黄土高原乡村体制转换与转型发展

农户生计方式的改变对研究黄土高原乡村转型发展具有重要意义。以黄土高原苹果优生区的彬县、长武县和旬邑县为研究区,从体制转换的视角出发,基于模糊层次分析、地理探测器和多元线性回归等算法,模拟乡村体制演化的路径,甄别影响乡村转型发展的微观要素,进一步揭示农户家庭体制转换与乡村转型发展之间的互馈机理。研究发现：① 在研究区内抽样选择的130个乡村中,传统农业体制型乡村共有27个,主要分布于黄土梁地貌类型区,新型农业体制型乡村共有96个,主要分布于黄土塬地貌类型区,非农体制型乡村共有7个,主要分布于河谷地貌类型区;② 当乡村地域系统由传统农业型体制向新型农业型体制转变,再至非农型体制的演化路径中,乡村转型发展度在三维空间坐标系中为倒“U”型变化趋势,乡村人口发展度在二维坐标系中表现为下凸递增趋势,乡村经济发展度在二维坐标系中表现为上凸递增趋势,农业经济发展度在二维坐标系中表现为倒“U”型发展趋势;③ 生计方式成为衔接农户家庭体制转换与乡村转型发展的控制性因素,在农户尺度上,由人力资本与自然资本决定,并直接影响到金融资本和物质资本,在村域尺度上,通过与乡村地域系统的人口、经济和农业等3个维度的响应,引导乡村转型发展过程。     

产业发展背景下黄土高原乡村转型与农户生计演化——以陕西省长武县为例

改革开放以来,黄土高原乡村转型明显,农户生计演化日趋剧烈。以黄土高原长武县为例,运用熵权法、贡献度模型和Logistic交互分析等方法,厘清长武县1990年以来乡村转型与农户生计演化历程及其主控因素,揭示乡村转型与农户生计的互动演化关系。研究发现：(1) 1990年以来长武县人地关系发生剧烈变化,其乡镇形成县域服务型、煤业生产型、苹果产业型与政策依赖型四种类型,各类别间乡村转型水平差异显著;农户生计类型逐步多样,分化为固守型路径、渐升型路径、回落型路径、俱进型路径,各路径影响因素差别较大。(2)乡村转型历程中乡镇的经济水平与劳动力是乡村转型的基础,乡镇产业发展决定乡村转型方向,电商因素助力乡镇农业产业链完善。(3)农户生计演化过程中人力资本与乡镇产业基础是农户生计类型改善的前提,“耕地依赖”限制农户生计非农化发展,金融资本与产业发展促进农户生计多元化,社会资本与电商因素促进农户生计演化升级。(4)在乡村转型与农户生计的互动演化过程中,乡镇处于发展的快车道,占据主导地位,大部分农户为被动适应的角色,仅少部分“乡村精英”能与乡村转型进行良性互动。     

外部社会资本视角下的黄土高原农户生活满意度研究——以陕西省长武县洪家镇为例

基于外部社会资本视角,选取黄土高原典型农区陕西省长武县洪家镇,探讨不同生计类型农户的社会资本特征及生活满意度差异,重点讨论社会资本对不同生计类型农户生活满意度的影响。结果表明：（1）当地四种类型农户社会资本存在显著差异,整体上表现出多种生计方式并存的农户类型高于单一生计方式为主的农户。（2）当地农户生活满意度水平整体较低。（3）农户社会资本存量对生活满意度水平提高具有促进作用。社会网络、社会互动、社会信任、共同愿景均是影响农户生活满意度的重要社会因素;此外,影响不同类型农户生活满意度的首要社会资本因子各不相同,分别为社会互动（纯农型）、社会网络（农兼型）、信任（兼农型、非农型）。     

