高密度电阻率探针原位监测海水入侵过程试验研究

为研究砂质含水层中海水入侵问题,确定海水入侵过程中含水介质内海水入侵楔形体的发展演化过程,本文采用砂槽实验模拟海水入侵,利用高密度电阻率探针观测系统远程实时监测海水入侵过程中土体的垂向电阻率变化,据电阻率变化曲线分析海水入侵发生发展过程。研究结果表明:高密度电阻率探针对海水入侵界面变化反应灵敏,能够监测到咸淡水突变界面形成、过渡带演化及咸淡水界面变迁等一系列现象,较好地实时监测海水入侵发生发展过程及海水入侵状态并进行预警。     

海水入侵的实验研究

在海岸含水层中,含较多盐分的海水向陆地方向入侵形成淡-咸水交界面,通常称为海水入侵界面。该界面的动态变化受气象、水文地质和人类活动等因素的影响,是海水入侵问题的主要研究内容。本文介绍了海水向含水层中入侵的室内实验研究,以着色海水和图像处理方法获得入侵界面的形态及其动态变化。实验方法先进,所得数据整体性强,精度高,而且观测方法对流场没有干扰,比传统的提取水样进行化验的方法更有效。实验中模拟了海洋潮汐条件,揭示了入侵界面在不同实验条件下的动态特征。应用数值模拟方法揭示了流场的特征。计算表明,流场分两个区———淡水区和咸水区,由入侵界面分开。淡水区的水流相对活跃,淡水由入侵界面以上区域渗出边界,在界面以上形成淡水通道。     

高密度电阻率法探测海水入侵咸淡水界限初步调查研究——以莱州湾为例

本文从理论上阐述了高密度电阻率法探测海水入侵界限的可行性,对该方法在莱州湾地区实例分析表明,根据高密度电阻率法反演视电阻率断面图勾划出来的咸淡水分界线与水文地质调查结果基本吻合,说明了该方法在莱州湾地区具有较好的有效性和可行性。笔者还利用视电阻率断面图确定了咸淡水水体在平面分布情况和垂向变化情况,为查清海水入侵等环境地质问题提供可靠的基础资料。该方法在探测海水入侵方面具有简单、快速、低廉、无破坏性原位探测等特点,其应用前景可观,值得推广。     

海水入侵区视电阻率与氯离子浓度关系研究——以秦皇岛地区为例

为划分海水入侵界线,在秦皇岛沿海疑似海水入侵地区开展了高密度电阻率法勘察工作,并基于该成果对视电阻率与氯离子浓度的关系进行了分析总结.从统计分析不同地质分区的电法测井视电阻率值与对应井所采集水样得到的氯离子浓度的对应关系着手,通过数理分析求取二者之间的相关关系,得出研究区内二者的对应线性关系式,利用该关系式并结合高密度...     

中国沿海地区海水入侵现状与分析

首先介绍了我国存在着严重海水入侵灾害的三大河三角洲——长江三角洲、珠江三角洲、老黄河三角洲(莱州湾地区)海水入侵现状。长江口和珠江口海水入侵主要受河流入海径流量和河口潮汐影响,莱州湾地区海水入侵的产生则主要是人类过量开采地下淡水所致。地下淡水和咸水之间存在着一个动态平衡的混合界面,淡水储存一旦减少,平衡状态被打破,该界面便会向陆移动。最终产生海水入侵。海水入侵的发生受着诸多因素制约,在中国沿海地区。地下淡水的储备与人类的用水需求之间存在着矛盾,人类过量开采地下淡水是产生海水入侵的主导因素。因而开源节流、人工回灌地下淡水、阻隔水流等措施在防治海水入侵方面是行之有效的。     

海水入侵研究现状与展望

文中讨论了海水入侵的研究进展：海岸带海水入侵界面或过渡带的模拟，海岛地下淡水透镜体的动力学研究，井孔在界面或过渡带上部抽水所引起的升锥问题以及岸边地下水位动态研究及海平面变化对海水入侵的影响。海水入侵研究经历了从理想假定到合理概化，从室内实验模型、理想模型到数值模型这一过程。数值方法已成为模拟和求解海水入侵问题的最有力工具，海水入侵的过渡带模型成为主要的研究方向。分析了研究中存在的困难，展望了海水入侵研究的未来趋势：边界条件确定，水文地质参数选取，含水层结构估计，海水入侵输运与化学作用的耦合以及海水入侵预报。     

