矮败小麦及应用途径分析

矮败小麦是具有矮秆基因标记的显性核不育材料，非矮秆品种与之授粉，后代群体中的矮秆株是雄性不育的，而非矮秆株是雄性可育的。矮败小麦是太谷核不育小麦的第二代产品，多方面优于太谷核不育小麦，在常规育种、轮回选择和基础研究中有远大的应用前景。     

矮败小麦的遗传特点及其利用价值

主要概述了矮败小麦的创制及其遗传特点,并对其杂优利用和轮回选择实践进行了简述.矮败小麦保留了太谷核不育小麦雄性败育彻底、异交结实率高的优点,发挥了矮变一号降秆作用强、便于识别的特点,成为小麦育种理想的轮回选择工具.利用矮败小麦兼具异交与自交的特性可聚合众多亲本的优良基因,是新品种的"加工厂",可以源源不断地培育出满足不同需求的小麦新品种.     

北方冬麦区高产小麦新品种轮选987

轮选 987是中国农业科学院作物科学研究所利用矮败小麦开展轮回选择,从改良群体中选择优良可育株,经系谱选育而成的高产、稳产小麦新品种, 2003年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定.     

太谷核不育“矮败”小麦育成

一个将太谷核不育小麦Tal不育基因与普通小麦矮秆基因连锁在一起的、新型太谷核不育的“矮败”小麦在京育成。 中国农科院作物所刘秉华等经过大群体测交筛选和细胞学研究,今年选育出Tal基因和“矮变1号”Rhtlo基因连锁为紧密的材料,暂定名“矮败”小麦。“矮败”小麦授以非矮秆亲本的花……     

轮回选择对矮败小麦生理及产量性状的影响

对矮败小麦回交、杂交后代可育株、杂交父本或回交亲本的叶绿素含量的相对比值(SPAD值)以及叶面积系数的测定,抗病性、农艺性状的观察结果表明:部分矮败后代可育株叶绿素含量的相对比值高于回交或杂交亲本,部分矮败小麦回交2代与新品系杂交后代可育株叶面积系数高于父本;部分矮败小麦回交、杂交后代可育株白粉病、锈病抗性高于回交亲本;部分矮败材料回交、杂交后代穗部产量性状有超亲优势.     

第一届矮败小麦育种技术研讨会在北京召开

矮败小麦是中国农业科学院作物科学研究科所创制的具有矮秆基因标记的太谷核不育小麦,是具有自主知识产权的遗传资源。矮败小麦授以非矮秆父本的花粉,其后代总是有一半靠异交结实的矮秆不育株,一半靠自交结实的非矮秆可育株。矮败小麦可以作为育种工具用于单交、复交、回交、阶梯杂交和远缘杂交等多种育种途径,特别是便利地应用于轮回选择育种。2006年12月11日-12日,在北京召开了“全国矮败小麦育种技术研讨会”,会议由中国农业科学院主持,来自全国科研院所科技人员200人参加了会议,科技部、农业部和中国农业科学院有关领导参加了会议。28位…     

太谷核不育和T型不育小麦的发育解剖学特征

对回交转育的太谷核不育小麦的可育株、不育株、T型不育小麦植株及回交亲本植株的茎、叶、叶鞘的解剖学特征进行了比较研究.通过对数量化的解剖结构特征的单一自由度方差分析表明.茎、叶、叶鞘组织和维管束在发育过程中受到了不育基因的影响.初步证明不育基因不仅影响小麦生殖器官的发育,并引起败育.而且也影响营养器官的发育.     

不同遗传背景矮败小麦的性状表现

以9种遗传背景的矮败小麦近等基因系为材料，研究了矮秆不育株的株高、抽穗期、开花期、每株穗数、穗长、每穗小穗数和异交结实率。结果表明，不仅矮秆不育株与高秆可育株的株高存在显著差异，而且不同遗传背景的矮秆不育株的株高也程度不同的存在差异；矮秆不育株比高秆可育株的抽穗期平均晚2天，而开花期平均晚1天左右；在     