基于体制转换的乡村转型时空格局及演变机理——以甘肃省榆中县为例

乡村转型是乡村振兴的关键,也是“三农”转型的重要抓手。论文以黄土高原沟壑区甘肃省榆中县为例,从人口转型、土地转型和产业转型3个维度构建乡村转型指标体系,基于2002—2018年统计数据、农户调研数据、遥感数据等多源数据,运用熵值法、层次分析法、乡村转型度模型和空间分析方法,从县域和农户视角,量化与分析榆中县乡村转型及其时空演变格局,刻画农户生计转型路径;在此基础上,引入体制转换理论阐释乡村转型过程机理,并运用逐步回归分析方法识别驱动乡村转型的关键因素。结果表明：(1) 2002—2018年榆中县乡村转型度、产业转型度和人口转型度明显上升,而土地转型度稳中有降,乡村转型度和产业转型差异明显且变化较大,在中部川区最为突出。(2)乡村转型、人口转型、产业转型均呈现“中部川区较高速和高速转型、北部山区低速转型、南部山区由低速转型向较高速过渡转型的空间格局”,并伴有逐级式和跨级式的变化特点,土地转型空间分布较为分散;乡村转型、人口转型、产业转型和土地转型的热点区主要集聚在中部川区,冷点区主要集聚于北部山区。(3)农户生计表现出多路径转型特征,北部山区为综合型生计转型路径,中部川区和南部山区为兼农...     

基于VSD框架的半干旱地区社会—生态系统脆弱性演化与模拟

利用VSD（Vulnerability scoping diagram）评估框架,改进了针对县域尺度的脆弱性评估方法和技术;以黄土高原半干旱地区的榆林市为例,对VSD框架和SERV（Spatially Explicit Resilience-Vulnerability）模型进行整合,将系统脆弱性分解为暴露、敏感性、适应能力3个维度。应用SERV模型筛选脆弱性指标,在充分理解区域地理背景和暴露风险源的基础上,构建了符合当地生态环境特征的指标体系,运用RS与GIS空间技术,定量测度了榆林市2000-2011年社会—生态系统脆弱性空间分异特征及演化趋势,探讨了脆弱性时空演化内在原因。结果显示：榆林市社会—生态系统脆弱性呈现“西北东南高,长城沿线低”的空间格局,2000-2011年间系统脆弱性程度明显降低,系统发展趋势好转,但系统脆弱性与暴露风险空间差异显著;其中,暴露风险因子是系统脆弱性演化的关键因素,区域脆弱性与暴露风险空间异质受社会敏感性和经济适应能力等因子影响。最后,采用OWA多准则算法,基于决策者不确定性偏好,模拟了不同决策风险设置下区域脆弱性未来情景,并基于决策者理性风险区间,预测了不同发展导向下区域系统脆弱性差异,为研究区可持续性评估和降低脆弱性的风险预警机制建设提供决策参考。     

基于转型与协调视角的乡村发展分析——以山东省为例

在乡村转型发展进程中,各发展要素转型之间往往存在不协调现象,超前转型或滞后转型现象时有发生,阻碍了乡村乃至整个城乡地域系统的持续、稳定和协调发展。基于此,分析研究区域乡村发展要素间转型的协调性对制定乡村发展战略具有重要的指导意义。综合集成传统地理学调查分析、数量模型模拟及“3S”决策支持等技术方法,构建乡村协调转型度模型,基于“人口—土地—产业”乡村发展三要素,搭建“乡村转型度—综合协调度—协调转型度”三维平台,从“转型”与“协调”视角分析了1990-2009 年间山东省乡村发展过程中乡村整体转型速度与乡村发展要素间转型协调性的关系。主要结论如下：① 乡村转型度空间结构逐渐由局部集聚向全局分散转变;综合协调度呈现小集聚、大分散的空间分布格局;协调转型度在“八五”、“九五”、“十五”、“十一五”时期与乡村转型度和综合协调度的空间分布格局呈现不同的耦合特点;② 乡村转型度和综合协调度与协调转型度之间的相关系数分别为0.92 和0.61,表明山东省乡村系统与城市系统之间“人口—土地—产业”要素的全面流动促使了其乡村系统的协调转型;③“转型”与“协调”分别代表了乡村转型发展进程中的“量”与“质”,乡村转型发展应秉着数量和质量并重的原则,持续稳定推进。     

旅游社会—生态系统的运行机制——以西安市上王村为例

乡村旅游人地关系研究迫切需要新的视角。将乡村视作以旅游发展为基础的局域社会—生态系统,认为其本质是将乡村自然环境、社会经济和旅游发展联接起来,构建一种"全景式"审视村域人地关系的分析框架。借鉴社会—生态系统的相关理论,以陕西秦岭北麓上王村为例,构建乡村旅游社会—生态系统模型,通过实地调查和访谈获取数据,以游客分类为基础,辨识了乡村旅游社会—生态系统获得稳态的关键变量,分析系统内部运行的动力机制。主要结论:1划分出生态旅游者和大众旅游者,通过识别不同游客的旅游偏好,结合生态系统商品与服务的质量,以及资本变量,构建旅游社会—生态系统的四维模型,理清指标的关键变量。2通过模型计算,得到维持系统稳态的阈值(退化系数)ω在0.2587~0.3605之间,各子系统的关键变量包括与生态旅游者相关的"娱乐方式"、"景区内部道路完善性"、"景区旅游接待设施的完善"和"人类是世界的主宰",与大众旅游者相关的"便宜的住宿"、"人类需要和环境和谐共处"和"景区旅游接待设施的完善",与环境相关的"发展旅游的条件",与资本相关的"景区基础设施的退化程度"。3景区管理者在政策制定方面,应根据游客行为的特征和反馈,做出调整和改变,以应对和减缓当地社会—生态系统的负面影响,促进乡村旅游发展的"可持续性"。     

