中国入境旅游经济空间格局的时空动态性

以中国31个省域作为研究单元,以入境旅游外汇收入作为入境旅游经济的衡量指标,运用ESTDA框架,通过ESDA、LISA时间路径和时空跃迁等方法,从时空耦合的视角对中国2001~2011年省域入境旅游经济空间格局的时空动态性进行分析。研究发现:中国入境旅游经济存在弱正相关,表现为一种弱积聚格局,入境旅游经济空间差异呈现先缩小后扩大的趋势;东部沿海旅游经济发达地区具有更加动态的局部空间结构,而中西部旅游经济欠发达地区具有更加稳定的局部空间结构;湖北省在空间依赖方向上具有最大的波动性,而浙江省在空间依赖方向上具有最大的稳定性;中国入境旅游经济空间格局的演化具有较强的空间整合性,出现协同高增长趋势的省份主要集中在东部地区,而出现协同低增长趋势的省份主要集中在中西部地区;中国入境旅游经济的局部区域结构和空间自相关性非常稳定,具有一定的路径依赖或锁定特征。     

中国能源碳足迹时空格局演化及脱钩效应

利用DMSP-OLS夜间灯光数据和碳排放统计数据,构建碳排放面板数据模型,模拟了2000-2013年中国的碳排放量.运用探索性时空数据分析(ESTDA)框架体系,从时空交互视角分析2001-2013年碳足迹的空间格局和时空依赖动态演化;利用改进的Tapio脱钩模型对3个时间段336个地级单元环境碳负荷与经济增长之间的脱...     

中国工业经济转型过程中能源消费与碳排放时空特征研究

就近30 a来中国工业经济转型过程中能源消费与碳排放的关联变化进行了分析,结果表明,工业部门能源消费的持续增长是中国能源消费总量增长与碳排放量增长的主要驱动因子;工业碳排放总量增长快速,但工业碳排放密集度持续降低;工业部门中制造业碳排放量最大,平均约占工业部门碳排放总量的60%,降低传统制造业能源消费、提高能源利用效率是推动节能减排政策实施和地方行动响应的关键环节;地区工业能源高消费地区集中分布于中国环渤海地区,能源较高消费地区主要集中于中国中部地区和东部经济发达地区,能源中等消费地区主要集中于中国西部地区,而能源低消费地区集中于西部经济落后地区;中国区域工业碳排放总量除受到本地工业能源消费量的直接影响外,还受到各地能源消费结构的影响,值得注意的是,较高碳排放地区空间布局趋于"孤岛"分布格局,低碳排放地区的数量也逐渐增加。     

中国国际旅游省份差异的时空交互特征——基于主要客源市场的对比

运用LISA时间路径、时空跃迁、可视化等方法,对比研究1997-2013年中国主要国际客源市场的客流省份分布动态特征。研究表明：① 京沪粤极化减弱,中西部新兴增长极崛起,区域差异趋于缩小。② 客流分布遵循距离衰减规律,近程市场客流分布较远程集中。③ 欧洲市场局部空间结构最简单,东南亚最复杂;日韩市场受时空依赖影响最小,北美洲最大,东南亚次之;江浙沪间客流增长的时空依赖效应以溢出为主;而京粤对邻域以极化为主;中西部旅游欠发达省份局部空间结构稳定,增长缓慢。④ 国际旅游发展以省份间协同增长为主,局部空间竞合态势不同。⑤ 客流分布空间凝聚强,省份市场地位相对稳定;时空变迁概率因区域、市场而异。应打破行政壁垒,发挥空间溢出效应,促进要素流通;欠发达省份既要加强区域合作,也要不断自我完善;壮大中西部新兴旅游增长极;加大远程市场营销力度。     

二战后全球宗教多样性时空格局演变及收敛性研究

运用LISA时间路径、收敛检验等方法考察了二战后全球宗教多样性发展的空间分布特征、格局演变以及在此过程中的收敛性。研究发现：（1）二战后宗教多样性呈先快后慢的上升趋势,1945—2015年间多样性指数增幅达81.07%。宗教分类上则主要表现为基督教信仰者数量的持续下滑以及伊斯兰教信仰者数量的稳步上升。（2）LISA时间路径表明二战后全球宗教多样性具有较强的空间锁定效应,且其空间演化具有较强空间整合性。（3）二战后全球宗教多样性水平存在着显著的σ收敛与绝对β收敛,即全球、洲级层面上宗教多样性水平的内部差异都在逐步弥合,宗教多样性水平较高的地区对周边较低地区存在溢出效应。（4）二战后全球宗教多样性演化受土地覆盖类型、国力指数、民族数量、人均GDP、人口规模等因素共同作用而收敛于不同的稳态水平;从洲级层面上来看,各洲级单元收敛性对影响因素的敏感程度不同,体现了二战后全球宗教多样性演化显著的地域分异性。     

