板栗膨化粉的质量评价

本文研究了板栗膨化粉在感官品质,营养价值及可食性方面的变化。结果表明:板栗膨化粉较普通栗子粉颜色黄亮,口感细腻,风味香甜,并且易冲调成糊状食用;板栗膨化粉的高分子物质降解程度,较普通栗子粉要大;膨化处理后,板栗淀粉特性改变,a化度提高,糊化温度降低。     

板栗膨化半成品的加工工艺研究

主要对板栗膨化半成品的制作新工艺以及以马铃薯淀粉、红薯淀粉和木薯淀粉为辅料淀粉的添加对板栗膨化效果的影响进行较为系统的研究,结果表明,借鉴粉丝(皮)湿法成型工艺制作板栗膨化片半成品效果较好,木薯淀粉是最适合于添加到板栗粉中来改善板栗膨化性能的辅料淀粉。     

板栗膨化半成品的加工工艺研究

主要对板栗膨化半成品的制作新工艺以及以马铃薯淀粉、红薯淀粉和木薯淀粉为辅料淀粉的添加对板栗膨化效果的影响进行较为系统的研究,结果表明,借鉴粉丝(皮)湿法成型工艺制作板栗膨化片半成品效果较好,木薯淀粉是最适合于添加到板栗粉中来改善板栗膨化性能的辅料淀粉。      

膨化板栗全粉食品的研究

本文研究以板栗为原料,采用挤压膨化技术,制作风味食品和方便食品的生产工艺。     

食品中丙烯酰胺去除方法的研究进展

丙烯酰胺是一种化工原料,2002年被发现存在于热加工淀粉类食品中,是潜在的致癌物,对食品安全和人类的身体健康具有很大威胁。综述了食品中丙烯酰胺去除方法的研究进展,重点阐述了生物酶法在热加工食品中去除丙烯酰胺应用的进展,有助于L-天冬酰胺酶应用于食品加工中高效去除丙烯酰胺的相关研究。     

微波膨化板栗脆片的工艺研究

实验以板栗粉为主要原料,加入适量的白砂糖、食盐、蛋黄粉以及NaHCO3,采用热风干燥与微波相结合的方法加工成板栗脆片,对工艺过程的主要参数进行了研究。结果表明:最佳加水量为板栗粉∶水为1∶1(g∶mL);配料的最佳配方为白砂糖6%、食盐1%、蛋黄粉5%;NaHCO3的添加量为2.0%;热风干燥初始水分含量为16%左右;微波功率为800W;微波处理时间为90s。     

酶法提取巴马火腿中的风味前体物质

利用复合酶Protamex和Flavourzyme,对巴马火腿中的水不溶物进行酶解,生成小肽;并与巴马火腿的天然滋味进行比较,试图得到与天然滋味相似小肽的酶解工艺。通过单因素及响应面实验,研究了温度、初始pH与加酶量对水解液粗肽含量及感官品质的影响。实验得到的最佳酶解条件为:温度60℃、初始pH7.45、同时加入两种酶,且两酶的添加量分别为Protamex 2.34%、Flavourzyme 4.17%。此时粗肽含量为77.12%,感官评定的平均分值为8.00。      

板栗糯米饼的微波膨化工艺和酥脆度改善方法的研究

本实验以面粉、糯米粉及板栗粉为主要原料,将糯米粉、面粉、板栗粉、土豆淀粉混合后使用微波膨化技术制作成膨化板栗饼。首先通过单因素实验了解不同因素对产品感官品质的影响,然后采用正交实验进一步对关键因素进行优化,确定了膨化板栗饼制作的最佳工艺条件为:原料(面粉、板栗粉、糯米粉)配比为4∶6∶8,原料初始含水量为20%,土豆淀粉的添加量为7%,微波炉膨化时间为100s,功率为520W,设定温度为150℃。在此工艺条件下所得产品膨化度为2.9,制得口感较佳的膨化板栗饼。      