多适应目标下的山地城市社会—生态系统脆弱性评价

面对全球环境变化,识别社会—生态系统脆弱性是可持续性研究的核心议题。山地城市发展条件受地形、建设用地和生态环境等因素的制约,其人地关系更为脆弱,国土空间开发与保护需要权衡。针对人类—环境耦合系统的脆弱性评价存在时空精度较粗、目标过于含糊的问题,以秦岭山地的商洛市为例,基于主体功能区划方案设置不同适应目标,构建包括32个指标42项数据的山地城市社会—生态系统脆弱性评价体系。结果表明：在空间差异上,柞水县的脆弱性程度较低,洛南县脆弱性程度最高;在1997-2013年间,脆弱性低值样本随时间变化有所升高,高值样本于2003-2008年间达到峰值;全市域脆弱性空间差异存在先增加后减少的趋势,并在2013年差异达到最小,区域差距有所缓和。在多适应目标下,商州区在重点开发导向下脆弱性最低,而柞水县、镇安县和商南县等更适于限制开发导向,不同适应目标导向会对脆弱性评价结果产生影响。在较高时空精度上探讨山地城市社会—生态系统的脆弱性,可为区域可持续发展提供定量指引,采用的多适应目标情景设置可以作为区域社会发展评价研究的一种新思路。     

多功能视角的贫困村转型发展与乡村振兴路径研究 ——以重庆市茶山村为例

在梳理多功能理论的基础上,以村域为研究单元,结合田野调查等研究方法,探究贫困村转型发展过程中乡村地域多功能的演变特征与驱动机制。结果表明:①重庆市茶山村依托生态优势、区位优势和政策优势,形成了乡村旅游与特色产业融合发展的新格局,实现了乡村地域产品生产、生态保育、文化传承、社会稳定、生活保障的多功能发展;②驱动茶山村乡村地域多功能演化的因素主要包括乡村地域系统外部的市场、政策、交通、技术、人才、资金因素和内部的资源本底因素,市场是根本因素,政策是关键因素;③乡村振兴是对脱贫成果的巩固,贫困村应在调整产业结构、补齐基础设施短板、强化基层组织管理等关键领域着力,强化地域功能,推动乡村全面振兴。     

乡村农户适应旅游发展的模式及影响机制——以秦岭金丝峡景区为例

社会—生态系统理论为旅游影响与旅游可持续发展研究提供了新的分析思路,已成为国际上旅游研究的重要理论工具。从社会—生态系统适应性出发,借鉴脆弱性研究中的适应性理论,构建农户旅游发展适应性分析框架,以陕西秦岭金丝峡景区为案例,通过实地调查和访谈获取数据,较系统地研究了农户适应旅游发展的行为模式、影响因素及机制。主要结论包括：① 旅游业推动小河流域农业商品化,但并未促进农业增长,相反农业生产功能大幅衰退;农户以旅游经营和常年务工作为主要对策,形成了旅游专营型、主导型、均衡兼营型及务工主导型四种适应效果差异显著的适应模式。② 农户适应旅游发展的影响因素包括认知因素(机会和政策认知)、劳动力(劳动力总量、聘用人数)、地理区位(可达性与区位优势度)、自然资本(耕地面积)、物质资产(房屋类型) 和社会资本(邻里关系) 。③ 旅游开发导致的自然生计资源缺失与农户生存理性之间的矛盾是适应发生的根源,社区补偿制度是重要推动力量;农户社会理性与经济理性偏好决定着其适应模式选择;适应效果受适应力驱动因素影响。最后对旅游影响的社会—生态整合研究有效性进行讨论,并提出后续深化研究的方向和本研究的实践启示。     