咸水入侵探测中电阻率法测量数值模拟研究

近年来海(咸)水入侵已成为影响居民生活、制约工农业发展的重大问题,确定咸淡水界面是治理海(咸)水入侵的重要前提。根据咸淡水的电性差异,针对两种典型的咸水入侵地电模型进行正、反演计算,并研究了不同因素对电阻率法测量咸淡水界面的影响。结果表明:1电阻率法数值模拟可以较好地反映咸淡水界面的位置及形态;2咸化程度和现场实测范围内的粘土层电阻率变化对咸淡水界面的测量无明显影响;3测量极距主要影响反演剖面的分辨率,极距越小,分辨率越高。     

音频大地电磁法在海水入侵动态监测中的应用

通过音频大地电磁法在莱州湾地区海水动态监测勘查中的应用成果,结合原有资料的综合研究,对研究区海水入侵现状,有了进一步的认识,并对咸淡水界面进行了详细的划分,取得了良好的环境地质效果.表明EH-4连续电导率成像系统在圈定海水侵染通道,确定咸、淡水界面及监测界面运移规律监测工作中的有效性.     

水化学与电法在海水入侵监测中的应用

根据大量实测资料,获得海水入侵监测的2种指标:由特征离子比值构成的水化学指标;由电阻率和充电率组成的电法指标.推导了这2种指标的相互关系,并介绍一些注意事项.     

论海水入侵综合防治应用技术

本文概述了当前国内外控制海水入侵灾害的技术与方法,结合我国海水入侵实际情况,尤其是针对莱州湾地区海水入侵的特点,提出海水入侵综合防治应用技术与策略.海水入侵的防治是一个涉及从陆地到海洋,从地上到地下,从自然环境到人类社会经济发展的综合性问题.通过工程措施和调度手段,在海水入侵区实施流域洪水拦蓄补源、雨水资源化集流利用技术,营建地下帷幕阻成蓄淡工程,以及实行地表地下多种可利用水体联合供水优化调度,可有效防治海水入侵.从适应、改良、治理海水入侵区域不良环境入手,实施海水入侵区节水农业技术,调整产业结构,发展生态农业,是改善海水入侵区受害生态环境,缓解海水入侵灾害问题的重要宏观调控手段.     

山东烟台大季家地区海水入侵界面划分的意义

在沿海地区划分海水入侵界线具有重大意义,在海水入侵范围内,地下水由于含盐量高,虽然工业生产、人畜生活不能利（饮）用,但深部海水可为海产品养殖业带来较高的利用价值。利用高密度电法和可控源音频大地电磁2种方法准确划分了浅、深部海水入侵界线,并根据电性特征分析探讨了海水入侵区域的由浅至深的侵入特点,推测了不同深度上岩石破碎及富水规律,为探讨沿海养殖业利用温度相对稳定或较高的深部入侵海水进行了积极、有益的探讨。     

Geoelectrical and hydrogeochemical studies for delineating seawater intrusion in the outlet of Wadi Ham, UAE

The Quaternary aquifer of Wadi Ham, UAE has been overexploited during the last two decades to meet the increasing water demands. As a result, the dynamic balance between freshwater and seawater has been disturbed and the quality of the groundwater has deteriorated. In this paper, a 2D earth resistivity survey was conducted in Wadi Ham in the area between Fujairah and Kalba to delineate the seawater intrusion. Existing monitoring wells were used to measure the horizontal and vertical variations in water salinity and thus to improve the interpretation of earth resistivity imaging data. Results of vertical electrical soundings and chemical analyses of collected water samples were used to obtain an empirical relationship between the inferred earth resistivity and the amount of total dissolved solids. This relationship was used along with the true resistivity sections resulting from the inversion of 2D resistivity data to identify three zones of water-bearing formation (fresh, brackish, and salt-water zones). Along the four 2D resistivity profiles, the depth to the fresh-brackish interface exceeded 50 m at the western part of the area and was in the order of 10 m or less in the eastern side near the shoreline. Depth to the brackish-saline water interface reached about 70 m in the western side and was in the order of 20 m in the eastern side. The thickness of the fresh water zone decreases considerably in the farming areas toward Kalba and thus the degree of seawater intrusion increases.     

Salinity mapping of coastal groundwater aquifers using hydrogeochemical and geophysical methods: a case study from north Kelantan,Malaysia

