1例新生儿结膜凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌感染的护理

1　病例简介男 ,2 5 d。出生第 7天家长发现其双眼发红 ,有淡黄色粘稠状脓液溢出。当地医院用氯霉素眼药水滴眼疗效不佳 ,遂住我院。患儿发育正常 ,双眼睑充血 ,睑裂区有大量黄色粘稠脓液存留 (以左侧为重 ) ,用棉签蘸尽 ,稍许睑裂又有黄色粘稠脓液溢出 ,哭闹时脓液溢出更多 ,球结膜充血 +,角膜正常。分泌物作涂片染色 ,细菌培养和药敏试验显示为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌结膜感染 ,对青霉素、庆大霉素、头孢唑啉、氨苄青霉素、苯唑青霉素敏感。用青霉素 2 0 0 0 U / ml局部滴眼 ,初期每 30 m in 1次 ,2 d后患儿左眼未见溢脓 ,右眼可见少许脓性…     

细菌培养阴性的假体周围感染的诊断进展

假体周围感染(periprosthetic joint infection,PJI)是全髋关节置换术后和全膝关节置换术后最具挑战性的并发症之一。尽管在鉴定致病微生物方面医学界已经做出了广泛的努力,但培养结果往往具有较高的假阴性率。在没有阳性培养结果的情况下,感染的正确诊断、合理的治疗方法以及选择正确的抗生素就面临着巨大的挑战。因此,如何提高假体周围感染细菌培养的阳性率在临床上就显得极为重要。本文就近年来关于假体周围感染诊断的文章进行综述,以期提高临床上假体周围感染的确诊率。     

凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检测在慢性前列腺炎中的意义

目的　研究慢性前列腺炎与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 (CNS)的关系 ,探讨前列腺液中CNS检测的临床意义。　方法　对 4 2 8例慢性前列腺炎患者采用Meares Stamey四段取样法作前列腺液细菌培养和药敏试验。患者年龄 18～ 4 6岁 ,平均 31岁。病程 3～ 32个月 ,平均 6个月。慢性前列腺炎症状指数 (NIH CPSI)平均 2 3.2分。　结果　 4 2 8例均行细菌培养 ,其中 2 4 8例 (5 7.94 % )分离出细菌。革兰阳性菌 195例 (78.6 3% ) ,其中葡萄球菌 16 0例 (6 4 .5 2 % ,16 0 / 2 4 8) ,CNS 89例 (35 .89% ,89/ 2 4 8) ;CNS中以表皮葡萄球菌为主者 81例 (32 .6 6 % ) ,其次为腐生葡萄球菌 3例和溶血性葡萄球菌 2例 ;NIH CPSI积分与细菌培养结果无明显相关。CNS对常用抗菌药物 (β 内酰胺类、喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类 )耐药率较高 (5 1.9%～ 10 0 % )。　结论　CNS为慢性前列腺炎的主要致病菌 ,应引起高度重视 ;适时监测前列腺液病原菌及药敏试验对临床诊断和治疗慢性前列腺炎具有重要意义。     

膝关节二期翻修术治疗假体周围感染的疗效分析

[目的]探讨二期翻修手术治疗膝关节假体周围感染的有效性、失败原因和骨水泥活动间隔物对二期置换术后膝关节功能的影响。[方法]回顾性分析2010年1月~2012年12月因膝关节假体周围感染而行二期翻修手术的病例21例,分析失败原因,比较术前术后患者膝关节评分(KSS)和膝关节活动度。[结果]2例真菌感染病例1例因一期手术后不能控制感染,1例因二期翻修手术后再次发生感染而最终行膝关节融合术。其余19例患者二期手术后平均随访31个月(19~44个月),二期清创膝关节翻修术获得成功。术后KSS膝关节评分、KSS功能评分和膝关节活动度比术前都有明显提高。[结论]膝关节假体周围感染通过一期清创、带抗生素活动型骨水泥间隔物置入、二期翻修手术可以有效治疗感染并重建膝关节功能,而真菌引起的感染是造成手术失败的原因之一。     

