Injury and repair of articular cartilage: Related scientific issues

Articular cartilage (AC) is the soft tissue lining the ends of bones in diarthrodial joints. It is responsible for providinglubrication and compressive stiffness to the joint during articulation while responding viscoelastically to mechanical loading. Injury of the tissue caused by trauma or disease can be devastating to joint function as these mechanisms fail. Because of this, it is essential to review the basic science underlying the mechanical roles AC plays while healthy, the biomechanical and biological perspectives of the injury and repair processes, and the current repair techniques available for injured AC. This is done in an effort to further our understanding of the healing capacity of AC and facilitate new efforts into AC repair.     

耳软骨整体再造鼻侧软骨的可行性分析

目的：以耳软骨为供区,探索整体再造鼻侧软骨的方法。方法：20具（40侧）尸体标本,取下耳软骨40枚,鼻侧软骨40枚。CT扫描后重建三维图像,测量鼻侧软骨各解剖分区的相关数据。设计耳软骨3个供区可整体移植再造同侧鼻侧软骨,测量相关的形态数据。结果：耳软骨3个供区的相关形态数据大于同侧鼻侧软骨的相应数据。结论：耳甲腔、耳屏及两者之间连接的峡部（CVIT区域）,三角窝、耳轮及两者的连接部（TFH区域）,耳甲艇、耳轮及两者之间的连接部分（CBH区域）可整体取下,修整后整体再造同侧鼻侧软骨。     

The Fate of Diced Cartilage Grafts of Traumatized Versus Nontraumatized Origin

Background Diced cartilage grafts have long been used in rhinoplasty. Along with their various reported advantages, they also have some disadvantages. The irregular resorption rate of the engrafted mass is one of the major issues noted with diced cartilage grafts. An explanation for the unpredictable resorption rate has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to determine the role of traumatized versus nontraumatized cartilage as the source of diced cartilage grafts. Methods This study included the noses of 32 patients (19 traumatized noses and 13 nontraumatized noses) who underwent surgery using Surgicel-wrapped diced cartilage grafts. Results The most remarkable result noted in this study was that a Surgicel-wrapped diced cartilage graft, if prepared from traumatized cartilage (in 19 patients), failed to maintain a stable long-term volume. Partial volume loss was noted in 100% of these patients. However, the rate of this partial resorption was different for every individual and could not be predicted. The highest retention of cartilage graft volume was seen primarily over the nasal osseocartilaginous junction. In nontraumatized patients, however, the engrafted mass maintained long-term volume stability. These patients evidenced no visible external irregularities, and only a few very slight imperfections were noted with finger palpation. Conclusion Diced cartilage of traumatic origin is not recommended for any purpose. In such cases, the authors’ engrafting algorithm consists of autobone or ear conchal cartilage grafts for dorsal augmentation, columellar struts from the nontraumatized part of the septum, and spreader grafts from the nontraumatized part of the septum or ear concha.     

Surgical technique for articular cartilage transplantation to full-thickness cartilage defects in the knee joint

Focal arthritic defects in the knee lead to pain, swelling, and dysfunction. Treatment of the defects has includeddrilling, abrasion, and grafting. This report describes our surgical technique of autogenous articular cartilage grafting of arthritic and traumatic articular cartilage lesions. Articular cartilage grafting can be performed as a single arthroscopic outpatient procedure. The mixture of articular cartilage and cancellous bone appears to provide a supportive matrix for cartilage formation. Pain relief is excellent if careful surgical technique and a defined rehabilitation program is followed. Further collagen typing data and additional biopsies will reveal more about the durability of the newly formed cartilage.     

