Modelling and simulation of heavy gas dispersion on the basis of modifications in plume path theory

An analytical model for heavy gas dispersion based on the modifications in plume path theory has been developed. The model takes into account the variations in temperature, density, and specific heat during the movement of heavy gas plume.

The model has been tested for three hazardous gases — chlorine, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas. The results have been compared with the recently generated experimental data as also with the outputs of other models. A good agreement is observed qualitatively as well as quantitatively.

A study has also been carried out to simulate the effect of the wind speed, density of the gas, and venting speed on dispersion. Based on the simulation study a set of empirical equations has been developed. The equations are validated by theoretical as well as experimental studies.     

A Fractal-Fractional Model for the MHD Flow of Casson Fluid in a Channel

An emerging definition of the fractal-fractional operator has been used in this study for the modeling of Casson fluid flow. The magnetohydrodynamics flow of Casson fluid has cogent in a channel where the motion of the upper plate generates the flow while the lower plate is at a static position. The proposed model is non-dimensionalized using the Pi-Buckingham theorem to reduce the complexity in solving the model and computation time. The non-dimensional fractal-fractional model with the power-law kernel has been solved through the Laplace transform technique. The Mathcad software has been used for illustration of the influence of various parameters, i.e., Hartman number, fractal, fractional, and Casson fluid parameters on the velocity of fluid flow. Through graphs and tables, the results have been implemented and it is shown that the boundary conditions are fully satisfied. The results reveal that the flow velocity is decreasing with the increasing values of the Hartman number and is increasing with the increasing values of the Casson fluid parameter. The findings of the fractal-fractional model have elucidated that the memory effect of the flow model has higher quality than the simple fractional and classical models. Furthermore, to show the validity of the obtained closed-form solutions, special cases have been obtained which are in agreement with the already published solutions.     

共振型进气消声器腔体尺寸对其共振频率影响研究

亥姆赫兹共振腔结构简单,且有良好的低频消声性能,近几年来广泛地应用于发动机进排气消声上.由于其消声有效带宽很窄,共振频率的精确确定直接关系到消声器能否有效消声,但是通常所采用的集中参数模型有时候会失效.建立了共振腔型消声器一维轴向声传播模型,揭示了圆形旁支型共振进气消声器的消声机理.同时对连接管长度的修正问题做了阐述,得出了共振腔一维轴向传播模型共振频率的计算公式.此外,设计了发动机进气消声器性能测试专用实验台,从实验角度研究了共振频率与腔体尺寸之间的关系.撰写为正确设计亥姆赫兹共振腔型进气消声器提供一个重要方法.     

双级膨胀腔消声器声学与阻力特性的CFD仿真分析

使用二维轴对称时域CFD法计算双级膨胀腔消声器在无流和有流条件下的声衰减性能,并与实测结果进行比较。由于时域方法在计算中可以考虑复杂气流流动和介质粘性的影响,因而可以比较准确地预测双级膨胀腔消声器的传递损失。基于定常流动模型,使用Fluent软件预测双级膨胀腔消声器的压力损失,CFD计算结果与实验测量结果吻合良好。     

顶部开孔组合方式对城市公路隧道自然通风的影响

利用SES模拟软件,采用数值计算方法研究了城市公路隧道采用顶部开孔的自然通风方式时隧道内的气流运动和污染物扩散的问题。根据实际隧道几何尺寸,截取1000米隧道作为算例,研究了自然通风孔布置情况对隧道内空气流动及污染物扩散的影响。结果表明:在开孔数量和总开孔面积不变的情况下,与多个通风孔集中布置时相比单个通风孔均匀布置时隧道内通风换气效果最差,隧道沿程排放污染物能力最弱;而多个通风孔集中布置时五个孔一组的通风换气效果最好,隧道沿程排放污染物能力最强。     

Combined effect of thermal dispersion and radiation on free convection in a fluid saturated, optically thick porous medium