中国能源消费碳排放的时空差异及驱动因素研究

随着气候变化日益加剧,碳排放及其影响越来越受到人们的关注。针对我国30个省区2000-2015年终端能源消费产生的碳排放进行核算,分析中国能源消费碳排放的区域特征和时空差异,并通过STIRPAT模型和面板数据模型相结合的方法从碳排放量和碳排放强度两个视角对碳排放的驱动因素进行分析。研究发现,从全国层面来看,人口规模、人均GDP、能源强度以及城市化水平对碳排放量产生正向的驱动作用,即每提升1%,碳排放量将分别增加1.046 9%、0.938 6%、0.722 6%、0.411 6%,而产业结构对碳排放具有负向的驱动效应。对于碳排放强度而言,人均GDP和产业结构均产生负向的抑制作用。从区域层面来看,通过经济水平分组,东、中、西部三大区域由于经济发展水平的差异,各个因素对碳排放的影响也有所不同并表现出一定的规律性;城市化水平分组表现出随着城市化水平的提高,碳排放量也随之降低。通过研究,可为我国合理制定CO₂减排的区域差异化政策提供参考依据。     

1990-2014年泛长三角地区能源利用碳排放时空格局及影响因素

区域碳排放时空格局及其关键影响因素是近年来学者们关注的热点。本文以中国经济发达、经济关联密切、产业格局变化剧烈的泛长三角地区为案例,分析1990年以来典型年份碳排放的空间分异、时间演变,解析碳排放空间分异的关键影响因素。结果表明：①区域碳排放总量快速增长,总体格局稳中有变,核心区16个城市排放量占比大都超过50%。②以2005年为拐点,之前外围城市增长幅度较低,之后外围城市碳排放量快速增长;外围地区碳排放量占比从2005年的33%快速增加至2014年的47%,区域碳排放量的空间集聚度呈现先增后减的态势。③碳排放格局变化受多种因素影响,不同变量对碳排放的影响各异。其中,工业生产、城镇化建设及人口集聚仍是现阶段泛长三角地区最主要的碳排放来源;固定资产与外商投资对区域碳排放的作用呈增强趋势,但其作用强度较工业生产、城镇化建设、人口集聚要小。地区生产总值对碳排放影响存在倒U型关系,随着经济发展水平的提高,碳排放与经济发展呈现脱钩趋势。研究结果可为揭示经济发展格局变化的环境效应、制定节能减排政策提供参考。     

1980-2018年中国极端高温事件时空格局演变特征

基于全国2 419个气象站1980—2018年逐日气象观测资料,利用Mann-Kendall突变检验、滑动t检验、空间自相关及标准差椭圆等方法,选取4个典型的极端高温指数,分析了中国极端高温事件时空格局演变特征。结果表明：① 中国近40 a来夏天日数、热夜日数、暖夜日数和暖昼日数均呈显著的上升趋势,4个指数均在20世纪80、90年代偏少,2000年以后逐渐增加,4个极端高温指数均在2000年左右发生显著变化。② 4种极端高温指数的空间自相关主要是以高?高和低?低2种空间聚集形态为主,夏天日数和热夜日数的聚集性较强,近40 a来暖夜日数和暖昼日数的空间聚集性先增强后减弱,且空间聚集性分布格局由高?高包围低?低转变为低?低包围高?高。③ 4个指数变化率最大的站点均位于南方地区,其中夏天日数变化率最大的站点呈东西向分布格局,其余3个指数变化率最大的站点呈南北向分布格局,西南、西北地区交界地带夏天日数和暖昼日数在近40 a来变化率均显著高于全国其他地区,华东沿海地区暖夜日数的变化趋势方向性分布最明显,且变化趋势高于全国其他地区。     