农户尺度的黄土高原乡村干旱脆弱性及适应机理

干旱脆弱性及人类对干旱的适应机理分析是干旱及半干旱地区人地关系研究的重要内容,也是西北地区乡村人地系统可持续性研究的新视角。本文运用Turner脆弱性分析框架,将其改进应用到黄土高原乡村农户的干旱脆弱性及其适应领域,选取榆中县和长武县气象数据和农户调查数据,应用主成分分析、综合指数法、差异性分析和鲁棒性分析等方法分别对指标权重、农户干旱脆弱性指数及其差异性与脆弱性指数的不确定性进行分析与检验,并从适应能力、适应策略和适应模式三个层面揭示适应机理。主要结论为：①中连川乡农户干旱脆弱性指数大于洪家镇,且不同村落间农户干旱脆弱性指数差异显著;②农户干旱适应机理为暴露—敏感性影响农户收入,农户生计系统是适应干旱暴露扰动的决定因子,农户类型、生计方式、土地利用、灌溉设施和政策扶持的差异性产生不同的适应模式和适应效果;③农户干旱脆弱性指数排名出现频率较高且排名变化范围较小,具有较强的鲁棒性,表明农户干旱脆弱性计算结果具有稳健性。     

Agricultural practices and sustainable livelihoods: Rural transformation within the Loess Plateau,China

Effective agricultural practices can enable and sustain rural livelihoods, particularly in rapidly developing and transforming areas such as the Chinese Loess Plateau. Drawing from the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA), a conceptual framework for agricultural practices and sustainable rural livelihoods for the Yangou watershed within the Chinese Loess Plateau is presented and discussed. It is found that agricultural practices that include building terraces, returning sloped farmlands to forestland and grassland, and expanding orchards all have had positive and significant impacts on farmers' livelihood assets, strategies, outcomes, and vulnerabilities. From 1997 to 2006, 48.4 ha (95%) sloped farmland in the Yangou watershed was converted to new land management, and the percentages of income from fruit sale and sale of labor to total income dramatically increased by 59% and 14%, respectively. The watershed community also experienced 159% raise in per capita net income from 1997 to 2003, while the watershed itself experienced a 99% decrease in sediment yield from 1998 to 2007. These positive and significant impacts of new agricultural practices on the sustainable rural livelihoods of the Yangou watershed are evident in the community's reduced dependence upon grain and subsidies income, the diversified strategies for livelihood, and the improved environmental indices. The successful implementation of new agricultural land management practices and policies in the Yangou watershed strongly suggest that similar transformations can be achieved in similar regions throughout China's vast rural areas of the Loess Plateau.     

不同分辨率DEM提取地面坡度的不确定性模拟:以在黄土高原的试验为例

Slope is one of the crucial terrain variables in spatial analysis and land use planning,especially in the Loess Plateau area of China which is suffering from serious soil erosion. DEM based slope extracting method has been widely accepted and applied in practice. However slope accuracy derived from this method usually does not match with its popularity. A quantitative simulation to slope data uncertainty is important not only theoretically but also necessarily to applications. This paper focuses on how resolution and terrain complexity impact on the accuracy of mean slope extracted from DEMs of different resolutions in the Loess Plateau of China. Six typical geomorphologic areas are selected as test areas, representing different terrain types from smooth to rough. Their DEMs are produced from digitizing contours of 1:10,000 scale topographic maps. Field survey results show that 5 m should be the most suitable grid size for representing slope in the Loess Plateau area. Comparative and math-simulation methodology was employed for data processing and analysis. A linear correlativity between mean slope and DEM resolution was found at all test areas,but their regression coefficients related closely with the terrain complexity of the test areas. If taking stream channel density to represent terrain complexity, mean slope error could be regressed against DEM resolution (X) and stream channel density (S) at 8 resolution levels and expressed as (0.0015S2+0.031S-0.0325)X-0.0045S2-0.155S+0.1625, with a R2 value of over 0.98. Practical tests also show an effective result of this model in applications. The new development methodology applied in this study should be helpful to similar researches in spatial data uncertainty investigation.     

黄土高原地区农村贫困空间演化及偏远特征

以县级行政区为研究单元,基于统计数据和时间距离数据,采用全局自相关、分组分析等方法探讨2010—2015年黄土高原地区农村贫困的时空格局分异,并运用区位偏远度模型对农村贫困水平和类型的偏远特征进行评价.结果表明:(1)黄土高原地区的农村贫困深度比贫困广度问题更为严峻,贫困类型以"双低"和"低广度高深度"型为主,农村贫困...     