The present article considers a numerical study on the combined effect of thermal dispersion and thermal radiation on the non-Darcy natural convection flow over a vertical flat plate kept at higher and constant temperature in a fluid saturated porous medium. Forchheimer extension is used in the flow equations. The coefficient of thermal diffusivity has been assumed to be the sum of molecular diffusivity and the dispersion thermal diffusivity due to mechanical dispersion. Rosseland approximation is used to describe the radiative heat flux in the energy equation. The non-dimensional governing equations are solved by the finite element method (FEM). The resulting non-linear integral equations are linearized and solved by the Newton–Raphson iteration. The finite element implementations are prepared using Matlab software packages. Numerical results for the details of the stream function, velocity and temperature contours as well as heat transfer rates in terms of Nusselt number are presented and discussed.     

Non-Darcy mixed convection flow with thermal dispersion on a vertical cylinder in a saturated porous medium

Summary The non-Darcy mixed convection flow on a vertical cylinder embedded in a saturated porous medium has been studied taking into account the effect of thermal dispersion. Both forced flow and buoyancy force dominated cases with constant wall temperature condition have been considered. The governing partial differential equations have been solved numerically using the Keller box method. The results are presented for the buoyancy parameter which cover the entire regime of mixed convection flow ranging from pure forced convection to pure free convection. The effect of thermal dispersion is found to be more pronounced on the heat transfer than on the skin friction and it enhances the heat transfer but reduces the skin friction.     

A simplified model with lumped parameters for explosion venting simulation

The paper presents a study aiming at simulation of some characteristics of an interior explosion within a room with an opening, that is initially closed by a heavy cover, and is gradually opened due to the pressures exerted by the explosion products. An effective simplified model of explosion venting due to separation of the protective cover has been developed. The developed model with lumped parameters is based on the Bernoulli equation and describes the quasi-stationary venting phase of the interior explosion. The initial internal gas pressure induced by the very short non-stationary phase is predicted by the developed approximate analytical formula, based on the full energy conservation law. The formula yields very good agreement with experimental data and with numerical analysis results. The simulation of the unsteady outflow from a cylindrical high-pressure vessel upon a sudden separation of the cover has shown that the developed simplified model yields the integral characteristics of the outflow process (such as a maximum cover’s velocity and displacement etc.) with reasonable accuracy.The proposed approach is demonstrated by the simulation of gas outflow from a chamber upon a sudden separation of the cover or upon a rectangular shutter rotation about a fixed line hinge. The analysis has been performed using the developed simplified approach and through simulations with AUTODYN. A good correspondence between both methods has been obtained. The effect of gravity on the protective cover velocity and displacement has been also examined.     

Thermodynamic analysis of natural gas reciprocating compressors based on real and ideal gas models

The accurate modelling and investigating effects of various parameters of the reciprocating compressors are important subjects. In this work, based on first law of thermodynamics, conversation of mass and real and ideal gas assumptions, a theoretical analysis has been constructed to simulate natural gas reciprocating compressors. For computing the thermodynamic properties of natural gas based on real gas model, the AGA8 equation of state has been used. Numerical results validated with previous measured values and showed a good agreement. The effects of important parameters such as: angular speed, clearance and pressure ratio have been studied on the performance of the compressors. The results reveal the in-control volume temperature for ideal gas is more than real gas model but the mass flow rate and work for real gas is higher than ideal gas model. On the other hand, the indicated work that required for compression is greater for ideal gas model.     

Simulation and optimization of an organic-impurity oxidization reactor with a fixed porous bed and an electric heating element

A reactor for oxidization of low-caloric-value organic impurities contained in the air has been simulated. It comprises a tube with a recuperator, filled with a porous carcass mix, and includes a heating element. The influence of the heating-element placement, the heat losses through the upper cover of the reactor, the flow rate of a gas mixture, and the power of the heater on the maximum temperatures of the porous carcass and the gas and on the concentration of the incompletely oxidized organic impurity at the output of the reactor has been investigated. It is shown that, to burn an impurity completely, it will suffice to heat the gas δT_e to 300 K. It has been established that it is best to place a heater at the level of the upper cut of the inner tube of the reactor. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 3–10, September–October, 2006.     