棉花核不育系豫98-8A育性遗传分析

为了阐明1999年从转基因后代遗传群体中发现的1株雄性不育植株不育基因的遗传规律及其与现有不育基因的等位性,采用表型观察测量,以及经典的自交和测交手段,研究了该不育材料败育性状的遗传规律。花器官形态特征调查表明：不育株花柱长和花柱外露长度均明显高于同质系的正常可育株,而每朵花的子房直径及花药数量没有明显差异。遗传分析表明：杂合体可育株自交,后代不育株与可育株呈3:1分离,不育株与杂合姊妹可育株测交,不育株与可育株呈1:1分离,表明该核不育材料受隐性单位点控制;与阆A(msc1)、洞A(msc3)等育性位点杂合可育株分别杂交,其F1代单株育性均得到恢复。由其F1代产生的F1:2家系中均出现不育株与可育株呈1:3和7:9两个育性分离群体,表明该材料败育基因为不同于阆A、洞A的不育基因位点。     

小麦新品种轮选987的选育及性状表现

矮败小麦是具有矮秆基因标记的显性核不育材料,是理想的群体改良工具。我们利用矮败小麦开展轮回选择育种,已经探索出一套方便实用的轮回选择技术,并使矮败小麦群体得到了显著改良,选育出一批优良的品种(系),其中轮选987就是代表品种之一。轮选987高产、稳产,且品质优良,2001年和2002年参加国家小麦品种区域试验北方冬麦区区试、生产试验,其产量均为第一,于2003年通过了国家农作物品种审定委员会的审定,推广应用前景广阔。     

Development of dominant nuclear male-sterile lines with a blue seed marker in durum and common wheat

In order to develop genie male‐sterile lines with a blue seed marker, male‐sterile plants, controlled by a dominant nuclear gene Ms2, were used as female parents against a 4E disomic addition line ‘Xiaoyan Lanli’(2n= 44, AABBDD+4EII) as the male parent to produce monosomic addition lines with blue seed. Male‐sterile plants from the monosomic addition lines were pollinated with durum wheat for several generations and in 1989 a male‐sterile line with the blue grain gene and the male‐sterile gene Ms2 on the same additional chromosome was detected and named line 89‐2343. Using this line, the blue seed marker was successfully added to a short male‐sterile line containing Ms2 and Rht10. The segregation ratios of male sterility and seed colour as well as the chromosome figurations of different plants indicated that the blue grain genes, Ms2 and Rht10 were located on the same additional chromosome. Cytological analysis showed that the blue marker male‐sterile lines in durum wheat and common wheat were monosomic with an additional chromosome 4E. The inheritance ratio for blue seed male‐sterile plants and white seed male‐fertile plants was 19.7% and 80.3%, respectively, in common wheat. The potential for using blue marker sterile lines in population improvement and hybrid production is discussed.     

Characterization of a male sterile mutant from progeny of a transgenic plant containing a leaf senescence-inhibition gene in wheat

A male sterile plant of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) segregated from progenies of a transgenic family containing the leaf senescence-inhibition gene P _SAG12 -IPT in the genetic background of ??Xinong 1376??, a well adapted winter wheat cultivar. The male sterile plant (named TR1376A) showed no phenotypic changes, except for florets and male organs, compared to its male fertile sibling plants (named TR1376B). The glumes and florets of male sterile TR1376A plants widely opened whereas those of the fertile counterpart TR1376B were closed or opened only briefly at flowing. Anthers of TR1376A were slender and indehiscent, and failed to release pollen. Compared to TR1376B, TR1376A anthers contained greatly reduced amounts of pollen, which was inviable or weakly viable. Ultra-structure studies indicated that cells in the endothecium and middle layers of the anther wall were dissolved or poorly developed in the sterile anthers of TR1376A. Molecular studies showed that the male sterility of TR1376A was caused by a sequence deletion or mutation that occurred in the promoter region of the transgene. F₁ hybrids of TR1376A and TR1376B gave 1:1 segregation of male fertility to sterility, indicating that the male sterility of TR1376A was heritable and controlled by a single dominant gene (named Ms1376). To date, only a few dominant nuclear male sterility genes have been characterized and one of them (Ms2) has been successfully used to improve wheat cultivars through recurrent breeding strategies. The discovery of the Ms1376 gene provides another dominant male sterile source for establishing recurrent breeding systems in wheat.     

