血管等,发生反射,称为“镜面”回波。如遇到大小比超声波长还小的物体时,所产生的回波为“全向”回波。“全向”回波的强度很弱,因此临床上可通过比较相邻区域的回波强度来确定病变区域的特性,但这仅是对单个物体的图象进行非定量的估计。这里,我们将介绍一种新的方法,它首先使两维图象定量化,然后将样本集合分为训练样本集合与待测样本集合,由训练样本集合获得分类判据,用此判据对待测样本集合进行分类。文中除了介绍方法外,还…     

基于可拓-灰色关联度的产品可制造性评价

阐述了可拓距的概念并对可拓距进行了优化;结合优化后的可拓距理论和灰色关联度算法,提出了双级可制造性评价体系,包括面向加工技术的零部件可加工性评价及面向现场管理五要素的产品可生产性评价;对轨道车的零件加工、装配及车间生产过程进行了评价,得到了可制造性评价结果。     

改进模糊层次分析法在绿色包装评价中的应用

目的 解决现有的包装产品不符合绿色理念,缺乏统一的规定和评价方法问题.方法 建立绿色包装评价体系,在FAHP(模糊层次分析法)的基础上,根据每层指标的特点来确定权重,其中5个一级指标采用层次分析法,13个二级指标考虑到主客观性,采用了专家权重系数和熵权法相结合的方法,最后结合包装产品绿色满意度调查问卷进行包装绿色度模糊综合评价,得出一个包装绿色度评价值.结果 以义乌市某包装厂为实例进行验证,发放了500份调查问卷,回收432份.经过运算,得出一个直观的绿色度评价值为80.714,评价等级达到优.结论 文中评价指标的建立科学合理,所用方法数据易获取,计算过程简便,结果准确直观,有一定的理论和现实意义.     

A study of the optimal production strategy for hybrid production systems

Due to increased environmental awareness, the issue of recycling and disassembling damaged or malfunctioning products after consumption to obtain useable parts for remanufacturing has become essential. This study considers a hybrid production system with both external and internal reverse logistics in which the external recycled products are utilised for remanufacturing to satisfy demand first, and then the ordinary manufacturing process may supplement this if there is any shortage in production. In addition, the defective items produced internally by either the manufacturing or the remanufacturing process can also be repaired by a remediation process. The objective of this study is to determine the optimal strategy for the manufacturing, remanufacturing, disposal, and remediation rates. Three conditions are considered in which the production strategy varies with different yield rates and capacity limits. The impacts of related factors on the production strategy are investigated to probe the trade-offs between product consumption and environmental protection.     

A macro model for usage and recycling pattern of steel in Japan using the population balance model

Abstract

A macro model for evaluating the steel flow in Japan is proposed. The steels are classified into four types; virgin steel for machinery and for construction and recycled steel for machinery and for construction. The steel is assumed to be discharged from the society in accordance with the lifetime distribution of each usage. The amount of recycled steel and the accumulation in society are calculated using a population balance model. The comparison with the calculated results and statistics ensures the validity of the model. Since the amount of recycled steel mainly supplied for construction will increase and be oversupplied, recycled steel will have to be used for machinery. The required amount and the available amount to supply recycled steel for machinery are considered from the point of allowable copper concentration for machinery use. Copper contaminates steel during the recycling process of steel used for machinery and the contamination ratio is evaluated with the model. The copper concentration in the recycled steel and the amount of CO₂ emission are predicted for various scenarios. The relationship between recycling ratio and contamination ratio, which enables us to supply recycled steel for machinery, and the allowable CO₂ emission to decrease the contamination ratio are discussed. © 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.     