咖啡中丙烯酰胺的形成与控制研究进展

丙烯酰胺是一种广泛存在于热加工食品中的危害物,咖啡是其重要的摄入来源之一。本文阐述了丙烯酰胺肝脏毒性、神经毒性、生殖毒性在动物和细胞水平上的表现,总结了咖啡豆高温烘焙过程中生成丙烯酰胺的主要途径。在咖啡原料选择、烘焙加工至萃取冲泡的过程中,影响丙烯酰胺形成的因素包括咖啡豆种类、烘焙温度、烘焙时间、贮藏条件等,且不同品类咖啡的加工方式也会造成丙烯酰胺含量差异。本文归纳了抑制咖啡中丙烯酰胺形成的有效措施,可为食品工业化生产中丙烯酰胺的控制提供理论参考。     

酶法提取巴马火腿中的风味前体物质

利用复合酶Protamex和Flavourzyme,对巴马火腿中的水不溶物进行酶解,生成小肽;并与巴马火腿的天然滋味进行比较,试图得到与天然滋味相似小肽的酶解工艺.通过单因素及响应面实验,研究了温度、初始pH与加酶量对水解液粗肽含量及感官品质的影响.实验得到的最佳酶解条件为:温度60℃、初始pH7.45、同时加入两种酶,且两酶的添加量分别为Protamex 2.34%、Flavourzyme 4.17%.此时粗肽含量为77.12%,感官评定的平均分值为8.00.     

天冬酰胺酶降低膨化食品丙烯酰胺含量的初步研究

丙烯酰胺是一种具有神经毒性、遗传毒性和潜在致癌性的物质,食物中丙烯酰胺的存在具有一定的安全隐患,监测食品中的丙烯酰胺含量并探索控制其含量的方法十分重要.采用高效液相色谱法对随机购买的14种市售休闲膨化食品的丙烯酰胺含量进行了检测,结果显示,检测样品中的丙烯酰胺含量范围为0～8.21 mg/kg,不同样品品间存在较大差异.天冬酰胺酶可以将形成丙烯酰胺的主要前体物天冬酰胺转化成不易生成丙烯酰胺的天冬氨酸,进而来控制食品中丙烯酰胺的生成量.以2种自制板栗膨化样品为研究对象,在制备过程中采用添加天冬酰胺酶处理法来降低样品中的丙烯酰胺含量,结果表明,添加天冬酰胺酶可以一定程度的降低样品中的丙烯酰胺含量,此方法对微波膨化和油炸膨化均适用,相比之下,在油炸膨化中效果更显著,当添加量为500ppm时可以降低油炸样品中44.49％的丙烯酰胺,当添加量为2000ppm时最高可以降低油炸样品中65.2％的丙烯酰胺.     

Acrylamide content in potato chips on the Italian market determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

An easy‐to‐use and simplified liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI (+)‐MS/MS) method was adopted to determine the amount of acrylamide in thirty‐two samples of potato chips purchased on the South Italian market in 2009. Extract produced from matrices was directly analysed without derivatisation, the use of isotopically labelled acrylamide or the use of clean up cartridges. Quality analytical data were reported. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 6 μg kg^?1 and 18 μg kg^?1, respectively and recovery values ranged from 90.7–96.3%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged between 2.1% and 5.8%. The values ranged between 27 and 1400 μg kg^?1 and the arithmetic mean acrylamide content resulted 363 μg kg^?1. According to Foot et al. [Food Additives and Contaminants, 24 (2007)(S1), 37] and considering 500 μg kg^?1 as the minimum level possible with the actual available mitigation tools, the number of samples showing an acrylamide level higher than 500 μg kg^?1 resulted to be 22%. This paper gives a contribution to data collection in response to the monitoring activity of EFSA and following the Commission Recommendation 2007/331/EC: really, the number of Italian samples of potato chips and potato products for which acrylamide values was reported in the ‘results on the monitoring of acrylamide’ of EFSA ( http://www.efsa.europa.eu/cs/BlobServer/Report/datex_report_acrylamide_en,0.pdf?ssbinary=true , 2009) issued on 30 April 2009 is very limited.     