Simulation on slope uncertainty derived from DEMs at different resolution levels： a case study in the Loess Plateau

Slope is one of the crucial terrain variables in spatial analysis and land use planning, especially in the Loess Plateau area of China which is suffering from serious soil erosion. DEM based slope extracting method has been widely accepted and applied in practice. However slope accuracy derived from this method usually does not match with its popularity. A quantitative simulation to slope data uncertainty is important not only theoretically but also necessarily to applications. This paper focuses on how resolution and terrain complexity impact on the accuracy of mean slope extracted from DEMs of different resolutions in the Loess Plateau of China. Six typical geomorphologic areas are selected as test areas, representing different terrain types from smooth to rough. Their DEMs are produced from digitizing contours of 1:10,000 scale topographic maps. Field survey results show that 5 m should be the most suitable grid size for representing slope in the Loess Plateau area. Comparative and math-simulation methodology was employed for data processing and analysis. A linear correlativity between mean slope and DEM resolution was found at all test areas, but their regression coefficients related closely with the terrain complexity of the test areas. If taking stream channel density to represent terrain complexity, mean slope error could be regressed against DEM resolution (X) and stream channel density (S) at 8 resolution levels and expressed as(0.0015S2 0.031S-0.0325)X-0.0045S2-0.155S 0.1625, with a R2 value of over 0.98. Practical tests also show an effective result of this model in applications. The new development methodology applied in this study should be helpful to similar researches in spatial data uncertainty investigation.     

1980年以来黄土高原半干旱区乡村人居环境系统脆弱性时序演变——以陕西省佳县为例

从人地系统脆弱性视角切入,遵循"演变轨迹刻画-阶段情景描绘-演化路径与机理剖析"的逻辑轴线,结合"ground-truthing"质性研究方法,探索了1980年以来以陕西省佳县为代表的黄土高原半干旱区乡村人居环境系统演变历程与路径。主要结论如下:①定量测度了1980-2016年佳县乡村人居环境综合系统及子系统脆弱度值。其中,自然系统脆弱性由干旱主导转向雨涝灾害主导;21世纪以来,居住系统脆弱性全面减轻,支撑系统脆弱性反弹加剧;近10 a,社会系统脆弱性逐渐减轻,人类系统已走向重度脆弱等级,综合脆弱性停滞于中度脆弱等级。②提出了乡村人居环境系统脆弱性情景转化阈值规则,界定了顽固脆弱、不受控制的脆弱、可控的脆弱、稳定健康、易变的系统等5类脆弱性情景。案例区脆弱性演变经历4个阶段,但徘徊于顽固脆弱的系统与不受控制的脆弱性系统情景之间。③建构了乡村人居环境系统脆弱性阶段性演化动力机制,梳理了5大子系统脆弱性阶段性演化路径,提炼了涉及气候变化、城市化扰动、市场变化、政策干预及农户行为适应等5大驱动因素的20件关键影响事件。     

Simulation on slope uncertainty derived from DEMs at different resolution levels: a case study in the Loess Plateau

Slope is one of the crucial terrain variables in spatial analysis and land use planning, especially in the Loess Plateau area of China which is suffering from serious soil erosion. DEM based slope extracting method has been widely accepted and applied in practice. However slope accuracy derived from this method usually does not match with its popularity. A quantitative simulation to slope data uncertainty is important not only theoretically but also necessarily to applications. This paper focuses on how resolution and terrain complexity impact on the accuracy of mean slope extracted from DEMs of different resolutions in the Loess Plateau of China. Six typical geomorphologic areas are selected as test areas, representing different terrain types from smooth to rough. Their DEMs are produced from digitizing contours of 1:10,000 scale topographic maps. Field survey results show that 5 m should be the most suitable grid size for representing slope in the Loess Plateau area. Comparative and math-simulation methodology was employed for data processing and analysis. A linear correlativity between mean slope and DEM resolution was found at all test areas, but their regression coefficients related closely with the terrain complexity of the test areas. If taking stream channel density to represent terrain complexity, mean slope error could be regressed against DEM resolution (X) and stream channel density (S) at 8 resolution levels and expressed as (0.0015S2+0.031S-0.0325)X-0.0045S2-0.155S+0.1625, with a R2 value of over 0.98. Practical tests also show an effective result of this model in applications. The new development methodology applied in this study should be helpful to similar researches in spatial data uncertainty investigation.