导管室空气中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌含量的检测

目的了解连台介入手术时导管室空气中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌污染程度,为制定控制感染措施提供依据。方法采用平板暴露沉降法,对导管室手术间术前及第1、2、3、4台手术后,分5点对凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌进行采集、培养和计数。结果手术间操作间门口、中央手术操作区、治疗台3个点凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌菌落数随手术台次的增加显著升高(均P<0.01),其中中央手术操作区和操作间门口菌落数最高。结论连续介入手术过程中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌污染严重,必须采取措施预防凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌感染。     

保留假体清创治疗急性假体周围感染

[目的]探讨保留假体清创治疗急性假体周围感染(PJI)的临床效果与炎性指标的早期变化.[方法]2010年1月～2017年8月,对28例髋/膝关节置换术后急性PJI患者采用保留假体清创联合抗生素治疗,设为感染组.随机选取同期初次髋/膝关节置换患者40例为非感染组.比较两组患者围手术期、随访与实验室检验结果.[结果]两组患...     

膝关节假体周围感染危险因素的荟萃分析

[目的]运用荟萃分析评价影响膝关节假体周围感染(periprosthetic joint infection,PJI)的相关危险因素.[方法]利用中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库、PubMed等数据库,检索2014年1月～2019年11月期间国内外公开发表的PJI文献.严格评价纳入研究的质量并提取数据,采用Revman...     

关节假体周围感染研究进展

关节假体周围感染(PJI)是人工关节置换术最严重的并发症之一,病态肥胖、双侧手术、二次手术、住院时间长和异体输血均为危险因素。关节假体超声波降解液培养的敏感度及特异度超过假体周围组织培养。聚合酶链反应技术对检测曾使用抗生素而培养困难的标本有较高成功率。脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层扫描技术正发展为新的PJI诊断技术。抗PJI治疗主要针对培养结果选择抗生素,一般采用利福平联合利奈唑胺、万古霉素和替考拉宁均有较好效果。目前的观点认为,一期彻底清创、非骨水泥型假体更换联合短期抗生素疗法是治疗PJI的较好方法 。     

Two-stage revision arthroplasty for coagulase-negative staphylococcal periprosthetic joint infection of the hip and knee

BACKGROUND Periprosthetic joint infections(PJIs) are frequently caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococci(Co NS), which is known to be a hard-to-treat microorganism.Antibiotic resistance among causative pathogens of PJI is increasing. Two-stage revision is the favoured treatment for chronic Co NS infection of a hip or knee prosthesis. We hypothesised that the infection eradication rate of our treatment protocol for two-stage revision surgery for Co NS PJI of the hip and knee would be comparable to eradication rates described in the literature.AIM To evaluate the infection eradication rate of two-stage revision arthroplasty for PJI caused by Co NS.METHODS All patients treated with two-stage revision of a hip or knee prosthesis were retrospectively included. Patients with Co NS infection were included in the study, including polymicrobial cases. Primary outcome was infection eradication at final follow-up.RESULTS Forty-four patients were included in the study. Twenty-nine patients were treated for PJI of the hip and fifteen for PJI of the knee. At final follow-up after a mean of 37 mo, recurrent or persistent infection was present in eleven patients.CONCLUSION PJI with Co NS can be a difficult to treat infection due to increasing antibiotic resistance. Infection eradication rate of 70%-80% may be achieved.     

Urokinase: a treatment for relapsing peritonitis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci

Four consecutive patients with relapsing peritonitis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci have been successfully treated by the addition of urokinase to their treatment regime, having failed to respond to appropriate antibiotic therapy alone. The organisms isolated from each episode of peritonitis in an individual patient were shown to be identical by antibiotic sensitivity, phage typing, slime production and immunoblot analysis. The action of urokinase is unknown but it may act by fibrinolysis, allowing antibiotics access to a source of infection previously protected by fibrin. The technique described is a simple, safe and effective treatment of relapsing peritonitis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci, and its use can markedly reduce the morbidity associated with this infection.     