Analysis of a product recovery system

The continuous growth in consumer waste in recent years has seriously threatened the environment. Environmentally conscious manufacturing and product recovery has become an obligation to the environment and to society. Many countries are contemplating regulations that force manufacturers to take back used products from consumers so that the components and materials retrieved from the products may be reused and/or recycled. We focus on a product recovery system in a remanufacturing system. Product recovery aims to minimize the amount of waste sent to landfills by recovering materials and parts from old or outdated products by means of recycling and remanufacturing. It should be considered when designing and managing the manufacturing systems. We propose a new analytical approach to evaluating the product recovery system with stochastic variability. This model applies the traditional inventory theory to the production/inventory management with consideration for disposal and return. The system is formulated by a discrete time Markov chain. It is composed of the states denoted by the number of the inventory, the transition probabilities between states and the costs associated with the transitions. Using the Markov analysis, we can calculate the total expected average cost per period exactly. Numerical examples are given to show the property of the management system and optimize the product recovery system.     

Modeling the use of transportation energy for recycling construction steel

Recycling of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is a de facto criterion for most green building rating systems. However, research has found that CDW recycling increases the energy embodied in recycled materials. Even though CDW recycling reduces the demand for virgin materials and landfill space, several studies have concluded that the energy footprint of CDW recycling can be significant. Previous studies have found that the amount of energy needed to recycle CDW is driven by many factors, including regional recycling capabilities, distances from construction sites to recycling facilities, and the types of recycling facilities. The purpose of this article is to present a transportation energy accounting method, using material flow analysis, whereby designers and contractors can (1) reliably and easily estimate the transportation energy use at the design and construction stages, and (2) reduce the number of assumptions and thereby improve the reliability of the models.     

A system tradeoff model for processing options for household plastic waste

With the "Containers and Packaging Recycling Law", Japan has shown a firm conviction towards the promotion of recycling. Waste can be "recycled", i.e. resource value of waste material can be recovered, in many ways, from material recycling to energy recycling. Alternatively, waste can be reduced or disposed of in landfills. A system tradeoff model is developed from component process technology models of six different recycling and disposal options for household plastic waste processing: plastic pellet production, refuse derived fuel production, oil production, waste incineration to produce electricity, use of waste plastic as a coke substitute, and incineration for volume reduction. These technologies are compared with the case where all waste plastic is land filled. Models based on plant data, laboratory experiments, and theoretical considerations of scale effects and mass balances are developed to calculate the cost, energy consumption, CO₂ emission, and land fill occupancy. The models also calculate the valued products of each technology and convert them into cost, energy, CO₂, and landfill occupancy using life cycle inventory data. These values are subtracted from the outputs of the waste processing models to obtain overall performances for each technology. The overall tradeoff system model is then used to evaluate several scenarios of plastic recycling and disposal technologies in Tokyo. Electronic Publication     

Improvement of mechanical properties of recycled plastic blends via optimizing processing parameters using the Taguchi method and principal component analysis

In this paper, the Taguchi method and principal component analysis (PCA) are used to improve the mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene (PP) blends in injection moulding procedure, with detailed assessments performed on each method and comparison was made based on results of both the methods. The experimental design was carried out by adopting a L9-3⁴ Taguchi orthodoxy array (OA), which has four controllable factors (i.e., melt temperature, mould temperature, injection speed and packing pressure) at three levels. Injection moulded specimens made from different compositions of virgin-recycled PP were tested to determine the optimal conditions for the injection moulding procedure. The effects of the processing parameters and the proportion of recycled plastic in composites on the mechanical properties were investigated, the optimal conditions for desired properties were obtained and then verified. The appropriate blending ratio of virgin and recycled plastic was evaluated. The results reveal that deteriorations in the mechanical properties of products produced from recycled plastic can be improved by optimizing the processing parameters during the injection moulding procedure.     

