Desert riparian forest colonization in the lower reaches of Tarim River based on remote sensing analysis

The ecological water conveyance project that pipes water from Daxihaizi reservoir to lower reaches of Tarim River has been implemented ten times since 2000. After ecological water conveyance, restoration has taken place for vegetation along the dried-up lower reaches of the Tarim River. The changes of vegetation fluctuated yearly due to ecological water conveyance. In order to reveal the detailed process of vegetation changes, remote sensing images from 1999 to 2010 were all classified individually into vegetated and non-vegetated areas using the soil-adjusted vegetation index threshold method. Then inter-annual changes of vegetation over a period of 12 years were obtained using a post-classification change detection technique. Finally, spatial–temporal changes distribution of vegetation cover and its response to ecological water conveyance were analyzed. The results indicate: (1) vegetation area increased by 8.52 % overall after ecological water conveyance. Vegetation between 2003 and 2004 increased dramatically with 45.87 % while vegetation between 2002 and 2003 decreased dramatically with 17.83 %. (2) Vegetation area gain is greater than vegetation loss during 1999–2000, 2001–2002, 2003–2004 and 2009–2010 periods. Although vegetation restoration is obvious from 1999 to 2010, vegetation loss also existed except for the periods above. It indicates that vegetation restoration fluctuated due to ecological water conveyance. (3) Spatial distribution of vegetation restoration presented “strip” distribution along the river and group shaper in the lower terrain area, while spatial distribution of vegetation loss mainly located in the upper reaches of river and area far away from the river. (4) Vegetation restoration area had a positive relative with total ecological water conveyance volume. The scheme and season of ecological water conveyance had also influenced the vegetation restoration. The vegetation change process monitoring, based on continuous remote sensing data, can provide the spatial–temporal distribution of vegetation cover in a large-scale area and scientific evidences for implementing ecological water conveyance in the lower Tarim River.     

塔里木河下游生态输水及植被恢复遥感监测评价

在干旱区内陆河流域,由于水资源过度开发利用,生态环境退化已成为普遍现象.向断流的河道和生态退化区域实施生态输水,是河流生态系统恢复的基本行为和必然过程.基于向塔里木河下游7次生态输水过程中地表水、地下水、植被恢复等系统监测,并运用卫星遥感技术,对生态输水后植被恢复响应特征指标NDVI(植被指数),进行了系统研究分析,并提出植被相对恢复度的评价方法.     

生态输水条件下塔里木河下游断面尺度地下水流数值模拟

由于中国西北地区地表水资源有限,地下水则成为重要的备用水资源,而地表水和地下水转化过程及其耦合模拟是水资源开发利用和科学评价的基础,因此,为了准确反映塔里木河下游间歇性生态输水后地下水的动态变化,以塔里木河下游英苏断面为例,基于Boussinesq方程建立了改进的地下水动力学(GH-D2)模型,模拟了塔里木河下游绿色走廊典型断面地下水对全时段(2000-2015年)间歇性生态输水的响应过程。结果表明,尽管Boussinesq方程的GH解能较好地模拟地下水位的瞬态变化,但模拟地下水位多年变化的结果并不理想,而改进的GH-D2模型考虑了间歇性生态输水对地下水位变化的滞后效应,对长时间尺度地下水位变化的模拟具有较好的效果。与GH和GH-D1模型相比,GH-D2模型模拟的地下水位值更接近于观测值,这将对塔里木河下游实施科学合理的生态输水计划以及生态恢复和重建策略提供关键的技术支撑。     

Desert riparian vegetation and groundwater in the lower reaches of the Tarim River basin

