四川省北川中学地震伤员康复状况调查分析

目的：分析北川中学地震伤员的人数、伤情及功能障碍、康复现状及需求,为下一步康复医疗工作提供依据。方法：对100例在校伤员和住院伤员进行现场功能评估,利用创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）症状清单平民版（PCL-C）对随机抽样的20例伤员进行问卷调查。结果：100例伤员中,骨折36%、截肢33%、挤压伤31%。其中56例（56%）伤员仍然存在一定的功能障碍。在抽样调查的20例伤员中3例（15%）发生PTSD。结论：北川中学的地震伤员目前仍有不同程度的功能障碍,需要接受进一步的康复治疗;截肢后功能障碍是康复重点;需要特别关注伤员的心理状况。     

四川绵竹地区地震伤员社区康复需求调查分析

目的 了解四川绵竹地区地震伤员出院返家后的功能障碍、家居环境、职业回归及心理状况,为社区康复的开展提供依据.方法 对四川绵竹地区123例出院伤员进行家庭回访,评估其功能障碍、家居环境情况,对其职业回归、经济收入、心理情况进行问卷调查.结果 123例伤员中,骨折66.7%、脊髓损伤17.1%、挤压伤及周围神经损伤11.4%、截肢3.2%、脑外伤1.6%,其中56.9%需要接受家庭康复指导.85.7%的脊髓损伤伤员需要家居环境改造.65.5%的18～59岁男性没有就业并愿意接受职业培训.123例伤员中,8.9%创伤后应激障碍综合征阳性.结论 四川绵竹地区地震伤员返家后仍需要进一步的社区康复,及时全面的社区康复对其家庭回归和社会回归意义重大.     

四川什邡地震灾后截肢、脊髓损伤、颅脑损伤伤员康复状况调查

目的:分析地震一年半后地震极重灾区什邡市62例地震重伤员(截肢、脊髓损伤、颅脑损伤)的功能障碍状况、康复现状、康复需求;落实下一步地震重伤员的社区康复.方法:采用现场评估和电话评估两种方式对什邡市截肢、脊髓损伤、颅脑损伤伤员进行一般情况、伤情、功能障碍情?殚 况、ADL能力、康复需求5个方面调查与分析.结果:伤情分类主要包括截肢47例(75.8%)、颅脑损伤10例(16.1%)、脊髓损伤5例(8.1%).根据Barthel评分,53例(85.5%)已经基本恢复生活自理能力,3例(4.8%)生活需要帮助,4例需要很大帮助(6.5%),2例(3.2%)需要完全帮助.部分地震重伤员有显著的日常生活活动能力障碍,需要社区康复和家庭康复指导;有49例需要更换或调整假肢和其他辅助器具;有9例需要居家环境改善;有8例需要心理治疗;有6例需要职业培训.结论:上述三类地震重伤员目前仍有很大的比例需要继续康复治疗,以提高其日常生活活动能力和社会参与能力,提高生存质量,这是地震灾区当前和今后需要解决和高度关注的问题.     

汶川地震四川伤员康复措施及成效分析

目的了解汶川地震伤员躯体康复现状.方法 回顾性分析四川省卫生厅医政处工作档案资料,收集汶川地震伤员需康复治疗者的资料,采用ISS评分法评定伤员骨折伤情严重程度,用EXCEL软件建立数据库,对结果进行描述性分析。结果康复治疗分析结果显示,截至2009年2月513,全省接受规范康复治疗28008例中27080例经一期康复治疗先后出院,出院率97．8％;全省仍有928人住院,需后续康复治疗,包括：颅脑损伤55例;截瘫伤员163例,截肢伤员约260例,脊柱、骨盆等骨折的重伤员449例。部分截肢患者需更换假肢或再次行残端修整手术及再康复;大部分安装内同定的伤员需取出内固定物及后期康复。结论由于各级政府重视,组织行之有效,汶川地震伤员康复工作成绩显著。今后应：①继续完善全省康复机构建设,增加资金投入;②加大医疗康复从业人员培训,提高业务水平及服务能力;③制定伤员后期康复标准,跟进随访及功能训练,使其功能达到最大程度恢复回归社会;④政府和社会应着力解决伤残人员就业问题。     

芦山地震骨折伤员系统化早期康复护理

目的探讨系统的早期康复护理对芦山地震骨折伤员心理功能障碍,疼痛感觉功能障碍,肌力、关节活动度运动功能障碍,呼吸功能障碍和日常生活活动能力的效果。方法对2013年4月23日-5月6日收治的69例芦山地震骨折伤员进行早期一体化康复护理评估、早期一体化心理干预、早期系统化康复训练。结果经评估、干预、训练,伤员心理功能障碍,疼痛感觉功能障碍,肌力、关节活动度运动功能障碍,呼吸功能障碍和日常生活活动功能障碍的患者例数明显减少,干预后减少率分别为91.9%、82.6%、92.8%、94.2%、87.0%。结论指导地震骨折伤员及早进行系统的康复训练可促进患者康复,有效预防并发生的发生及发展,意义重大,值得推广。     

