疏松砂岩气藏地震AVO属性敏感性分析与评价

利用完全Zoeppritz方程分析了疏松砂岩气藏反射系数对密度比、纵波速度比、横波速度比、泊松比和含气饱和度的敏感性.通过求取反射系数对各弹性参数的偏导得到反射系数对弹性参数的敏感性,通过求取反射系数对含气饱和度的完全导数得到对含气饱和度的敏感性.对于疏松砂岩气藏界面,P-P波AVO(振幅随偏移距变化)当入射角大于40°对纵波速度比、横波速度比在低含气饱和度时敏感,对泊松比的敏感性在气层饱和度较高和较低时差异明显,对含气饱和度的敏感性在低饱和度时敏感,且随入射角增加而增大;P-SV波AVO对泊松比的敏感性在含气饱和度较高和较低时差异明显.研究表明,利用反射系数对弹性参数和含气饱和度的敏感性分析可以帮助识别低饱和气藏.     

弱各向异性介质中P-SV波弹性阻抗与流体识别因子(英文)

基于Petr Jilek正交各向异性介质中的P-SV波反射系数精确公式,通过近似得到VTI和HTI介质中的P-SV波近似公式,同时结合Kenneth横波弹性阻抗原理,推导建立了VTI和HTI介质中P-SV波的弹性阻抗近似公式;在此基础上构建了弱各向异性介质中的流体识别因子公式,通过理论模型对Castagna和Smith的岩性组合进行了识别;最后详细分析了各向异性参数的取值对P-SV波弹性阻抗及识别因子产生的影响及变化趋势。     

部分饱和砂岩储层地震物理模拟及含气饱和度预测分析

含气饱和度预测是天然气储层地震解释工作的重要目标.本文将岩石物理分析与地震物理模拟技术相结合,构建了部分;饱和砂岩储层物理模型并进行含气饱和度预测分析.物理模型中设置了高孔渗常规砂岩和低孑孔渗致密砂岩两种模拟储层,每种储层都是由具有不同含水饱和度的气-水双相饱和砂体组成.岩石物理分析结果显示在低孔渗致密砂岩中气-水混合流体更加倾向于非均匀的斑块分布,而结合了Brie等效流体公式的Gassmann流体替换理论可以更准确地描述纵波速度随含水饱和度的变化趋势.对物理模型进行地震资料采集处理后,对比了AVO特征和叠前同步反演结果对两种砂岩储层含气饱和度预测能力的差异.AVO特征结果显示,对于混合流体均匀分布的高孔渗砂岩储层,AVO响应曲线和属性变化很难对含气饱和度进行估算;对于混合流体斑块分布的致密砂岩储层,AVO特征可以定性地分辨出储层是否为高、中、低含气情况.反演结果显示,密度及纵横波速度比分别对高孔渗及致密砂岩储层的含气饱和度有着较好的指示能力.     

双相介质分界面上弹性波的反射与透射

本文基于Biot理论,推导出Zoeppritz形式的双相介质分界面上弹性波的反射与透射公式,对单相Zoeppritz公式与双相反射系数公式进行了比较,对双相介质含油、水、气不同流体时的反射规律以及孔隙度、渗透率、饱和度等储层参数对纵波反射的影响进行了研究.数值模拟分析表明,双相与单相反射公式的主要差异在于双相介质反射公式中考虑了液相、固液耦合相弹性模量的影响;油砂、水砂、气砂岩的慢P波反射差异明显;快P波反射对孔隙度的变化敏感,饱和度次之,对渗透率和频率的变化不敏感.     

非饱和岩石中的纵波频散与衰减: 双重孔隙介质波传播方程

本文采用Rayleigh理论描述纵波激励下非饱和岩石中气泡的局域流体流动,从经典力学的哈密顿原理导出了双重孔隙介质中的波传播方程,即Biot-Rayleigh方程.方程的格式简洁,参数少,所有相关参数物理可测,因此,方程具有较好的物理可实现性.基于相同的岩石与前人理论对比,初步验证了本理论的有效性.对三个地区的砂岩储层进行了分析,结果显示:地震频段内纵波对储层是否含气非常敏感,但对含气饱和度指示性不佳,且随着孔隙度降低,纵波频散与衰减在中低频段更为显著;含甲烷与含二氧化碳的砂岩储层均呈第三类AVO响应特征,很难从叠前分析技术中鉴别;理论预测的纵波频散随饱和度与频率变化的趋势与特征,与多频段实验观测结果一致.     