Multi-echelon service models for inventory systems under different rationing policies

In this paper we model the service performance of two-echelon divergent production networks consisting of one central stock-point feeding a number of end stock-points where the external demand is realized. The systems we consider allow all stock-points to hold inventory and use periodic review ordering policies at all levels. Whenever the lower echelon has insufficient inventory to cover all upper echelon requisitions some policy to ration the available material is needed. Concentrating on one push and one pull rationing policy, we explore the system dynamics and develop models for three popular measures of the system service performance. All models make use of non-dimensional ratios which drastically reduce the number of parameters involved. Although these models are only approximate, numerical and simulation results demonstrate the adequacy of the approximations involved.     

Effect of the phase transformations on acoustics of a mixture of gas with vapor,droplets, and solid particles

The propagation of acoustic waves in the two-fraction mixtures of gas with vapor, droplets, and solid particles of different materials and sizes with phase transformations has been studied. Nonstationary and nonequilibrium effects of the interphase exchange of the impulse, mass, and heat have been taken into account. A system of the differential equations of the motion of the mixture has been presented, and the dispersion relation has been deduced. The high- and low-frequency asymptotics of the attenuation coefficient have been obtained and analyzed. The effect of the heat and mass exchange on dispersion and dissipation of acoustic waves in the two-fraction mixtures of gas with vapor, droplet, and solid particles has been studied.     

Application of particle tracking velocimetry for studying the dispersion of particles in a turbulent gas flow

A method for the determination of the dispersion of solid particles in a turbulent gas flow has been presented. This method is based on recording the particle trajectories with a high-speed video camera on separate regions of a flow, located at various distances from a point source of particles, and the subsequent processing of the frames. This method has been used to study the dispersion of solid particles under the conditions of turbulence in a horizontal channel with a rectangular cross section of 200 × 400 mm for a measuring region length of 2 m. Turbulence of the gas flow was generated by means of a grid with square meshes of the size of 16 mm. The average velocity of the gas flow in the measuring region was 5.1 m/s. The dispersion of 36-, 56- and 128-micron glass particles of spherical shape was studied in a region 450 mm long from the point source of particles. It has been shown that the dispersion of these particles in the direction of the action of the gravity force is larger than their dispersion in the perpendicular direction to the gravity force. The results of this study have shown that an increase in the size of particles leads to a decrease in the dispersion at small flight times of the particles (short-time dispersion).     

Dispersion in unsteady Couette–Poiseuille flows

The paper presents the longitudinal dispersion of passive contaminant released in an incompressible viscous fluid flowing between two infinite parallel flat walls, in which the flow is driven by the application of both periodic pressure gradient and the oscillation of upper plate in its own plane with a constant velocity. A finite difference implicit scheme has been adopted to solve the unsteady convection-diffusion equation for all time period based on Aris method of moments. The dispersion coefficients are obtained for three different flow situations: steady, periodic and the combined effect of steady and periodic Couette–Poiseuille flows, separately. The results show that oscillation of upper plate produces more dispersion than the pulsation of pressure gradient and their combined action leads to a further increase of dispersion. Also plate oscillation has stronger effect on velocity distribution and on dispersion coefficient than the pressure pulsation. There is a remarkable difference in the behaviour of dispersion coefficient depending on whether the ratio of two frequencies arising from the oscillations of pressure gradient and the upper plate possesses a proper fraction or not.     