自体肋软骨移植构建鼻尖软骨复合体在鼻整形中的临床应用

目的：通过应用自体肋软骨重塑鼻尖软骨支架结构,形成稳定的鼻尖软骨复合体,来达到完美、立体的鼻尖外形,同时应用膨体聚四氟乙烯或硅胶假体支架抬高鼻背,从而达到理想的鼻部整形美容效果。方法：以鼻小柱基底部＂几＂字形切口和鼻孔内鼻翼软骨外侧缘切口,彻底分离皮肤达鼻翼基底部,对鼻尖短小朝天者可松解到达梨状孔边缘,显露两侧鼻翼软骨及侧鼻软骨,同时暴露鼻中隔软骨游离端;雕刻自体肋软骨,移植、固定到鼻中隔软骨上,贯穿缝合鼻翼软骨、移植的软骨,形成鼻尖软骨支架结构,构建鼻尖软骨复合体。雕刻膨体聚四氟乙烯或硅胶假体支架放置到鼻背鼻骨骨膜下抬高鼻背。结果：本组96例手术者均采用自体肋软骨移植构建鼻尖软骨复合体行鼻整形,术后7天拆线,切口Ⅰ/甲愈合。随诊6～12个月,95例术后鼻尖表现点明显,鼻形立体、挺拔,自然美观,鼻尖活动度好,效果满意。1例术者感觉鼻小柱下垂,通过修复移植软骨,达到满意效果。结论：应用自体肋软骨重塑鼻尖软骨支架结构,构建鼻尖软骨复合体,同时应用膨体聚四氟乙烯或硅胶假体支架抬高鼻背,可以达到理想的鼻部整形美容效果。     

Tragal Cartilage Grafts in Aesthetic Rhinoplasty

Ear cartilage is an important source of grafts for rhinoplasty. The majority of cartilage grafts is harvested from the concha of the ear. We describe indications in which the tragal cartilage is a more favorable graft source than conchal cartilage. The technique is fast, simple, and does not require special dressings.     

异体软骨细胞复合Pluronic修复关节软骨缺损

目的 探讨运用同种异体软骨细胞复合Pluronic修复关节软骨缺损的可行性，并应用^3H—TdR放射自显影方法鉴别软骨缺损修复的细胞来源。方法 取同种异体软骨细胞体外培养至第2代，用^3H—TdR标记后复合Pluronic植入兔关节软骨缺损区作为实验组，并采用单纯Pluronic植入作为材料对照组，不作任何处理组为空白对照组，分别于4、8及16周取材，观察其修复效果，并应用放射自显影方法鉴别修复组织的细胞来源。结果 实验组术后8周，缺损表面可见新生软骨形成，术后16周缺损完全修复，表面光滑，与周围界限模糊，放射自显影证实所修复组织的细胞来源于植入细胞。材料对照组及空白对照组缺损均未见明显修复。结论 ①同种异体软骨细胞复合Pluronic修复关节软骨缺损是可行的；②^3H—TdR标记细胞可作为鉴别细胞来源的一种简便可行的方法。     

Augmentation rhinoplasty with soft tissue and cartilage

Augmentation rhinoplasty using soft tissue and cartilage was performed on 120 patients and the results were reexamined. They were found to be satisfactory and without complication. To narrow a round tip, a resection of two-thirds of the lateral crus cephalad portion and a transection of the caudal portion with a strip resection was done. To elevate the tip, septal cartilage was sutured to one-third of the upper part of medial crus to form a columella cartilage strut. To maintain the strut and to prevent pointing, a fibrous muscle tissue stretching from the medial crus to the upper cartilage or a dermis was transplanted into the area surrounding the septal cartilage tip. For a simple elevation of the dorsum, an onlay graft of dermis was applied, but where further elevation was required, further dermis and conchal cartilage was added for suture and attachment to the dermis.     

Simplified harvesting of the ear cartilage graft

A simplified technique of harvesting of the ear cartilage graft is described which (1) uses a postauricular incision to minimize the visible scars, (2) removes the whole floor of the conchal fossa to avoid the irregularities, and (3) uses a tie-over dressing to eliminate the need for a head dressing. This technique has been used on 88 patients with one visible and tender medial irregularity, and three minor palpable, but invisible irregularities.     

关节软骨缺损修复研究进展

关节软骨是滑膜关节重要的结构和功能单位，一旦关节软骨发生损伤，由于软骨组织本身缺乏血管，缺乏修复损伤和缺损的未分化细胞，软骨细胞包埋于致密的胶原一蛋白多糖基质中，限制了细胞的增殖和迁移能力，所以自身修复能力非常有限，若治疗不及时或不恰当，难以形成正常的关节软骨，因而无法满足正常关节的功能需求，将会导致严重的关节功能障碍。     

Locomotion replacement exercise cannot counteract cartilage biomarker response to 5 days of immobilization in healthy adults