Industrial waste recycling strategies optimization problem: mixed integer programming model and heuristics

Manufacturers have a legal accountability to deal with industrial waste generated from their production processes in order to avoid pollution. Along with advances in waste recovery techniques, manufacturers may adopt various recycling strategies in dealing with industrial waste. With reuse strategies and technologies, byproducts or wastes will be returned to production processes in the iron and steel industry, and some waste can be recycled back to base material for reuse in other industries. This article focuses on a recovery strategies optimization problem for a typical class of industrial waste recycling process in order to maximize profit. There are multiple strategies for waste recycling available to generate multiple byproducts; these byproducts are then further transformed into several types of chemical products via different production patterns. A mixed integer programming model is developed to determine which recycling strategy and which production pattern should be selected with what quantity of chemical products corresponding to this strategy and pattern in order to yield maximum marginal profits. The sales profits of chemical products and the set-up costs of these strategies, patterns and operation costs of production are considered. A simulated annealing (SA) based heuristic algorithm is developed to solve the problem. Finally, an experiment is designed to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method. By comparing a single strategy to multiple strategies in an example, it is shown that the total sales profit of chemical products can be increased by around 25% through the simultaneous use of multiple strategies. This illustrates the superiority of combinatorial multiple strategies. Furthermore, the effects of the model parameters on profit are discussed to help manufacturers organize their waste recycling network.     

Economical evaluation of disassembly operations for recycling,remanufacturing and reuse

This paper introduced a procedure which integrates economical factors into the scheduling of disassembly operations for Material Recovery Opportunities (MRO). MRO are defined as opportunities to reclaim post-consumer products for recycling, remanufacturing and reuse. Traditionally, recyclers have resorted to using heuristics for analysing the breakdown of products and the associated costs. In this paper, a quantitative method of disassembly analysis is developed. Its aim is to improve the efficiency of the disassembly planning process and to generate an optimal disassembly sequence which maximizes profit. Three economic indices are used to evaluate the trade-off between reclamation and disposal of individual components. A systematic procedure of generating an optimal disassembly sequence based on maximizing the profits of material recovery is presented. Three criteria are established to reduce the search space and facilitate recovery opportunities: (1) material compatibility, (2) clustering for disposal, and (3) concurrent disassembly operations. An example is provided on a product being disassembled for recycling at a local recycling plant in Canada.     

Planning product disassembly for material recovery opportunities

This paper addresses an increasingly important aspect of product design and its relationship to life-cycle costing: disassembly for material recovery opportunities (MRO). MRO is defined as an opportunity to reclaim post-consumer products for recycling, remanufacturing and re-use. The authors have developed a methodology which can be used to identify and assess cost-effective characteristics of disassembly for the recovery of products. The central focus of this paper is aimed at improving the efficiency of the disassembly planning process and generating an optimal disassembly sequence. Four criteria are established to optimize the generation of the disassembly sequence: (1) material compatibility, (2) clustering for disposal, (3) concurrent disassembly operations, and (4( maximizing yield. In this paper we define the ‘disassemblability’ of a product as the ability to optimize the design and disassembly process for removal of specific pans or materials in a manner which will minimize costs. Steps have been taken to incorporate this methodology within a life-cycle analysis software tool (EDIT) to be used at the early concept stage of product design.     

The quest for a sustainable product: An environmental study of tyre recyclates

The main objective of the present study is to assess the environmental advantages of substituting aluminium for a polymer composite in the manufacture of a structural product (a frame to be used as a support for solar panels). The composite was made of polypropylene and a recycled tyres’ rubber granulate. Analysis of different composite formulations was performed, to assess the variation of the environmental impact with the percentage of rubber granulate incorporation. The results demonstrate that the decision on which of the two systems (aluminium or composite) has the best life cycle performance is strongly dependent on the End-of Life (EoL) stage of the composite frame. When the EoL is deposition in a landfill, the aluminium frame performs globally better than its composite counterpart. However, when it is incineration with energy recovery or recycling, the composite frame is environmentally preferable. The raw material production stage was found to be responsible for most of the impacts in the two frame systems. In that context, it was shown that various benefits can accrue in several environmental impact categories by recycling rubber tyres and using the resulting materials. This is in a significant part also due to the recycling of the steel in the tyres. The present work illustrates how it is possible to minimize the overall environmental impact of consumer products through the adequate selection of their constitutive materials in the design stage. Additionally it demonstrates how an adequate EoL planning can be an important issue when developing a sustainable product, since it can highly influence its overall life cycle performance.