Integrated hydrogeochemical and geophysical methods were used to study the salinity of groundwater aquifers along the coastal area of north Kelantan. For the hydrogeochemical investigation, analysis of major ion contents of the groundwater was conducted, and other chemical parameters such as pH and total dissolved solids were also determined. For the geophysical study, both geoelectrical resistivity soundings and reflection seismic surveys were conducted to determine the characteristics of the subsurface and groundwater contained within the aquifers. The pH values range from 6.2 to 6.8, indicating that the groundwater in the study area is slightly acidic. Low content of chloride suggests that the groundwater in the first aquifer is fresh, with an average concentration of about 15.8 mg/l and high geoelectrical resistivity (>45 ohm m). On the other hand, the groundwater in the second aquifer is brackish, with chloride concentration ranging from 500 mg/l to 3,600 mg/l and very low geoelectrical resistivity (<45 ohm m) as well as high concentration of total dissolved solids (>1,000 mg/l). The groundwater in the third aquifer is fresh, with chloride concentrations generally ranging from 2 mg/l to 210 mg/l and geoelectrical resistivity of greater than 45 ohm m. Fresh and saltwater interface in the first aquifer is generally located directly in the area of the coast, but, for the second aquifer, both hydrogeochemical and geoelectrical resistivity results indicate that the fresh water and saltwater interface is located as far as 6 km from the beach. The considerable chloride ion content initially suggests that the salinity of the groundwater in the second aquifer is probably caused by the intrusion of seawater. However, continuous monitoring of the chloride content of the second aquifer indicated no significant changes with time, from which it can be inferred that the salinity of the groundwater is not affected by seasonal seawater intrusion. Schoeller diagrams illustrate that sulphate concentrations of the groundwater of the second aquifer are relatively low compared to those of the recent seawater. Therefore, this result suggests that the brackish water in the second aquifer is probably from ancient seawater that was trapped within the sediments for a long period of time, rather than due to direct seawater intrusion.     

煤田测井资料在分析沉积环境及研究聚煤带中的应用

本文叙述了在辽宁阜新煤盆地艾友矿区,利用视电阻率、自然伽玛、伽玛—伽玛测井曲线分析沉积环境的成果,着重总结了冲积扇、扇三角洲、湖泊以及河流等环境的测井曲线特征。在此基础上,根据该区100多个钻孔的测井曲线,作出了艾友矿区沙三段地层的含砂率等值线图和煤层等厚图。通过分析这些成果图件得出了该矿区聚煤带和富煤带的分布规律。这些研究成果对于煤田的预测和勘探具有普遍意义。     

Characterization of salt-water intrusion in the lower Esino Valley, Italy using a three-dimensional numerical model

A seawater-intrusion study was conducted at an oil-refinery site located on the coast in the lower Esino Valley, Italy. A steady-state density-dependent flow model was used in order to understand the position of the freshwater/salt-water interface, as influenced by the hydrogeologic structure and the presence of industrial activities and a river. Collected data and model results showed that in a large part of the area, the salt-water interface is steep and can penetrate only a few meters inland. On the other hand, close to the river mouth, seawater represents the main saline source for the aquifer. The river, in connection with the sea, can enhance seawater encroachment into the coastal aquifer; a long-term survey of river level and chloride concentrations in groundwater is recommended to further improve the physical model and to obtain a better calibration. At the refinery site, two “secondary” sources of saline water were identified and were demonstrated to have had a great influence on the presence of brackish waters in the unconfined aquifer: leakage from the fire-extinguishing system (network of pipes containing seawater) and rough sea events. This confirmed that groundwater contamination by chloride can result from means other than seawater intrusion.     

电阻率测深法在阿拉尔盆地划分咸、淡水层的应用

通过分析、总结电阻率测深法在青海阿拉尔盆地划分咸、淡水层的应用实例,着重论述了电测深曲线形态变化与含水层矿化度高低的对应关系,指出了曲线特征点(拐点等)是准确划分咸、淡水层的关键电性异常标志,阐明了该方法在划分第四系咸、淡水层的有效性及应用前景。     

三水导电模型及其在低阻储层解释中的应用

三水导电模型系基于岩石的导电路径是由自由流体水、微孔隙水和粘土束缚水并联而成的理论。利用其对塔北地区的部分低阻储层进行了解释。与传统的导电模型相比 ,新的三水导电模型极大地改善了测井识别低阻油气层的能力 ,提高了含水饱和度的计算精度。该模型不但适合于通常的砂泥岩地层电阻率解释并且能很好地描述低阻储层的电性特征     

15～19世纪中国与欧洲制盐技术的发展

１５～１９世纪中国与欧洲均以柴草和煤炭为燃料，经提升、运输等程序把海水、地下卤水运至熬盐场进行熬盐。欧洲使用木管输卤，用方型铁锅或铅锅熬制，而中国则用竹管输卤，以圆型铁锅和竹盘熬制，同时中国还采用天然气为熬盐燃料。把海水分段（池）日晒蒸发制卤、结晶制盐的工艺，欧洲始于中世纪末，中国则形成于唐（盐池卤水），完善于明，并逐渐向沿海扩展。中国于１８３５年凿成世界上第一口深逾千米的盐井；欧洲于１６世纪末，在地下１２０ｍ深处用水平巷道开采盐矿。中世纪末，欧洲用采矿法和水溶法开采地下盐，１７９２年从５０ｍ深的井下用蒸气机代替马匹汲取卤水。