经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管支架管置入治疗输尿管梗阻疗效观察

目的探讨采用经皮肾穿刺顺行置入输尿管支架管治疗输尿管梗阻的临床疗效与安全性。方法回顾性分析2009年2月至2013年4月收治的输尿管梗阻患者47例,54患侧,均在逆行插管失败后采用超声引导下经皮肾穿刺会师技术尝试置入输尿管支架管,结合文献复习,从疗效及并发症等方面进行归纳总结。结果47例患者,54患侧均一次穿刺成功并建立经皮肾通道,45患侧在输尿管硬或软镜下顺利留置输尿管支架管,成功率83．3％。9例患者因导丝不能通过狭窄段仅行经皮肾造瘘术。21例术前肌酐高的患者术后15例恢复正常,另有6例肌酐水平也有不同程度下降,患者的造瘘管均可于1周内拔除,所有患者均无严重并发症,需长期留置支架的患者可采用膀胱镜定期更换输尿管支架。结论经皮肾穿刺会师留置支架管操作安全简便,效果较好,是输尿管支架逆行置入失败患者的较佳选择。     

经软性膀胱镜留置双J管治疗输尿管梗阻

目的 探讨通过软性膀胱镜留置双J管治疗输尿管急、慢性梗阻的疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性分析该院2011年1月～2011年12月45例急、慢性输尿管梗阻的患者,包括妊娠期肾积水合并顽固性肾绞痛,盆腔肿物压迫致输尿管扩张、肾积水及输尿管结石梗阻的患者,给予经软性膀胱镜逆行留置双J管.结果 所有患者中41例给予经软性膀胱镜逆行留置双J管成功,输尿管梗阻得以解除,腰痛、感染发热及无尿等症状得以缓解.4例留置失败,其中1例留置失败后,给予经皮肾穿刺造瘘留置外引流1枚,后经手术探查提示盆腔恶性肿物浸润输尿管内,造成输尿管梗阻;1例为糖尿病患者合并输尿管结石,梗阻严重且就诊时已出现感染性休克,留置过程中,患者不能配合.2例为输尿管结石合并重度肾积水,后经气压弹道碎石经输尿管镜留置双J管成功.所有患者无1例出现副损伤.结论 经软性膀胱镜留置输尿管双J管,可以解决大部分的输尿管急、慢性梗阻,而且软性膀胱镜具有安全,患者痛苦小,置管角度多变等优点,是一种较为理想的治疗方法.尤其适用于梗阻时间较短,输尿管内壁未遭到严重破坏的患者.     

输尿管阴道瘘8例临床诊治分析

目的探讨妇科手术致输尿管阴道瘘的病因及处理方式。方法回顾性分析本院收治的8例妇科手术导致输尿管阴道瘘患者的病因、诊断及治疗。结果病因中剖宫产术2例,子宫全切术4例,广泛性子宫切除术2例;患者输尿管损伤左侧5例,右侧3例;2例行膀胱镜下逆行置输尿管支架管,6例行输尿管阴道瘘修补术,术后均留置输尿管支架管和导尿管。所有患者均一次修补成功,输尿管支架管留置时间15～90d,未发现严重并发症。结论输尿管损伤重在预防,提高妇科操作技能是预防本病的关键。治疗措施以手术为主,手术时间及方式的选择要取决于患者的就诊时间、一般情况和输尿管梗阻的程度。     

输尿管镜置取双J管的体会

目的：引流尿液防止和减少外渗，避免粘连，暂时缓解梗阻，降低肾内压，保护肾功能，减轻感染，防止粘连和狭窄。方法：经输尿管镜或膀胱镜置入。结果：用输尿管镜，膀胱镜置取管1960例。结果：全部患者取管1月后静脉肾盂造影输尿管通畅。结论：上尿路术后置入双J管对防止输尿管术后并发症的发生有不可替代的作用。当导管缩回输尿管腔或术中置管未达膀胱时首选用输尿管镜取管。     

妇科腹腔镜手术输尿管损伤7例的诊断与治疗

目的探讨妇科腹腔镜手术输尿管损伤的原因及诊治方法。方法妇科腹腔镜手术致输尿管损伤7例患者,2例术中及时中转开腹行D-J管置入、输尿管吻合术,5例膀胱镜下行输尿管D-J管置入。结果 7例患者经积极处理后均治愈,患者恢复良好,随访6个月～2年,未见肾功能异常、输尿管狭窄或梗阻等严重并发症发生。结论输尿管损伤是妇科腹腔镜手术较严重的并发症,及时手术及膀胱镜下行输尿管D-J管置入为其主要治疗方法。     