Identification and preoperative optimization of risk factors to prevent periprosthetic joint infection

Despite significant improvements over the past several decades in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), it still remains a major challenge following total joint arthroplasty. Given the devastating nature and accelerated incidence of PJI, prevention is the most important strategy to deal with this challenging problem and should start from identifying risk factors. Understanding and well-organized optimization of these risk factors in individuals before elective arthroplasty are essential to the ultimate success in reducing the incidence of PJI. Even though some risk factors such as demographic characteristics are seldom changeable, they allow more accurate expectation regarding individual risks of PJI and thus, make proper counseling for shared preoperative decision-making possible. Others that increase the risk of PJI, but are potentially modifiable should be optimized prior to elective arthroplasty. Although remarkable advances have been achieved in past decades, many questions regarding standardized practice to prevent this catastrophic complication remain unanswered. The current study provide a comprehensive knowledge regarding risk factors based on general principles to control surgical site infection by the review of current literature and also share own practice at our institution to provide practical and better understandings.     

Bacteriologic evidence of infection caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci in total hip replacement

Coagulase-negative staphylococci are important agents of infected hip arthroplasties, but sample contamination from the skin flora may confuse the diagnosis. Recovery of multiple identical strains has been regarded as indication of true infection. We have evaluated 29 total hip replacement operations with cultures positive for coagulase-negative staphylococci in a prospective study, 16 with ≥3 isolates available for strain identity analysis. In 26 episodes, ≥3 cultures were positive for coagulase-negative staphylococci, but only 19 of them had strong or intermediate clinical evidence of infection. Negative clinical evidence of infection coincided with the absence of a predominating strain according to plasmid profile analysis. A reliable identity analysis may help to rule out infection when multiple cultures are positive in patients who lack clinical evidence of infection.     

Risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection following total ankle replacement

BackgroundIdentifying preoperative patient characteristics that correlate with an increased risk of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) following total ankle replacement (TAR) is of great interest to orthopaedic surgeons, as this may assist with appropriate patient selection. The purpose of this study is to systematically review the literature to identify risk factors that are associated with PJI following TAR.MethodsUtilizing the terms “(risk factor OR risk OR risks) AND (infection OR infected) AND (ankle replacement OR ankle arthroplasty)” we searched the PubMed/MEDLINE electronic databases. The quality of the included studies was then assessed using the AAOS Clinical Practice Guideline and Systematic Review Methodology. Recommendations were made using the overall strength of evidence.ResultsEight studies met the inclusion criteria. A limited strength of recommendation can be made that the following preoperative patient characteristics correlate with an increased risk of PJI following TAR: inflammatory arthritis, prior ankle surgery, age less than 65 years, body mass index less than 19, peripheral vascular disease, chronic lung disease, hypothyroidism, and low preoperative AOFAS hindfoot scores. There is conflicting evidence in the literature regarding the effect of obesity, tobacco use, diabetes, and duration of surgery.ConclusionsSeveral risk factors were identified as having an association with PJI following TAR. These factors may alert surgeons that a higher rate of PJI is possible. However, because of the low level of evidence of reported studies, only a limited strength of recommendation can be ascribed to regard these as risk factors for PJI at this time.     

Accuracy of the International Consensus Scoring System for diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection in revision shoulder arthroplasty