中国一次能源消费的碳排放区域格局变化

作为世界能源消费大国,中国的碳排放问题不仅体现在总量的增长方面,而且也体现在碳排放的空间格局变化方面。本文试图通过产业-能源关联和能源-碳排放关联两个基本评价模型,解析中国碳排放区域格局的变化。分析的结果表明:第一,产业结构的演进不仅决定着地区经济发展的基本状态,而且同样决定着国家一次能源消费空间的基本格局;第二,地区产业结构多元化程度越是走向成熟,其一次能源消费的增速也就越是减缓;第三,缓慢的一次能源消费结构变化是难以实现地区碳排放增长有效控制的关键。     

基于夜间灯光数据的中国能源消费碳排放特征及机理

本研究基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像实现了1992-2010年以市级为基础单元的我国碳排放估算,弥补了统计数据不全、统计口径不一的缺点。从全国、4个经济区和6大城市群3个层面的碳排放分析结果显示,我国CO2排放总量持续增长,各地区、省市增速各不相同,空间聚集程度越来越明显,基本形成了"东部沿海城市高高集聚,西部欠发达城市低低集聚"的格局。人均碳排放强度基本呈现为"东部>东北部>西部>中部",单位GDP碳排放强度则呈现为"东北部和西部较高"、"东部和中部较低"。GDP增长是决定CO2排放总量增长的主导因素,而能源结构、能源利用效率、产业结构是影响碳排放强度的主要原因。对于西部和东北部等以能源和重工业为主导产业的城市,其减排策略应着重能源结构优化和能源利用效率的提高。对于东部和中部等以技术、劳动密集型和轻工业为主导产业的城市,其减排策略应侧重于产业结构调整和转型升级。     

Spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon intensity from energy consumption in China

The sustainable development has been seriously challenged by global climate change due to carbon emissions. As a developing country, China promised to reduce 40%-45% below the level of the year 2005 on its carbon intensity by 2020. The realization of this target depends on not only the substantive transition of society and economy at the national scale, but also the action and share of energy saving and emissions reduction at the provincial scale. Based on the method provided by the IPCC, this paper examines the spatiotemporal dynamics and dominating factors of China’s carbon intensity from energy consumption in 1997–2010. The aim is to provide scientific basis for policy making on energy conservation and carbon emission reduction in China. The results are shown as follows. Firstly, China’s carbon emissions increased from 4.16 Gt to 11.29 Gt from 1997 to 2010, with an annual growth rate of 7.15%, which was much lower than that of GDP (11.72%). Secondly, the trend of Moran’s I indicated that China’s carbon intensity has a growing spatial agglomeration at the provincial scale. The provinces with either high or low values appeared to be path-dependent or space-locked to some extent. Third, according to spatial panel econometric model, energy intensity, energy structure, industrial structure and urbanization rate were the dominating factors shaping the spatiotemporal patterns of China’s carbon intensity from energy consumption. Therefore, in order to realize the targets of energy conservation and emission reduction, China should improve the efficiency of energy utilization, optimize energy and industrial structure, choose the low-carbon urbanization approach and implement regional cooperation strategy of energy conservation and emissions reduction.     

中国省域二氧化碳排放的时空格局及影响因素

通过测算全国30个省域2000—2015年的二氧化碳排放量,采用自然段点法,分别对2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年各省碳排放量进行分类,分析其空间分异化特征。采用空间自相关分析法揭示了相邻各省份碳排放量的空间关联性。在此基础上,运用对数均值迪氏分解法,从能源结构、能源强度、经济发展和人口规模等角度,对碳排放影响因素进行无残差分解。结果表明：1）时间上,我国碳排放总量整体呈上升趋势,在2014—2015年仅下降2%。除北京市外,其余各省份的碳排放量呈增长趋势;空间上,高值碳排放由环渤海及东部沿海省份逐步蔓延至中西部个别省份;2）各省域碳排放主要呈现高高集聚和低高集聚的特征,高高集聚稳定集中在辽宁、河北、山东、山西和江苏省,北京市和天津市与高碳排放的省份形成一个低高集聚区域;3）东、中部比西部省份更易受能源结构、能源强度、经济发展和人口规模等因素的影响。经济发展对碳排放是驱动作用,能源强度对碳排放是抑制作用,能源结构对各省份碳排放的影响有正向驱动和负向抑制作用,除贵州省外,其余省份人口规模对碳排放均是正向驱动作用。     

中国能源消费碳排放的空间计量分析(英文)