四川地震灾后地震伤员的社区康复护理

四川省总人口有8700多万,截至2007年底,有622.3万残疾人需要提供医疗康复服务;＂5.12＂汶川特大地震灾害又新增加了大量的需要接受医疗康复服务的地震伤员,地震导致的各种类型的严重损伤（脑外伤、脊髓损伤、截肢、骨折等）给地震灾区伤员及家庭和社会带来了长期的影响,众多地震伤残人员的康复引起了社会各界的高度关注。如今,绝大多数地震伤员已离开医院回到当地社区,但灾区严重缺乏社区康复人才和康复技术。如何保证地震伤员离开医院后能够继续享有康复服务,是灾区社区康复工作急需解决的问题。依照国际经验,大量的医疗康复服务应该在社区康复完成。四川地震灾区伤员的社区康复护理已经成为一项十分艰巨的任务。     

188例芦山地震伤员伤情分类及早期康复策略

目的分析雅安及周边地区医院和四川大学华西医院收治的188例芦山地震伤员伤情及功能障碍、康复现状及需求,以指导下一步康复医疗工作。方法采用现场调查的方法对“14·20”芦山地震后1～9天雅安及周边地区7所医院、2所卫生院122例伤员,以及四川大学华西医院收治的66例伤员的伤情进行调查,而后进行统计分析。结果震后1～9天,雅安及周边地区医院共收治122例芦山地震伤员。其伤情分类为：上肢骨折占12．30％、下肢骨折占42．62％、脊柱骨折占16．39％（手术治疗占25．00％、未手术治疗占75．00％）、骨盆骨折占1．64％、肋骨骨折占4．10％、颅脑损伤占10．66％、软组织挫裂伤占8．20％、其他占4．09％。同期,四川大学华西医院康复科共收治66例芦山地震伤员,伤情分类为骨折77．27％、颅脑损伤3．03％、脊髓损伤4．55％、其他（包括软组织损伤）15．15％。至震后第9天．雅安及周边地区122例伤员中,8例（6．56％）已恢复生活自理能力,114例（93．44％）仍需强化康复治疗。同期。华西医院收治66例伤员中,1例（1．52％）已恢复生活自理能力,65例（98．48％）仍需强化康复治疗。结论早期运用主动运动、抬高患肢、物理治疗、定时翻身、心理干预等康复治疗,可促使地震伤员早期回归家庭和社会。     

5·12汶川大地震后早期骨科伤员伤情分析

目的 总结5·12汶川大地震发生后详细的伤情数据,为组织医疗救助提供准确有效的抢救.方法 回顾性分析地震发生后最初1周内收治的骨科伤员伤情,并总结规律.结果 地震后第1周内(5月12～19日)收治的1275名伤员中,四肢与脊柱损伤1179例(92.47%),骨科伤员中无骨折脱位的软组织损伤482例(40.88%),其中挤压伤112例(23.23%);有骨折脱位的伤员697例(59.12%)中多发骨折237例(34%);下肢骨折422例(60.55%),上肢骨折183例(26.25%),脊柱骨折142例(20.37%).骨折伤员合并有心、肺、脑、腹部脏器损伤89例(12.76%).所有伤员中死亡24人.结论 在地震发生后,大批骨科伤员同时产生,做好有针对性的准备和救治是改善预后、提高医疗质量的保证.     

华西医院地震伤员康复医疗的应急体系

本文介绍华西医院建立灾后医疗应急体系的具体作法，即建立和完善地震伤员信息资料体系、制订医疗康复的攻坚策略、成立了“康复医学科抗震救灾治疗小组”，拟订灾后康复的实施方案等。截至2008年7月2日8∶00AM，全院在院地震伤员数1７２例，涉及的科室共有24个，其中100例地震伤员需要进行康复治疗。通过对住院地震伤员信息资料的掌握，利于对目前因地震造成的伤残总数、分类及康复治疗需求等进行总体评估，为组织协调及专业指导方案的制订提供理论依据，使康复治疗师及康复医师能够：①明确伤员身体结构、功能损伤与受限的部位及程度；②明确伤员个体活动受限的程度和预后；③明确伤员参与能力（包括职业、社会交往、休闲娱乐、生存质量、社区活动等）受限的程度和预后。通过实行学科交叉工作，使伤员得到了更好的康复指导和治疗，避免或减少骨折伤员愈后残疾的发生。通过建立四级医疗卫生网络，能合理利用有限的医疗卫生资源，应用现代康复治疗技术，以地震伤员为中心，分工合作，为地震伤员提供全面康复服务。     

都江堰友爱学校地震伤员康复状况调查分析

目的分析全国首家无障碍学校——四川省都江堰友爱学校地震伤员的伤情、功能障碍、康复现状及需求,为下一步康复医疗提供依据。方法对105例在校伤员进行现场功能评估,采用截肢身体意象评估量表(AB IS),对40名截肢伤员进行问卷调查。结果 105例伤员中,骨折44例(41.9%)、截肢40例(39%)、挤压伤15例(14.2%)、脑外伤6例(5.7%);大都存在的不同程度、多种功能障碍问题,其中肌力减退62例(59.1%),肌肉萎缩32例(30.2%),关节活动度(ROM)受限49例(46.7%),瘢痕粘连增生70例(66.7%),感觉障碍14例(13.3%),关节挛缩32例(30.5%),步态异常23例(21.9%),生活不能完全自理26例(24.8%)。结论 105例伤员均有不同程度的康复需求,需要进一步的康复指导与治疗;伤员的心理状况也需要关注。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。