煤层中流体地震可探测性的模拟分析

作为一种典型的强阻抗差低阻抗薄层,煤层中孔隙含流体时是否会引起地震反射产生明显的异常是回答地震检测流体是否可行的根本.为此,本文针对强阻抗差薄层模型,基于Biot双相介质理论,通过弹性波有限差分法数值模拟,与各向同性单相介质假设的煤层反射对比,探讨了反射复合波受煤层孔隙度及流体性质变化的影响程度.模拟分析发现：由于薄层孔隙度和孔隙流体属性的变化在Biot理论中表现为纵波速度的变化,PP波反射AVO（Amplitude Versus Offset,振幅随偏移距变化）特征对薄层是否含流体相对敏感;综合使用PP与PS波对比有利于薄层中流体的预测;孔隙度一定时,PP波反射振幅随着含气饱和度的增加而增大;受薄层调谐作用的影响,孔隙和流体变化对煤层反射的频谱特征影响不大,近似于单相介质时的情况.     

裂隙性储层孔隙度与饱和度计算方法

裂隙性储层孔隙度与饱和度是油气藏评价的两个重要参数.本文提出利用裂隙介质AVO属性计算裂隙性储层孔隙度与饱和度的新方法.运用等效理论将裂隙介质等效为各向异性介质,得到裂隙介质的AVO响应即得到裂隙介质各向异性截距与梯度,根据各向异性截距梯度与孔隙度饱和度的关系得到裂隙介质的孔隙度和饱和度.本文建立裂隙介质(TTI介质)梯度截距和孔隙度饱和度的关系,可以根据地震数据直接求取裂隙介质的孔隙度和饱和度.模型试算表明,该方法能得到裂隙介质准确的孔隙度和饱和度,且稳定性较好.     

P-P波和P-SV波联合AVO反演研究

目前转换波AVO(Amplitude Versus Offset)反演或纵波、转换波联合AVO反演是基于Aki等的反射系数近似公式,通常反演结果为上、下层速度比值和速度平均比值.本文在Shuey和郑晓东近似公式的基础上,运用最小平方算法,提出一种p-p波和P-SV波联合AVO反演下层介质纵、横波速度及泊松比的方案,并应用于双层含气砂岩模型上,误差在10%以内.此方案要求上、下层物性差别不大且入射角小于30°,但不需要速度比值为常数2的假设.     

TTI介质各向异性参数多波反演与PS波AVO分析

把遗传算法引入到了TTI介质AVO信息反演各向异性参数的过程中,依据TTI介质PP波、PS波反射系数公式,建立Thomsen参数和TTI介质对称轴倾角、方位角的目标函数,分别通过PP波和PS波的反射系数反演出了各向异性参数和对称轴倾角、方位角等信息.文中对反演结果的精确度和稳定性进行了分析,发现PS波的反演结果优于PP波反演结果;对称轴倾角的反演准确性明显优于对称轴方位角.本文通过模型正演合理解释了这一现象的原因.最后,本文通过对PS波AVO梯度的研究,提出了利用PS波振幅定性分析TTI介质对称轴倾角的方法.     

频变AVO含气性识别技术研究与应用

在常规AVO理论的基础上,频变AVO属性计算方法利用多尺度裂缝介质模型中物性参数具有频变特征的优势,基于Zoeppritz方程建立反射系数与频率之间的数学关系,推导出截距、梯度、碳氢检测因子、流体检测因子、拟泊松比等AVO属性与频率之间的数学关系.应用地震反演方法,综合地质、地震、测井等数据,反演出高精度的频变AVO属性,在天然气敏感属性分析的基础上建立起频变AVO含气性识别技术.将该技术应用到川西新场陆相深层须家河组碎屑岩储层的含气性识别中,在孔隙度通常在1%~4%,渗透率普遍低于0.06×10^-3µm²的致密背景下,较准确地预测了孔隙度大于4％、渗透性偏高的富气优质储层分布带,为该区含气性识别难题的解决和钻井成功率的提高,提供了重要的技术支撑.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.