Acrylamide reduction in potato chips by using commercial asparaginase in combination with conventional blanching

In this research acrylamide reduction in potato chips was investigated in relation to blanching and asparaginase immersion treatments before final frying. Potatoes slices (Verdi variety, diameter: 40 mm, thickness: 2.0 mm) were fried at 170 °C for 5 min (final moisture content of ∼2.0 g/100 g). Prior to frying, potato slices were treated in one of the following ways: (i) Rinsing in distilled water (control I); (ii) Rinsing in distilled water plus blanching in hot water at 85 °C for 3.5 min; (iii) Rinsing in distilled water plus immersion in an asparaginase solution (10000 ASNU/L) at 50 °C for 20 min; (iv) Rinsing in distilled water plus blanching in hot water at 85 °C for 3.5 min plus immersion in an asparaginase solution (10000 ASNU/L) at 50 °C for 20 min; (v) Rinsing in distilled water plus blanching in hot water at 85 °C for 3.5 min plus immersion in distilled water at 50 °C for 20 min (control II). Blanching in hot water (ii) was almost as effective as asparaginase potato immersion (iii) in order to diminish acrylamide formation in potato chips (acrylamide reduction was ∼17% of the initial acrylamide concentration). When potato slices were blanched before asparaginase immersion, the acrylamide content of the resultant potato chips was reduced considerably by almost 90%. We have demonstrated that blanching of potato slices plus asparaginase treatment is an effective combination for acrylamide mitigation during frying. It seems to be that blanching provokes changes in the microstructure of potato tissue leading to an easier and more effective diffusion of asparaginase.     

微波消解/等离子发射光谱法测定膨化食品中的多元素

采用微波消解——等离子发射光谱法对膨化食品中K、Na、P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Al、Pb、Cu等元素进行分析测定,与常规分析方法相比,该法简便、快速、可靠,应用于膨化食品中多元素的测定,结果令人满意。     

Acrylamide and methylglyoxal formation in potato chips by microwaving and frying heating

In our present paper, the effect of important α‐dicarbonyl compounds of methylglyoxal on the formation of acrylamide was quantified in potato chips systems. Methylglyoxal was regarded as the main α‐dicarbonyl compound, and its formation was detected by HPLC method. There heating methods were used to study the effect on acrylamide formation. The results showed that microwaving treatment could form more acrylamide compared with frying method. After 2 min of microwaving treatment at 700 W, the acrylamide content was sharply increased from 1.77 ± 0.37 to 72.93 ± 0.72 μmol kg^?1. Microwaving treatment would promote the formation of methylglyoxal compared with frying treatment at 160 and 180 °C in potato chips. A typical linear growth curve prepared by plotting acrylamide levels vs. methylglyoxal content formed under different heating condition was observed: y = ?41.33 + 0.17x (r = 0.965). This study revealed for the first time that there is a significant correlation between methylglyoxal and acrylamide in potato chips, thus confirming the important role of dicarbonyls in the formation of acrylamide in potato chips.     

我国膨化食品行业质量安全问题分析及发展趋势

主要从膨化食品原辅料、加工过程、包装、贮藏及运输等环节对其可能产生的质量安全问题进行分析说明,并就膨化食品加工业未来发展趋势进行阐述。     

马蹄皮提取物对油条制作过程中丙烯酰胺生成抑制研究

油条是人们最喜爱的早餐食品之一,但油条在油炸过程中会产生丙烯酰胺有害物质。试验以自制油条为研究对象,通过添加不同浓度的马蹄皮总提取物及其过大孔树脂纯化后的乙醇洗脱液,探讨其对油条制作过程中丙烯酰胺生成的抑制作用。试验结果表明,添加适当的马蹄皮提取物对油条制作过程中产生的丙烯酰胺有一定的抑制作用。其中,浓度为0.1 mg/mL的25%乙醇洗脱液对丙烯酰胺的抑制效果最好,抑制率为28.77%。研究一方面可为减少油条制作过程中产生的丙烯酰胺提供新的方法;另一方面为马蹄加工产生的马蹄皮废弃物的二次利用提供一个安全、科学的应用途径。     