The Green Corridor in the lower reaches of Tarim River in northwestern China has an extreme hot and dry climate. Vegetation here, consisting of arbor, shrub and grass, relies on groundwater exceedingly. However, the increasing anthropogenic activities of large-scale agricultural reclamation and unreasonable water utilization in the upper and middle reaches caused the 321-km riverway in the lower reaches to dry up completely in 1972 and resulted in the sharp decline of groundwater, followed by the ruin of desert riparian vegetation on a large scale. The Green Corridor is on the verge of shrinking. Water has a key role in maintaining ecological balance and socioeconomic development. This paper, focused on the relationship between vegetation and groundwater, discusses (1) the change of groundwater table caused by the ecological water delivery carried out in the lower reaches of Tarim River; (2) the appropriate groundwater depth meeting the vegetation’s survival; (3) the minimum ecological flux and ecological water requirement for the growth of natural vegetation. It was shown that (1) based on the analysis of the monitoring data from the groundwater level of ten times water delivery, such an extensive artificial watering takes positive effect on raising the groundwater level along the two sides of the river; (2) a groundwater table depth of 2–4 m is probably the appropriate ecological water table level for the lower reaches of the Tarim River, and 6 m is the threshold for the local vegetation; (3) at the lower Tarim River, 1.157 × 10⁸ m³ of water flow is needed for itself. The longer the duration of water releases, the greater would be the groundwater rise and the larger the range of vegetation influenced. It was found that the duration and volume of water delivery was closely related to restoration of vegetation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. The goal of this paper is to offer scientific evidences for water delivery in the rigorous areas to maintain an ecological balance.     

Environmental changes after ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of Heihe River,northwest China

This paper analyzed the dynamic change of the groundwater level by 6 years’ monitoring in field monitoring and the change of vegetation by the field survey and satellite remote sensing after watering in the lower reaches of Heihe River. The findings indicated: (1) the groundwater level elevation and the plant growth are closely related to the volume and the duration of watering. In general, groundwater level elevates dramatically and plants are growing much more vigorously after watering; (2) Watering incidence on groundwater keeps extending with the watering times increasing; (3) Plants grew rapidly in 100–400 m away from the water channel after watering. Watering incidence on vegetation reached 1,000 m; (4) In terms of the function and structure of ecosystem after watering in the lower reaches of Heihe River, the ecological water conveyance does not still reach the goal of ecological restoration at a large spatial scale at present. In addition, in order to solve fundamentally the problem of ecological environment worsens in the lower reaches of Heihe River, some suggestions and countermeasures are put forward.     

格尔木河流域植被指数时空分布及其影响因素研究

格尔木河流域气候干旱少雨,生态环境较脆弱,植被动态对其生态环境保护具有重要意义。基于连续序列的MODIS NDVI数据,分析了格尔木河流域植被指数时空分布及其影响因素。结果表明:研究区NDVI平均值总体较小,主要在0.10～0.12间波动,但呈增大趋势。区内植被改善区分布在格尔木市东、西两侧,基本不变区为荒漠地区,植被退化区分布在北部盐湖区。区内裸土的面积逐渐减小,低覆盖率和高覆盖率植被的面积逐渐增加。研究区植被生长与气象、土壤水分和地下水位埋深都有关系。气温与植被指数相关关系较好,相关系数为0.822,而降水对植被的生长也有一定的作用。植被指数与表观热惯量是正相关关系,相关系数为0.979。区内植被的地下水位埋深范围为0～12 m,在水位埋深约为6.5 m的地方,植被长势最好。     

The influence of 10 years of water conveyances on groundwater and juvenile Populus euphratica of the lower Tarim River

The changes in the depth of groundwater were studied from the period before water conveyance through 2010, and the TDS of groundwater was analyzed in the lower reaches of the Tarim River during the period 2001–2010. Besides, the numbers of juvenile P. euphratica were investigated in the lower reaches of the Tarim River during the period 2001–2010. The findings indicate that: (1) the hydrological environment of the lower reaches has slowly deteriorated again; and (2) few juvenile P. euphratica were observed along the channel. These results show that the positive influence of the ecological water conveyance project on the ecosystem of the lower Tarim River should be beneficial in the long term; however, the long-term stability of the ecosystem cannot be achieved by the current water diversion scheme.     