Biomarkers of cartilage metabolism are sensitive to changes in the biological and mechanical environment and can indicate early changes in cartilage homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to determine if a daily locomotion replacement program can serve as a countermeasure for changes in cartilage biomarker serum concentration caused by immobilization. Ten healthy male subjects (mean ± 1 standard deviation; age: 29.4 ± 5.9 years; body mass: 77.7 ± 4.1 kg) participated in the crossover 5-day bed rest study with three interventions: control (CON), standing (STA), and locomotion replacement training (LRT). Serum samples were taken before, during, and after bed rest. Biomarker concentrations were measured using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) levels after 24 hours of bed rest decreased independently of the intervention (−16.8% to −9.8%) and continued to decrease until 72 hours of bed rest (minimum, −23.2% to −20.6%). LRT and STA did not affect COMP during bed rests (P = .056) but there was a strong tendency for a slower decrease with LRT (−9.4%) and STA (−11.7%) compared with CON (−16.8%). MMP-3 levels decreased within the first 24 hours of bed rest (CON: −22.3%; STA: −14.7%; LRT: −17%) without intervention effect. Both COMP and MMP-3 levels recovered to baseline levels during the 6-day recovery period. MMP-1, MMP-9, and TNF-α levels were not affected by immobilization or intervention. COMP and MMP-3 are mechano-sensitive cartilage biomarkers affected by immobilization, and simple interventions such as standing upright or LRT during bed rest cannot prevent these changes. Clinical significance: simple locomotion interventions cannot prevent cartilage biomarker change during bed rest.     

保留钙化层结构的猪股骨滑车全厚软骨缺损模型建立

目的建立保留钙化层结构的猪股骨滑车全厚软骨缺损模型,为观察组织工程软骨在保留钙化层的膝关节软骨缺损模型中的修复效果提供良好的实验研究平台。方法选取6月龄清洁级贵州小香猪9只,体重40～50 kg,用标准的软骨缺损制作套件在其右后肢股骨滑车切迹旁制备直径6 mm、深0.2～0.5 mm、不伤及钙化层结构的圆柱形全厚软骨缺损模型。造模4周后行3.0T MRI观察,取材后进行大体、体视显微镜观察及固绿-番红O、阿利新蓝、天狼星红组织学染色观察缺损处软骨修复情况。结果造模后实验动物均存活,术后切口无感染,无髌骨脱位;术后即可下地行走并部分负重,1周后均能自由活动,无跛行。造模后4周,MRI检查可见滑车处有明显连续信号中断,异常信号深及软骨下骨,缺损周边深层未见明显信号异常。标本大体观察示缺损底部有少量填充物、出血点,与周围正常软骨界限清楚。体式显微镜观察示钙化层基本完整,缺损局部软骨下骨板有塌陷。普通显微镜下,固绿-番红O及阿利新蓝染色示缺损处无软骨细胞及染料着色;偏光显微镜下,天狼星红染色示缺损底部被连续、强折光性的纤维组织少量填充。结论通过该造模方法制作的不伤及钙化层结构的猪股骨滑车全厚软骨缺损模型,可用于骨关节炎早期软骨病变修复的研究及猪软骨钙化层结构作用研究的动物模型。     

活动对自体骨膜游离移植修复关节软骨缺损的影响实验研究

为了探索活动对骨膜游离移植修复关节软骨缺损的影响，选用成年健康家兔６０只，随机分三组：笼外活动组，笼内活动组及制动组。手术造成双后肢骨宾股关节股骨关节面０．５ｃｍ×１ｃｍ全层软骨缺损各一处，将自体胫骨骨膜游离移植于左侧软骨缺损处，右侧作为对照。分别于术后第４，８和１２周处死动物，取关节软骨标本。通过大体组织学、组织化学及电镜观察软骨再生情况，并比较活动量的多少对骨膜化生软骨的影响。结果表明，游离骨膜产生类透明软骨能有效地修复全层关节软骨缺损；统计学分析，笼外活动组与笼内活动组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），笼内活动组与制动组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），笼外活动组与制动组差异高度显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。证明，活动量的大小对骨膜化生软骨有着重要的影响     