Based on energy consumption data of each region in China from 1997 to 2009 and using ArcGIS9.3 and GeoDA9.5 as technical support,this paper made a preliminary study on the changing trend of spatial pattern at regional level of carbon emissions from energy con-sumption,spatial autocorrelation analysis of carbon emissions,spatial regression analysis between carbon emissions and their influencing factors.The analyzed results are shown as follows.(1) Carbon emissions from energy consumption increased more than 148% from 1997 to 2009 but the spatial pattern of high and low emission regions did not change greatly.(2) The global spatial autocorrelation of carbon emissions from energy consumption in-creased from 1997 to 2009,the spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that there exists a "polarization" phenomenon,the centre of "High-High" agglomeration did not change greatly but expanded currently,the centre of "Low-Low" agglomeration also did not change greatly but narrowed currently.(3) The spatial regression analysis showed that carbon emissions from energy consumption has a close relationship with GDP and population,R-squared rate of the spatial regression between carbon emissions and GDP is higher than that between carbon emissions and population.The contribution of population to carbon emissions in-creased but the contribution of GDP decreased from 1997 to 2009.The carbon emissions spillover effect was aggravated from 1997 to 2009 due to both the increase of GDP and population,so GDP and population were the two main factors which had strengthened the spatial autocorrelation of carbon emissions.     

长三角地区旅游业能源消耗的CO2排放测度研究

旅游业与气候环境变化息息相关,低碳旅游是旅游业对气候变化的积极响应,也是低碳经济的延伸,将会给全球旅游业带来深远影响。但目前国内大部分有关低碳旅游的研究仍停留在定性阶段,尤其是旅游业碳排放的测度研究仍比较薄弱。本文在深入分析和总结国内外已有研究的基础上,以能源消耗平衡表为依据,借鉴"旅游消费剥离系数"概念,构建出符合我国目前统计口径的旅游业碳排放测度方法。并以长江三角洲地区为研究范围,对江苏、浙江和上海三地旅游业碳排放进行测度和对比分析。研究表明:目前在长三角地区,旅游业碳排放总量持续攀升,并与旅游业总收入成正相关。其中旅游交通仓储和邮电业碳排放在旅游业碳排放总量中占主导地位,而旅游餐饮、住宿和购物过程中的碳排放也不容忽视。旅游收入增长与旅游低碳化发展的矛盾仍然十分突出,迫切需要转变旅游业发展方式。     

我国城市居民直接能耗的碳排放类型及影响因素

针对我国287个地级以上城市,在测算了近9年居民直接能耗导致的CO₂排放量的基础上,进行聚类、对比,并分析城市居民直接能耗的碳排放影响因素,得到以下结论:全国分为6类城市居民直接能耗碳排放类型;高碳排放型城市的地均碳排放强度、人均工资碳排放强度及居民直接能耗CO₂排放总量等方面均比低碳排放型城市高,人均地方生产总值碳排放强度低于低碳排放型城市,并多为经济发达城市和资源丰富城市,其碳排放构成上分别以电、交通能耗碳排放和气碳排放为主导,高碳排放型城市居民直接能耗CO₂排放量占全国地级以上城市的86.20%。我国大部分地级城市居民直接能耗的碳排放属于相对低碳排放型,其人均CO₂排放量低于全国平均水平。城市所在地的降温度日数(CDD)、采暖期、采暖强度、人均能源供给量、居民的人均工资、城市人均地方生产总值是影响城市居民直接能耗CO₂排放量的主要因素。     

Spatiotemporal dynamics of electric power consumption in Chinese Mainland from 1995 to 2008 modeled using DMSP/OLS stable nighttime lights data

Electric power consumption (EPC) is one of the basic indices for evaluating electric power use. Obtaining timely and accurate data on the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC is crucial for understanding and practical deployment of electric power resources. In this study, an EPC model was developed using stable nighttime lights time-series data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS). The model was used to reconstruct the spatial patterns of EPC in Chinese Mainland at the county level from 1995 to 2008. In addition, the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC were analyzed, and the following conclusions were drawn. (1) The EPC model reliably represented the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC in Chinese Mainland with approximately 70% accuracy. (2) The EPC in most regions of Chinese Mainland was at low to moderate levels, with marked temporal and spatial variations; of high-level EPC, 58.26% was concentrated in eastern China. Six urban agglomerations (Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou region, Pearl River Delta, Shandong Peninsula, middle-south of Liaoning Province, and Sichuan Basin) accounted for 10.69% of the total area of Chinese Mainland but consumed 39.23% of the electricity. (3) The EPC of most regions in Chinese Mainland increased from 1995 to 2008, and 64% of the mainland area showed a significant increase in EPC. Moderate increases in EPC were found in 61.62% of eastern China and 80.65% of central China from 1995 to 2008, whereas 75.69% of western China showed no significant increase in EPC. Meanwhile, 77.27%, 89.35%, and 66.72% of the Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou region, Pearl River Delta, and Shandong Peninsula, respectively, showed high-speed increases in EPC. Moderate increases in EPC occurred in 71.12% and 72.13% of the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region and middle-south of Liaoning Province, respectively, while no significant increase occurred in 56.34% of the Sichuan Basin.     

