非化学计量比制备纯MgTiO_3和Mg_2SiO_4及其性能

纯MgTiO3和Mg2SiO4粉体在微波陶瓷工业中具有重要价值,本文将MgO-TiO2和MgO-SiO2按非化学计量比配料,采用传统固相法制备了纯MgTiO3和Mg2SiO4粉体。当MgO和TiO2或SiO2按照1∶1和2∶1的化学计量比配料时,分别得到了主晶相为MgTiO3和Mg2SiO4的粉体,但同时伴随有少量的TiO2或MgO残余。XRD分析表明,MgO过量可以抑制残余TiO2制备纯MgTiO3粉体,而MgO不足可以有效控制MgO残余量制备纯Mg2SiO4粉体。采用SEM表征所制备的纯MgTiO3和Mg2SiO4粉体的形貌和粒度。最终获得的MgTiO3陶瓷1MHz下的介电常数为17.3,损耗角正切1.3×10-4,Mg2SiO4陶瓷1MHz下的介电常数为6.9,损耗角正切2.5×10-4。     

用于焰熔法金红石单晶体生长的微米级TiO_2粉体制备与表征

以提纯后的TiCl_4为原料,氨水作为形核剂,PEG400为分散剂,制备出高纯TiO_2粉体。采用ICP、XRD、SEM等手段对所得样品进行分析。结果表明,TiCl_4溶液经60℃水浴2h后加入含15mL PEG400的氨水溶液,在900℃下煅烧3h,可以制备出晶型为单一金红石相,平均粒度为70μm,形貌为近球形,流动性良好的高纯TiO2粉体。     

微波固相法合成四方相钛酸钡纳米粉体

以BaCO_3、TiO_2为原料,SiC微球为微波良导体材料,原料经球磨,砂磨细化后与SiC微球均匀混合,采用微波微区加热技术合成BaTiO_3粉体。利用XRD、Raman和FT-IR确定合成温度以及定性分析、SEM进行形貌表征,PSD进行粒度分析,BET测试比表面积。结果表明,采用微波固相法,引入微波良导体SiC形成微波微区域加热制备出粒径400 nm,粒度分布均匀的四方相钛酸钡粉体,相比于传统固相法粒径更小,分散性良好。为钛酸钡粉体的微波固相法合成提供了新思路。     

先驱体转化制备ZrO2改性SiC陶瓷的氧化行为研究

采用先驱体转化法,以聚碳硅烷、二乙烯基苯和正丁醇锆为原料高温裂解制备了ZrO2改性的SiC陶瓷材料,结合XRD,SEM和EDS能谱等测试方法,研究ZrO2的添加对材料氧化行为的影响。结果表明:ZrO2引入后,SiC陶瓷材料在1600℃开始氧化,表面生成了SiO2阻氧层阻止气体逸出,宏观上形成气泡,到1700℃材料氧化较严重,表面变得凹凸不平,出现较多空洞,并且存在一定程度的失重;1700℃氧化后,含ZrO2的材料表面和内部均有一定程度的氧化,表面的主要成分为SiO2,内部有部分SiC发生了氧化,两种材料氧化层呈梯度分布;在高温氧化过程中,ZrO2会发生由四方相向单斜相的相变,SiC对ZrO2的相变具有抑制作用,而材料氧化后生成的SiO2则无法抑制ZrO2的相变。     

利用TiOSO4液相反应制备透明锐钛矿相二氧化钛溶胶

以TiOSO4水溶液为前驱体,NH3·H2O为沉淀剂,聚乙二醇400(PEG400)为分散剂,在60～80℃下均相沉淀与结晶,制备出透明锐钛矿相二氧化钛溶胶.利用XRD和TEM表征了粉体的晶体结构和形貌.研究了制备过程中溶液中H /Ti摩尔比、表面活性剂、晶化温度和时间对TiO2溶胶颗粒尺寸的影响.结果表明:当溶液中H /Ti摩尔比为5,晶化温度为70℃,分散剂质量分数为2.5%时,得到的二氧化钛晶粒尺寸在10～20nm之间.聚乙二醇400的加入有效抑制了晶化过程中晶粒的长大.     