西北典型内陆流域地下水与湿地生态系统协同演化机制

以生态输水为代表的湿地修复工程在西北内陆流域得到了广泛应用,生态输水情形下地下水与湿地植被的交互作用决定着湿地生态系统的演化过程。以西北典型内陆流域—石羊河流域青土湖湿地为研究区,基于地下水-湿地生态系统多要素一体化动态监测网络,结合稳定同位素和卫星遥感技术手段,分析生态输水情形下的地下水动态变化与湿地植被恢复情况,从水文地质角度揭示地下水与湿地生态系统的协同演化机制。结果显示:夏季末和秋季生态输水时,湖水补给地下水且土壤含水率增大,最大土壤含水率可达0.45 m³/m³;冬季湿地湖面和表层土壤冻结,湖水对地下水补给量减少,春季冻土和湖面消融导致地下水略有回升,同时增大土壤含水率;夏季在下次生态输水前湖面面积最小(湖面面积最小约为1 km²,地下水水位最大埋深为3.6 m),部分区域地下水补给湖水,此时表层土壤含水率也最低(最小土壤含水率为0.01 m³/m³);夏季末和秋季生态输水通过将生态水储存在地下水和土壤中进而作用于次年的植被恢复与生长,增大生态输水所形成的湖面面积有助...     

Response of groundwater chemistry to water deliveries in the lower reaches of Tarim River,Northwest China

In this paper, we analysed the monitored data from nine groundwater-monitoring transects in the lower reaches of Tarim River during the five times of stream water deliveries to the river transect where the stream flow ceased. The results showed that the groundwater depth in the lower reaches of Tarim River rose from −9.30 m before the conveyances to −8.17 and −6.50 m after the first and second conveyances, −5.81 and −6.00 m after the third and fourth the conveyance, and −4.73 m after the fifth. The horizontal extent of groundwater recharge was gradually enlarged along both sides of the channel of conveyance, i.e., from 250 m in width after the first conveyance to 1,050 m away from the channel after the fourth delivery. With the rising groundwater level, the concentrations of major anions Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and cations Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, as well as total dissolved solids (TDS) in groundwater underwent a significant change. The spatial variations in groundwater chemistry indicated that the groundwater chemistry at the transect near Daxihaizi Reservoir changed earlier than that farther from it. In the same transect, the chemical variations were earlier in the monitoring well close to watercourse than that farther away from the stream. In general, the concentration of the major ions and TDS at each monitoring well increased remarkably when the water delivery started, and decreased with the continued water delivery, and then increased once again at the end of the study period. Hence, the whole study period may be divided into three stages: the initial stage, the intermediate stage and the later stage. According to the three stages of groundwater chemistry reaction to water delivery and the relationships between groundwater chemical properties and groundwater depths, we educe that under the situation of water delivery, the optimum groundwater depth in the lower reaches of the Tarim River should be −5 m.     

基于流域水资源合理配置的塔里木河流域生态调度研究

塔里木河流域近期综合治理已近尾声,众多山区水库及水电开发建设将大规模展开,开展流域生态调度对巩固综合治理已取得的成效,强化水资源统一管理,构建和谐流域具有重要的现实意义. 基于流域已确定实施的水资源分配方案和近10 a来的生态输水实践,分析了生态调度与水资源合理配置的关系以及流域生态调度关键问题、主要技术路线和基本框架结构,计算了流域生态调度关键控制断面阿拉尔断面生态流量,探索了源流区、干流中上游、干流下游生态调度的目标和措施,提出了源流"集中同步组合"、干流"分段耗水控制"、干流下游"地下水位调控"的生态调度方案,以期为流域水资源统一管理、控制性水利工程运行管理和流域生态环境保护提供参考依据.     

生态输水影响下地下水化学特征的时空变化分析

对塔里木河下游自2000年以来的4次生态输水的地下水位变化与地下水监测井的水化学资料比较分析,结果表明:地下水化学特征随4次生态输水,在时间与空间上发生明显变化.沿输水河道方向(纵向),下游上段的监测断面的地下水化学特征受输水的影响明显早于下游下段的水化学特征,且变化幅度也较大.沿垂直河道的方向(横向),距输水河道不同距离处的地下水化学特征先后呈现相似的变化规律,即:在受输水影响的初期,地下水化学成分中的主要离子含量和矿化度都明显上升,随着生态输水的继续进行而逐步下降.同时,地下水化学的变化特征反映出生态输水的影响范围在逐渐扩大,4次输水后地下水的响应范围在距离输水 000 m左右态输水虽然对地下水中盐分浓度起到了暂时冲淡和区域盐分再分配作用,但要使下游水质真正好转只有采取一系列工程和管理措施.     