ATP合成相关基因在小麦BNS不育系育性转换中的差异表达

为了探讨ATP合酶α亚基和腺嘌呤磷酸核糖基转移酶(APRT)与温敏雄性不育系BNS育性的联系,利用荧光实时定量PCR方法,在花药发育的4个重要时期(四分体期、单核期、二核期和三核期),定量检测ATP合酶α亚基和APRT相关基因在不育及可育条件下花药中的mRNA表达水平。不育条件下,ATP合酶α亚基基因从四分体到二核期表达量持续下降,与可育株相比在单核期表达量显著下降;APRT1在4个时期的表达量低于其在相应可育条件下的表达量,而APRT2基因在BNS不育和可育条件下维持较低的表达水平。APRT相关基因表达量在三核期均有较显著提高,且可育条件下比不育条件下提高更明显。因此认为,ATP合酶α亚基基因与BNS育性转换密切正相关,APRT基因在三核期转录水平的变化与BNS育性转换有一定关系。     

Isolation of a Spontaneous Chromosome Translocation in Common Wheat

The genes Ms2 for male sterility and Rht10 for dominant dwarfing located on the short arm of chromosome 4D in common wheat arc closely linked. Male sterile, dwarf F₁ plants from the cross of male sterile‘Chinese Spring’× dwarf‘Ai-bian’were backcrossed with the variety‘Chinese Spring, From this offspring a spontaneous chromosome translocation was isolated resulting in a recombinant male sterile and dwarf genotype.     

Induction of a mutation in the male fertility gene of the preferentially transmitted Aegilops sharonensis chromosome 4S1 and its application for hybrid wheat production

Summary Wheat plants nullisomic for chromosome 4B are male sterile due to the absence of the male fertility gene Ms1. However, plants in which chromosome 4B has been substituted by the preferentially transmitted chromosome 4S¹ of Ae. sharonensis are male fertile due to the compensating effect of Ms4 on the alien chromosome. This substitution line has been mutated and three recessive mutation of Ms4 have been selected. Plants homozygous for these mutations are male sterile. The implication of these mutations for hybrid wheat production is discussed.     

一个与小麦雄性不育育性转换相关的MADS-box转录因子基因

为了揭示YS型小麦温敏雄性不育育性转换的基础, 构建了该类型不育系A3017的不育和可育幼穗正、反杂交的两个SSH-cDNA文库。经文库比较, 在不育文库中筛选出一个与MADS-box基因同源的EST序列(GenBank登录号: 36925702)。以该EST序列的同源性比对和拼接结果为依据, 设计引物对该基因在可育和不育幼穗中的表达进行了RT-PCR分析, 结果表明, 该基因在不育幼穗中表达量较高, 可育幼穗中表达量很低。对不育幼穗中扩增出的cDNA片段进行克隆测序, 获得了666 bp的cDNA序列。序列分析表明, 该片段编码160个氨基酸, 具有MADS-box转录因子的典型结构域K-box, 被定名为TaMS-MADSbox, 与一个小麦MADS box转录因子基因WAG的氨基酸序列的相似性为94%。进一步以3种不同类型的小麦雄性不育系和保持系的幼穗cDNA为材料, 利用半定量RT-PCR对该基因的表达模式分析发现也存在类似差异, 该基因在不育系幼穗中表达量较高, 而保持系幼穗中表达量较低。以上分析表明, 该MADS-box转录因子基因的表达与小麦雄性不育系的育性转化相关, 表达量高时表现雄性不育, 表达量低时表现雄性可育。     

YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系不育基因的QTL定位

YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系的不育基因被定位在1Bs染色体片段上, 但已发现的相邻分子标记与该基因的遗传距离较大, 达10 cM以上。为寻找与该基因连锁更紧密的分子标记, 以YM型温敏雄性不育系ATM3314与恢复系中国春杂交的F₂代200株为作图群体, 从1Bs的22个SSR引物中筛选出5个在亲本和F₂代中分离的SSR引物, 构建了1个包含5个标记的1Bs局部遗传连锁图谱。结合F₂代个体的育性调查, 采用复合区间作图法在YM型温敏雄性不育系的1Bs染色体上检测到不育基因的1个主效QTLrfv1-1和1个微效QTLrfv1-2。rfv1-1位于SSR标记Xgwm18和Xwmc406之间, 与两标记的遗传距离分别为6.0 cM和4.6 cM, LOD值为8.80, 加性效应23.87, 显性效应10.44, 可解释表型变异的23.91%; rfv1-2位于Xwmc406和Xbarc8之间, 与两标记的遗传距离分别为4.0 cM和3.4 cM, LOD值为3.10, 加性效应17.59, 显性效应5.99, 可解释表型变异的7.78%。本研究初步定位了YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系1Bs染色体片段上不育基因的QTL, 为进一步准确定位该基因奠定了基础。