Acrylamide formation and antioxidant level in biscuits related to recipe and baking

Heated plant foods may contain compounds with adverse health effects (e.g. acrylamide). On the other hand, health-promoting compounds (e.g. antioxidants) have also been identified in such foods. Therefore, a baking experiment with biscuits was carried out to study the potential impact of both acrylamide and antioxidants in that food. Two different wheat flour types – wholemeal (WMF) and white flour type 550 (T550; 0.55% mineral content) – as well as recipe (fat and leavening agent) and thermal input (temperature?×?time) were changed. Furthermore, the effect of an enzymatic asparagine hydrolysation was tested. Antioxidants were determined with two independent procedures ABTS – (2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)) and FRAP-assay (ferric reducing ability of plasma). WMF samples resulted in an unchanged acrylamide level, but in a significantly higher antioxidant concentration when compared with T550 samples (149 and 141?µg?kg^?1 acrylamide and 9.1 and 5.1?mmol?TE?kg^?1 FW ABTS for WMF and T550, respectively). A reduced fat content yielded in an increased volume. Raising agents had no effect on acrylamide levels, but antioxidants were higher in samples with sodium bicarbonate (SBC) than with ammonium bicarbonate (ABC). Thermal input (temperature?×?time; 150°C?×?25?min to 240°C?×?9?min) indicated an exponential acrylamide increase especially at higher temperatures (from 75 to 236?µg?kg^?1), whereas antioxidant increase was linear (from 7.0 to 7.7?mmol?TE?kg^?1 FW, ABTS). FRAP and ABTS values were correlated on a low level, whereas acrylamide content of biscuits was correlated with FRAP and lightness (R ^2?=?0.62 and 0.47, and 0.71 and 0.85 for WMF and T550, respectively). The enzyme asparaginase reduced acrylamide formation by about 50% for both raising agents (SBC and ABC, respectively), whereas antioxidant levels were not affected. An evaluation of recipe variants with low acrylamide and high antioxidants indicated the advantage of wholemeal biscuits.     

LC-MS/MS法测定11种鲜切油炸马铃薯片中丙烯酰胺的含量

目的:在相同的设定条件下,进行11种鲜切油炸马铃薯片中丙烯酰胺含量的测试.方法:将马铃薯热烫60s,表面干燥,180℃油炸100s,脱油,前处理,采用液相-质谱联用检测不同品种的马铃薯油炸薯片中丙烯酰胺含量.结果:在相同的油炸试验条件下,丙烯酰胺含量较低的是D-519、陇薯-3号、中薯-7号、LK99等,丙烯酰胺含量较高的是中薯-8号、夏波蒂、中薯-3号等.结论:马铃薯品种对鲜切油炸薯片中丙烯酰胺含量有较大的影响.     

Acrylamide formation is prevented by divalent cations during the Maillard reaction

The effects of mono- and divalent cations on the formation of acrylamide were studied in a fructose-asparagine model system at 150 and 180 °C. At amounts equivalent to those of asparagine and fructose, added divalent cations, such as Ca²⁺, were found to prevent acrylamide formation completely, whereas monovalent cations, such as Na⁺, almost halved the acrylamide formed in the model system. It was confirmed by mass spectrometric analyses of pyrolyzates that the formation of the Schiff base of asparagines, which is the key intermediate leading to acrylamide, was prevented by the cations. Meanwhile, the reaction proceeded to form brown coloured products. Dipping potatoes into calcium chloride solution inhibited the formation of acrylamide by up to 95% during frying. The sensory quality of fried potato strips, in terms of golden yellow colour and crispy texture, was not adversely affected by this treatment.