Experimental study on pressure drop and heat transfer in pipelines for brine based ice slurry Part II: Dimensional analysis and rheological model

The rheological behaviour of the ice slurry made from 9% NaCl brine has been experimentally studied in this work. Starting from the dimensional analysis of pressure drop and heat transfer processes, the minimum numbers of non-dimensional parameters present in these processes have been determined. Rheological behaviour has been adjusted to the experimental data on ice slurry pressure drop. Two different behaviours were observed depending on the shear rate values, with a clear yield stress recognizable in the low shear rate region and a shear thickening behaviour for high shear rate values. A modified Herschel–Bulkley rheological model has been proposed, which is able to predict ice slurry behaviour in both, low and high shear rate region. The influence of the parameters involved has been determined and an analytical equation for the Darcy friction factor has been obtained from the model proposed and compared to experimental results. The comparison showed a very good agreement between these data.     

Simulation of an orifice scrubber performance based on Eulerian/Lagrangian method

A mathematical model based on Eulerian/Lagrangian method has been developed to predict particle collection efficiency from a gas stream in an orifice scrubber. This model takes into account Eulerian approach for particle dispersion, Lagrangian approach for droplet movement and particle-source-in-cell (PSI-CELL) model for calculating droplet concentration distribution. In order to compute fluid velocity profiles, the normal k− turbulent flow model with inclusion of body force due to drag force between fluid and droplets has been used. Experimental data of Taheri et al. [J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 23 (11) (1973) 963] have been used to test the results of the mathematical model. The results from the model are in good agreement with the experimental data. After validating the model the effect of operating parameters such as liquid to gas flow rate ratio, gas velocity at orifice opening, and particle diameter were obtained on the collection efficiency.     

Dynamic active earth pressure on retaining structures

Earth-retaining structures constitute an important topic of research in civil engineering, more so under earthquake conditions. For the analysis and design of retaining walls in earthquake-prone zones, accurate estimation of dynamic earth pressures is very important. Conventional methods either use pseudo-static approaches of analysis even for dynamic cases or a simple single-degree of freedom model for the retaining wall-soil system. In this paper, a simplified two-degree of freedom mass-spring-dashpot (2-DOF) dynamic model has been proposed to estimate the active earth pressure at the back of the retaining walls for translation modes of wall movement under seismic conditions. The horizontal zone of influence on dynamic earth force on the wall is estimated. Results in terms of displacement, velocity and acceleration-time history are presented for some typical cases, which show the final movement of the wall in terms of wall height, which is required for the design. The non-dimensional design chart proposed in the present study can be used to compute the total dynamic earth force on the wall under different input ground motion and backfill conditions. Finally, the results obtained have been compared with those of the available Scott model and the merits of the present results have been discussed.     

矿井煤与瓦斯突出数学模型的建立

为研究煤与瓦斯突出的特点及危害,同时为进一步研究其诱发瓦斯爆炸继发性灾害发生规律提供基础,运用气体动力学和瓦斯在煤层中流动的基本理论,建立了煤与瓦斯突出的数学模型。同时,为考察模型的准确性,在不同工况下,将模拟计算结果与文献中的实验室实验数据进行了对比。结果表明:模型计算与实验结果符合良好,可预报煤与瓦斯突出整个发生、发展和衰减过程中的突出压力及瓦斯量等参数变化趋势。     

中隔板对片式阻性消声器的影响分析

片式阻性消声器的消声能力决定于消声片的吸声系数,消声片内的中隔板对吸声系数影响的详细分析对消声器的设计和应用具有重要意义。应用传递矩阵法并结合声波在吸声材料中的传播理论,建立了片式阻性消声器内多层消声片的吸声系数计算模型,计算了消声器内不同消声通道的吸声系数,通过对比分析不同消声通道的吸声系数,讨论了中隔板对片式阻性消声器消声能力的影响。以实际消声器为例,通过计算吸声系数和实际的插入损失测试,对比两种结果,显示两者在随频率变化的趋势上吻合良好,验证了消声片内设置中隔板对消声器消声效果在不同频段具有不同的影响,在低频和较高频率范围内,中隔板具有积极作用,而对于中频段,中隔板具有消极作用。