基于DMSP/OLS稳定夜间灯光数据的中国1995-2008年电力消费量时空动态研究(英文)

Electric power consumption (EPC) is one of the basic indices for evaluating electric power use. Obtaining timely and accurate data on the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC is crucial for understanding and practical deployment of electric power resources. In this study, an EPC model was developed using stable nighttime lights time-series data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS). The model was used to reconstruct the spatial patterns of EPC in Chinese Mainland at the county level from 1995 to 2008. In addition, the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC were analyzed, and the fol-lowing conclusions were drawn. (1) The EPC model reliably represented the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC in Chinese Mainland with approximately 70% accuracy. (2) The EPC in most regions of Chinese Mainland was at low to moderate levels, with marked temporal and spatial variations; of high-level EPC, 58.26% was concentrated in eastern China. Six urban agglomerations (Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou region, Pearl River Delta, Shandong Peninsula, middle-south of Liaoning Province, and Sichuan Basin) accounted for 10.69% of the total area of Chinese Mainland but consumed 39.23% of the electricity. (3) The EPC of most regions in Chinese Mainland increased from 1995 to 2008, and 64% of the mainland area showed a significant increase in EPC. Moderate increases in EPC were found in 61.62% of eastern China and 80.65% of central China from 1995 to 2008, whereas 75.69% of western China showed no significant increase in EPC. Meanwhile, 77.27%, 89.35%, and 66.72% of the Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou region, Pearl River Delta, and Shandong Peninsula, respectively, showed high-speed increases in EPC. Moderate increases in EPC occurred in 71.12% and 72.13% of the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region and middle-south of Liaoning Province, respectively, while no significant increase occurred in 56.34% of the Sichuan Basin.     

Review on carbon emissions,energy consumption and low-carbon economy in China from a perspective of global climate change

Accompanying the rapid growth of China’s population and economy, energy consumption and carbon emission increased significantly from 1978 to 2012. China is now the largest energy consumer and CO₂ emitter of the world, leading to much interest in researches on the nexus between energy consumption, carbon emissions and low-carbon economy. This article presents the domestic Chinese studies on this hotpot issue, and we obtain the following findings. First, most research fields involve geography, ecology and resource economics, and research contents contained some analysis of current situation, factors decomposition, predictive analysis and the introduction of methods and models. Second, there exists an inverted “U-shaped” curve connection between carbon emission, energy consumption and economic development. Energy consumption in China will be in a low-speed growth after 2035 and it is expected to peak between 6.19–12.13 billion TCE in 2050. China’s carbon emissions are expected to peak in 2035, or during 2020 to 2045, and the optimal range of carbon emissions is between 2.4–3.3 PgC/year (1 PgC=1 billion tons C) in 2050. Third, future research should be focused on global carbon trading, regional carbon flows, reforming the current energy structure, reducing energy consumption and innovating the low-carbon economic theory, as well as establishing a comprehensive theoretical system of energy consumption, carbon emissions and low-carbon economy.     

基于能源消费的中国省级区域碳足迹时空演变分析

碳足迹作为衡量生产某一产品在其生命周期所直接或间接排放的CO₂量,其能够反应人类某项活动或某种产品对生态环境的压力程度。本文采用1997-2008年全国省级区域化石能源消费数据和土地利用结构数据,构建碳足迹计算模型,测算不同时间、不同区域的碳足迹、碳生态承载力和碳赤字,并引入物理学中重心的概念,测算1997-2008年全国各省级区域碳足迹的重心,进行碳足迹重心的时空演变趋势分析,掌握区域间能源消费碳排放的差异性;同时构建能源消费碳足迹压力指数模型,计算1997-2008年各省的碳足迹压力指数,对研究区域进行生态压力强度分级,并考察各省级区域碳足迹压力指数在两个相邻时间点之间的变化强度,进行生态压力变化强度的级别划分。