培养软骨、关节软骨、生长板和半月板的超微结构研究

目的 探讨离心管培养软骨作为移植材料的可能性。方法 3周龄兔关节软骨细胞经离心管培养2周形成软骨,另取6周龄兔肱骨头关节软骨、肱骨近端生长板和半月板,并对4种软骨进行透射电镜观察,比较其软骨细胞和细胞外基质结构。结果 离心管培养软骨具有独特的超微结构,与关节软骨和生长板有一定的相似性,而与半月板有明显区别。4种软骨都形成了各自不同的细胞和细胞外基质特征,离心管培养软骨呈现典型软骨细胞凋亡,生长板表现“黑暗”软骨细胞,关节软骨和半月板未见细胞凋亡。结论 离心管培养软骨具有独特的超微结构,可作为关节软骨和生长板的移植物。     

Steindler lecture. Binding sites in fetal and growth plate cartilage

In addition to genetic and nutritional factors, linear growth during the prenatal and postnatal periods is controlled by peptide, steroid, and thyroid hormones interacting with the receptors present on the membrane or in the cytosol and nuclei of growth plate cartilage. Using standard procedures, insulin and "nonsuppressible insulin-like activity" (a somatomedin) showed significant binding in 600, 15,000, and 105,000 g membrane fractions of epiphyseal cartilage of immature animals. The binding of growth hormone and prolactin was small and probably not significant. Specific uptake of glucocorticoid was demonstrated in viable canine chondrocytes, but not of androgen, estrogen, or vitamin D3 metabolite. A triiodothyronine receptor was present in nuclei from dog epiphyseal cartilage. Hormones that lack binding may affect cartilage only indirectly. Hormone receptors were studied in those portions of fetal growth cartilage that will later evolve into an ossification center, articular cartilage, and epiphyseal cartilage. Cytosol fractions contained a receptor for glucocorticoid but not for androgen or estrogen. Zonal analysis showed a higher level in the peripheral and central sections than in the palisade section. Triiodothyronine binding was also detected in nuclei prepared from whole fetal cartilage. Heterogeneity of cell function was obvious in fetal cartilage. Cell division was high in the central and peripheral zones as well as the upper half of the palisade zone, but low in the lower palisade section. Proline and sulfate incorporation predominated in the palisade section compared with the central and peripheral sections. Disease states with changes of metabolic activities in the cartilage may perhaps be better understood with a clearer knowledge of receptor levels and interactions.     

利用软骨细胞膜片技术体外构建管状软骨组织的实验研究

目的探讨以改进的软骨细胞膜片技术为基础,以大型哺乳动物耳软骨细胞为种子细胞,体外构建与羊气管实际管径相当的管状软骨的可行性。方法山羊耳郭软骨细胞体外培养1~2周后,软骨细胞膜片体外塑形,体外培养6周时收取标本,观察大体外观及弹性,检查软骨形成情况。结果体外培养6周时卷起的膜片已融合为完整的白色半透明管状组织,具有一定的生物力学强度;组织学检测证实,体外构建的管状组织的管壁为连续的软骨样组织。结论改进后的软骨细胞膜片技术具有原代细胞用量少、体外培养时间短、炎症反应少等优点,有更广泛的临床应用前景。     

应用细胞膜片复合硅胶管内支撑构建组织工程管状软骨

目的 研究利用羊耳软骨细胞形成细胞膜片,构建无细胞支架组织工程管状软骨的可行性.方法 体外培养扩增羊耳软骨细胞至第2代,以2.0×106 cells/mL的高密度,培养7d,形成直径为35 mm的圆形细胞膜片,将细胞膜片均匀包裹于硅胶管,植入裸鼠背部皮下,4周后取材检测.以大体观察、组织学、免疫组织化学等方法,对形成的软骨进行评价.结果 大体观察可见形成良好的管状软骨,HE染色见软骨陷窝形态规则,番红O染色及Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化均呈阳性表达.结论 细胞膜片复合硅胶管内支撑的方法能形成管状软骨,为气管软骨的再造提供了新的方法.     

软骨划痕及折叠法联合应用矫正Stahl耳畸形

目的：介绍一种St ahl耳畸形矫正的方法。方法：针对一组17例患者,联合应用软骨划痕法及软骨折叠法矫正畸形。结果：16例患者第三对耳轮脚得到完全纠正,1例在耳轮处有较小的异常对耳轮脚的残余。在所有的病例中原较宽的耳舟均被纠正至正常宽度,对耳轮及其上脚的连续性得到较好的保留。所有的患者及其家人对手术的最终效果表示满意,没有手术并发症。结论：软骨划痕法和软骨折叠法联合矫正Stahl畸形简单实用,术后效果满意。