BackgroundTotal shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) continues to undergo dramatic growth with expanding indications and improvements in implants and surgical techniques. A major complication following TSA is periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), which remains difficult to diagnose, often relying on clinical judgment. A contemporary definition of PJI was established at the 2018 International Consensus Meeting (ICM) on Musculoskeletal Infection. We sought to retrospectively examine the accuracy of this scoring system in previously performed revision TSA and hypothesized that the ICM scoring system would be reliable in determining the presence of TSA PJI.MethodsOur institutional database was reviewed to identify patients undergoing revision TSA before the advent of the ICM PJI scoring system. Clinical notes and operative reports were reviewed for data regarding the preoperative clinical examination, laboratory values, and intraoperative findings. The findings were assigned scores based on the definition of probable PJI by the ICM scoring system. Scores were compared to treatment plans of infected vs. noninfected patients. The diagnosis of PJI was made using a combination of clinical examination, laboratory values, and intraoperative findings. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of the ICM scoring system were calculated compared to actual treatment decision, the gold standard.ResultsOf 81 revision arthroplasties, 52 were revision reverse TSA (rTSA), and 29 were revision anatomic TSA (aTSA). Seven rTSA patients were treated as infected (7/52, 13.5%), and the scoring system identified 4 of those as being probable infections (4/7, 57.1%). One additional rTSA patient scored as probable infection, underwent a revision for instability, and was found to have no infection. Three aTSA patients were treated as infected (3/29, 10.3%), with one of those identified as probable infection by the scoring system (1/3, 33.3%). Four patients in the rTSA group and no patients in the aTSA group met the criteria for definite infection. Using the threshold of probable infection to identify PJI, the sensitivity of the scoring system was 0.6, and specificity was 0.99. The positive predictive value was 0.86, and the negative predictive value was 0.95. With the same threshold, the ICM scoring system was 93.8% accurate.ConclusionsIdentifying PJI in TSA remains difficult in the absence of definite signs of joint sepsis. This study found the scoring system to be highly accurate, although with modest sensitivity, and a reliable tool for the diagnosis of PJI following TSA.Level of evidenceLevel IV; Retrospective Case Series with No Comparison Group Treatment Study     

未使用占位器的二期翻修治疗髋关节置换术后感染

目的探讨不使用占位器的二期翻修治疗髋关节置换术后假体周围感染的临床效果。 方法从2009年8月至2017年12月期间,对在西安交通大学第二附属医院接受未使用占位器的二期髋关节翻修治疗的21位既往行人工髋关节置换术后感染的患者(其中男性6例,女性15例,年龄28～78岁)进行随访观察。该组患者均采用一期手术取出髋关节假体旷置(未置放占位器),待临床表现及血液中相关炎性指标降至正常时再进行二期翻修,应用配对t检验以及Wilcoxon秩和检验分别评估患者术前术后的髋关节Harris评分及患肢缩短水平。 结果21例患者术后随访(4.0±2.8)年,术后的末次随访时髋关节Harris评分为(86±4)分,与翻修术前的(48±5)相比,有显著性差异(t ＝ 25.509,P< 0.01),术后患肢短缩为0.1 cm(－0.20, 0.35)cm(负值代表患侧肢体较健侧增加的长度),与术前4.3 cm(3.85,4.90) cm相比,有显著性差异(Z＝－4.016, P < 0.01),术后1例出现再次感染。 结论不使用占位器的二期翻修术治疗髋关节假体周围感染具有较高的感染控制率,同时也不会因为髋关节局部软组织挛缩而引起患肢的明显缩短,可以获得良好的术后髋关节功能。     

Risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection following primary total hip or knee arthroplasty: a meta‐analysis

To identify risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection following primary total joint arthroplasty, a systematic search was performed in Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane library databases. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) or standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Patient characteristics, surgical‐related factors and comorbidities, as potential risk factors, were investigated. The main factors associated with infection after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) were male gender (OR, 1·48; 95% CI, 1.19–1.85), age (SMD, ?0·10; 95% CI, ?0.17–?0.03), obesity (OR, 1·54; 95% CI, 1·25–1·90), alcohol abuse (OR, 1·88; 95% CI, 1·32–2·68), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scale > 2 (OR, 2·06; 95% CI, 1·77–2·39), operative time (SMD, 0·49; 95% CI, 0·19–0·78), drain usage (OR, 0·36; 95% CI, 0·18–0·74), diabetes mellitus (OR, 1·58; 95% CI, 1·37–1·81), urinary tract infection (OR, 1·53; 95% CI, 1.09–2.16) and rheumatoid arthritis (OR, 1·57; 95% CI, 1·30–1·88). Among these risk factors, ASA score > 2 was a high risk factor, and drain usage was a protective factor. There was positive evidence for some factors that could be used to prevent the onset of infection after TJA.