西北内陆河流域水循环和生态演变与功能保障机制研究

在气候变化、生态保护以及水资源调控影响下,西北内陆河流域水循环和生态环境状态发生了显著改变,迫切需要解答气候变化对植被恢复和产水量的影响,调水和压采等措施下地下水水位动态、管控指标及其对生态环境的维持机制。为此,文章阐述了内陆河流域气候-植被-土壤-水文相互作用机理以及上中下游演变状况。针对上游产水区,提出了山区气候变...     

Response of riparian vegetation to water-table changes in the lower reaches of Tarim River, Xinjiang Uygur, China

The lower reaches of Tarim River in the Xinjiang Uygur region of western China had been dried out for more than 30 years before water began to be diverted from Konqi (Peacock) River via a 927-km-long channel in year 2000, aimed at improving the riparian ecological systems. Since then, eight intermittent water deliveries have been carried out. To evaluate the response of riparian vegetation to these operations, the groundwater regime and vegetation changes have been monitored along the 350-km-long stem of the river using a network of 40 dug wells at nine transects across the river and 30 vegetation plots at key sites. Results show that the water table rose remarkably, i.e. from a depth of 9.87 m before the water delivery to 3.16 m after the third water delivery. The lateral distance of affected water table extended to 1,050 m from the riverbank after the fourth water delivery. The riparian vegetation has changed in composition, type, distribution, and growing behavior. This shows that the water deliveries have had significant effects on restoration of riparian ecosystems.     

塔里木河下游生态输水后地下水变化规律研究

为准确反映塔里木河下游生态输水工程后地下水的动态变化,实现为本地区开展大规模的生态恢复和重建工作提供科学依据,在塔里木河下游沿321km河道上布设了9个监测断面和39口监测井,采用电导法定期监测地下水位近3年。结果显示:输水后地下水位在河道纵向、横向上有各自的变化规律,说明生态输水的效益是逐步显现的。因此,对本地区生态输水的综合评价应该放在几年以后再开展。同时,通过对生态输水后地下水位变化的分析,提出了调整输水规模和方式的建议。     

黑河干流拟建水利工程对下游生态环境的影响分析

依据典型年份实际调查资料和以往研究成果, 采用地下水均衡方法, 定量对比分析了黑河拟建水利工程对下游地区地下水资源变化趋势, 并利用Visual Modflow三维地下水非稳定流软件系统模型对下游盆地未来20 a(2008—2028年)地下水位及其生态环境变化趋势进行了预测.结果表明: 在拟建工程实施20 a后黑河下游地下水位总体上处于下降趋势, 但下降幅度呈逐年减少状态直至趋于新的动态平衡.金塔-鼎新盆地地下水位下降幅度最大的地段是黑河沿岸为0.51~0.87 m, 但由于人工农业绿洲补充, 故生态环境不会有大的改变.额济纳盆地地下水位下降幅度最大的地段是古日乃及外围, 分别为1.0 m以上和0.5~1.0 m, 将引起植被的衰亡和种群的更替变化; 大部分地段地下水位下降幅度介于0.0~0.50 m之间, 对现有的生态与环境影响不显著; 桃来三达-额济纳旗以北地下水位呈现上升趋势, 上升幅度为0.10~0.87 m, 东居延海一带上升幅度大于0.87 m, 这一地区植被长势趋于良好, 植被覆盖率会有所增加, 将形成围绕海子的天然绿洲.     