反相胶束法制备纳米ZrO2粉体

利用NA/煤油-n-C6-OH/NH3@H2O反胶束体系,制备了纳米ZrO2粉体.采用TG-DTA、TEM、XRD等手段对粉体及前驱体进行表征粉体粒度分布均匀,无硬团聚,平均粒度为20～40nm.并且研究了反相胶束中的溶水量对ZrO2粒径的影响以及pH值对ZrO2晶型的影响.并推测20～40nmZrO2的单斜晶(m)与四方晶(t)可能的相转变温度为723℃,比相应的体相材料降低了近450℃.     

SiC/SiO_2包覆Fe-Ni合金纳米粒子的制备及应用

采用电弧放电法,在15%CH4+10%SiH4+75%Ar的混合气氛中制备了SiC/SiO2包覆Fe-Ni合金纳米粒子,并用制备的SiC/SiO2包覆Fe-Ni合金纳米粒子作为磁性粒子,油酸为表面活性剂,机油为基液制备了磁性润滑油。用XRD、TEM、XPS、红外光谱和氧含量分析等手段研究了SiC/SiO2包覆Fe-Ni合金纳米粒子的相结构、形貌、粒度、表面组成和氧化特性。用粘度计和VSM研究了制备的磁性润滑油的粘度和饱和磁化强度。     

引入MgAl_2O_4对Ti_3SiC_2基复合材料性能的影响

采用反应热压烧结法制备MgAl2O4/Ti3SiC2复合材料,研究热压温度和MgAl2O4含量对该复合材料相组成、力学性能及抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:热压温度影响MgAl2O4/Ti3SiC2复合材料相组成,在1 450℃烧结可得到性能良好的MgAl2O4/Ti3SiC2复合材料。引入适量的MgAl2O4,起到弥散强化的作用,有助于提高复合材料的力学性能,当引入量为20wt%时,抗弯强度为527.6 MPa,断裂韧性为7.09 MPa·m1/2。MgAl2O4/Ti3SiC2试样的抗氧化性能优于Ti3SiC2试样。MgAl2O4/Ti3SiC2复合材料在1 400℃氧化后的氧化层分两层,外层是Mg0.6Al0.8Ti1.6O5和金红石型TiO2,内层是由TiO2、方石英SiO2及少量未氧化的基体相混合组成。     

SiC泡沫陶瓷/Fe基双连续相复合材料的制备和性能

将SiC泡沫陶瓷氧化,用挤压铸造法制备SiC泡沫陶瓷/Fe基双连续相复合材料并对其退火,研究了制备工艺和SiC泡沫陶瓷的体积分数对其微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在1250℃氧化48 h后在SiC泡沫陶瓷表面生成了厚度为1 mm的SiO2反应阻挡层。在双连续相复合材料的制备过程中,SiO2反应阻挡层抑制Fe与SiC的化学反应,避免了脆性化合物Fe3Si的生成,改善了基体与增强体的界面,使复合材料的抗弯强度提高2倍,压缩强度提高18%。当SiC泡沫陶瓷的氧化时间增至72 h时,SiC泡沫陶瓷表面SiO2的厚度过大。SiO2与基体和增强体热膨胀系数不匹配,使复合材料内相界面间的残余应力增加,导致其性能下降。将SiC泡沫陶瓷/Fe基双连续相复合材料在600℃退火4 h,可降低复合材料中的残余应力,提高复合材料的性能。SiC的体积分数较低时,金属基体的桥接、偏转裂纹的作用比较大,复合材料的弯曲强度高,变形程度大。随着复合材料中SiC体积分数的增大,SiC骨架筋增粗,其承载能力加强,复合材料的压缩强度呈提高的趋势。     

SiC粉体的微观差异性及其浆料的流变性质

选取国内外2种不同的SiC粉体,通过X射线衍射、能谱、透射电镜和粒度分布等测试方法对其组成、晶型、粒度及表面性质进行研究。结果表明,2种粉体的化学组成、微观结构几乎一致,但浆料的流变性质却存在显著性的差异;用国外粉体可制备出固相体积分数高达55%的低黏度稳定浆料,而国产粉体可形成最高固相体积分数为40%的浆料,且出现剪切变稠现象;粉体表面性质的微观差异性是导致浆料流变性质不同的主要原因。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。