带尾线输尿管支架管短时间留置在输尿管软镜手术中的应用

目的 评估带尾线输尿管支架管短时间留置在输尿管软镜手术中应用的可行性和安全性。方法 纳入2022年7月至2023年7月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院行经尿道输尿管软镜手术的80例肾结石患者,均膀胱镜下一期预置D-J管2周,将其中术后短时间留置带尾线输尿管支架管的患者作为观察组,术后常规留置输尿管支架管的患者为对照组。比较两组间的手术时间、尿管留置时间、术后住院时间、术后支架管留置相关并发症、结石清除率、术后输尿管狭窄发生率及患者治疗满意度等。结果 观察组患者术后输尿管支架管留置短于对照组,尿管留置时间长于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两组患者的手术时间、术后住院时间及术后1个月复查结石清除率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。观察组患者术后膀胱刺激征发生率、术后腰腹痛发生率、血尿以及止痛药物使用率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组患者间术后发热发生率及术后1个月输尿管狭窄发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。观察组患者总满意度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 输尿管软镜术后留置带尾线输尿管支架管操作方便,短时...     

输尿管支架置入术治疗孕期输尿管结石50例临床分析

目的探讨输尿管支架置入术在治疗孕期输尿管结石中的应用价值。方法对50例输尿管支架置入术治疗的孕期输尿管结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。50例患者均经辅助检查证实输尿管结石,同时合并肾绞痛,经药物保守治疗无效,其中右输尿管结石25例、左输尿管结石22例、双侧输尿管结石3例,31例位于输尿管中、上段,19例位于输尿管下段。结果 50例患者中37例表面麻醉后膀胱镜下置管成功;12例膀胱镜下置管失败,改用输尿管镜下置管成功;1例逆行置管失败后局部麻醉行经皮肾顺行置管成功。所有患者术中、术后均未出现先兆流产,术后肾绞痛得到明显缓解,肾积水情况均有不同程度减轻。术后复查48例提示输尿管支架位置好,1例输尿管支架上端位于输尿管上段,1例患者输尿管支架术后3d拔除尿管时滑脱,经重新置管后位置佳。结论输尿管支架置入术操作简单、疗效确切,是治疗孕期输尿管结石的一种安全可靠的治疗方法。     

移植肾输尿管狭窄的腔内治疗(附43例报告)

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管镜技术及经尿道逆行输尿管镜技术在腔内治疗移植肾输尿管狭窄中的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析2007年5月-2017年12月于该院治疗的43例移植肾输尿管狭窄患者的临床资料。平均年龄35.7岁,输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄平均长度0.75 cm,输尿管行程段狭窄平均长度0.70 cm。术中采用经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管镜技术及经尿道逆行输尿管镜技术对移植肾输尿管狭窄或闭锁段行电刀内切开和球囊扩张术,术后留置输尿管内支架管或金属支架。结果43例移植肾输尿管狭窄患者中,经尿道逆行输尿管镜治疗组20例,联合经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管镜技术治疗23例,平均手术时间为(53.3±10.5)min,30例经腔内治疗痊愈,其中一期治疗成功13例,17例行2或3次腔内球囊扩张后治愈;13例反复狭窄复发予以留置镍钛形状记忆合金支架,其中5例留置新型金属覆膜支架,术后随访时间为3~36个月,实验室复查血清肌酐(Scr)(143.4±28.0)μmol/L。结论采用经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管镜技术及经尿道逆行输尿管镜技术等腔内治疗途径,处理移植肾输尿管狭窄是安全、有效及可靠的。     

膀胱镜联合透视下逆行置管治疗输尿管梗阻

目的 探讨膀胱镜联合透视下逆行置入双J管治疗输尿管梗阻的临床效果.方法 对8例不同部位、不同病因的输尿管梗阻患者,先行膀胱镜输尿管导丝置入,再在透视下行输尿管扩张后逆行置入双J管.结果 全部病例均获得成功,置管成功率为10 0％.治愈率为87.5％.疼痛、尿漏、感染和出血等梗阻性并发症消失.结论 采用透视下逆行置入双J管治疗输尿管狭窄具有操作简单、创伤小、并发症少等优点,是治疗复杂性输尿管狭窄安全、有效的方法.     

输尿管镜下碎石术后双J管滞留8例临床分析

目的 探讨输尿管镜下碎石术后双J管滞留的原因、处理方法和预防措施。方法 8例输尿管镜下碎石术后双J管滞留患者中，5例膀胱镜可将双J管拔出尿道外口，行橡皮筋固定牵引、ESWL；2例双J管无法拔出尿道外口牵引固定，行输尿管镜下取管术；1例输尿管镜无法拔除，行经皮肾镜。结果 5例橡皮筋固定牵引后行ESWL者均成功拔出；3例ESWL后行膀胱镜下拔管术均未成功，其中2例行输尿管镜下取管术拔出，另1例行经皮肾镜拔出。结论输尿管镜下碎石术后双J管滞留与双J管本身质量、尿路感染及尿液反流、置管时间过长、置管方法等因素有关。根据不同原因。分别可以采用牵引、ESWL、输尿管镜下取管术、经皮肾镜等方法处理。临床工作中应从重视双J管质量、预防使用抗生素、严格掌握拔管时间等方面防止双J管滞留。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。