合理地下水生态水位的估算方法研究——以塔里木河下游为例

从合理地下水生态水位的定义出发,探讨了各类估算合理地下水生态水位的方法。以塔里木河下游为例,分析应急生态输水后,地下水埋深与胡杨样枝生长情况的关系,结果表明,塔里木河下游合理地下水生态水位埋深为4～6m。     

利用NOAACHAIN监测近10 a来中国西北土地覆盖的变化

近10 a来, 中国西北地区土地覆盖发生显著的变化. 利用基于遥感的中国西北土地覆盖动态监测系统NOAAAVHRR Processing Chain (NOAACHAIN), 预处理1 990年7～8月和1999年7～8月NOAAAVHRR影像资料, 对预处理过程的大气纠正和几何纠正方法及有关参数的计算进行详细的介绍. 对计算的参数NDVI进行统计, 获取两个时期土地覆盖变化的数据. 从NDVI差值分布图可以看出中国西北植被指数普遍减小, 植被退化严重, 严重退化的地区主要分布在青海东部农牧交错区、新疆的天山地区和塔里木河下游的"绿色走廊"地带等;中度退化地区分布在青海的柴达木盆地、新疆的准葛尔盆地和塔里木盆地南部、甘肃的民勤地区、陕西北部和甘肃庆阳地区北部等. 植被增加的地区主要分布在伊利河流域、新疆北部、青海南部、甘肃兰州附近和陕西的秦岭等局部地区.     

基于GRACE 和GLDAS 的塔里木河流域地下水储量演变规律研究

塔里木河流域位于中国西北干旱区,降水稀少,生态脆弱,水资源是维系当地社会经济发展和生态健康的关键因素。文章利用GRACE重力卫星数据和GLDAS全球陆面同化系统数据识别了塔里木河流域2003~2019年地下水储量变化,并分析其时空分布规律。结果显示,2003~2019年间塔里木河流域地下水储量整体呈下降趋势,速率为-2.13 mm/a。在空间分布上,由北向南,地下水储量的下降降幅逐渐减少,天山南坡中段地区地下水亏损最大,而塔里木河下游地下水储量稳步回升,与近十多年的应急生态输水有关。此外,塔里木河流域地下水储量变化与年降水量存在比较一致的年际变化特征。2004、2006~2009年降水量偏少,地下水储量显著减少,降水量多的年份,地下水储量出现回升。基于GRACE和GLDAS的地下水储量分析方法对于对监测缺乏地下水站网的塔里木河流域地下水资源具有较大应用潜力。     

1990—2019年黑河流域植被覆盖度动态变化及气温对其影响

植被覆盖度的变化特征是流域生态监测的重要内容,能为流域综合管理决策提供基础信息。黑河流域是中国西北干旱-半干旱地区第二大的内陆河流域。为研究我国西北干旱-半干旱地区的生态状况,以黑河流域为研究区,根据1990—2019年Landsat NDVI数据,综合应用像元二分模型和一元线性回归方法,分析黑河流域植被覆盖度的动态变化并探讨气温对其影响。结果表明: 黑河流域植被覆盖度呈现由南向北递减的空间分布特征; 近30 a来,植被覆盖面积总体呈上升趋势,中高植被覆盖度增长速度最快; 流域大部分地区植被覆盖度保持不变,植被覆盖度增加的区域多于退化区域; 受全球变暖影响,整个流域气温呈升高趋势,中游气温上升最快,上游最慢,流域上游和中游气温的升高对植被覆盖度起到促进作用,下游气温的升高则抑制了植被生长。     

基于MODIS NDVI的贵州省植被退化及归因

为了解森林退化的原因,利用2000-2015年的MODIS NDVI数据,在分析贵州省植被变化趋势的基础上识别了归一化植被指数（NDVI)显著下降的区域,并在NDVI显著下降区选取面积大于10 km2的森林图斑为兴趣区,分析其内气候变化趋势及对森林NDVI值的影响。研究表明:197个兴趣区主要分布在贵州省西北部的赤水—习水、东北部的梵净山和东南部的非喀斯特区域;区内春、夏季NDVI变化趋势与年NDVI值变化趋势一致,下降速率达到-0.01·yr-1,冬季与其他季节变化趋势相反,呈不显著升高趋势;区内春季和夏季气温升高显著,降水和日照时间无明显变化,整体气候变化呈暖干趋势;夏季温度升高是NDVI降低的主要驱动因素。