基于拥塞预警与分流传输的AOMDV协议优化

针对AOMDV协议只使用主路径传输数据,导致备用路径未能得到充分利用以及网络负载失衡的问题,本文提出一种LBAOMDV(Load Balanced AOMDV)协议。该协议在AOMDV协议的基础上使用基于路径长度、路径使用次数以及路径状态的分流传输机制在多条路径上同时传输数据以均衡网络负载,当网络中的节点负载过重并通过预先设定的阀值时将触发拥塞预警机制以减少通过该节点的数据流量,从而进一步达到网络负载的动态均衡。     

基于主备链路稳定性的节能多径AOMDV-ES路由协议

移动Ad hoc网络中的AOMDV协议是典型的多径按需距离矢量路由协议。由于移动Ad hoc网络资源有限,AOMDV协议洪泛路由发现方式会导致控制开销过大,选择的最短时延路径不够稳定,如果动态维护多条路径则开销更大,会抵消多径路由协议的优势。针对以上问题,结合多径路由和扩展环搜索的思想提出一种基于主备链路稳定性的节能多径路由协议(AOMDV-ES)。通过对AOMDV-ES协议和AOMDV协议在不同场景下进行仿真分析比较,结果显示AOMDV-ES协议的整体性能在路由开销、分组递交率和平均端到端延时方面较AOMDV协议有所改进。     

基于路径服务质量度量的AOMDV改进路由协议

移动自组网中,传输路径的服务质量是影响路由性能的蘑要因素.为了提高多路径路由性能,在分析AOMDV协议的基础上,提出了一个新的参数"路径服务质量度量",用来体现当前路径传输状态.基于这个参数,同时引入路径收集的思想,提出了一种摹于路径服务质量度量的AOMDV改进路由协议PQSM-AOMDV.协议综合选择节点平均连接度大,跳数少和节点平均负荷小的路径进行数据转发,以期提高路由性能.仿真结果表明:与AOMDV协议相比,该协议提高了分组投递率,减小了分组端到端时延,降低了路由发现频率.     

基于能量均衡的AOMDV路由协议的改进

针对AOMDV路由协议在传输数据时只使用一条主路径,没有充分利用起一次路由发现所获取的多条路径,并且也没有考虑网络能量均衡的问题,提出了一种能量均衡的AOMDV路由协议。该协议将多路由协议与能量均衡理论相结合,采用最小电池消耗路由和最小最大电池消耗路由的策略,从而避免了大部分节点的过早死亡,而导致整个无线网络的瘫痪。仿真实验结果表明,经过改进的AOMDV路由算法不仅降低了网络延时,而且还延长了网络的整体寿命。     

Ad Hoc网络中AOMDV的路由修复策略

针对AOMDV协议备用路径利用率低、路由发现频率高等问题,提出一种基于建立旁路的路径修复策略BB-AOMDV。通过RREQ与RREP 分组获得各节点到目的节点的第2跳信息,路径失效时,断点处的上游节点根据此信息与断点下游节点搭建旁路路径,数据可绕过断点通过旁路进行正常传输。仿真结果表明,该策略能在提高分组投递率的同时降低归一化路由开销与路由发现频率。     

基于负载均衡的DSR路由协议改进*

动态源路由DSR路由协议以最短路径优先为原则,但是没考虑负载均衡,产生拥塞区域、连接失败等不利结果.为减轻路由负载,提高协议性能,提出了一种基于负载均衡的DSR路由算法.在路由发现过程中节点根据自身负载情况决定接收或丢弃请求分组,从而避开负载过高节点;中间节点采用不应答路由请求分组策略;目的节点根据路径总负载选择合适的...     

多径路由协议AOMDV的改进与性能分析

移动无线自组网是一种移动多跳无线网络,有效的路由算法是关键。由于移动自组网的移动性,会使得无线自组网按需多径距离矢量路由（AOMDV）协议的活动路由不再是最短路径。针对此不足,提出了改进方法：构建两跳路由,然后利用两跳路由信息对活动路由进行动态优化,使路径更短。NS一2仿真结果表明,改进的AOMDV协议在路由发起频率、端到端平均时延、归一化路由开销和数据分组投递率等方面的性能均比AOMDV效果好。     

基于MAODV协议的多路径扩展方法

提出了一种基于MAODV协议的多路径扩展方法,选择两条节点不相交的路径分流发送数据分组以提高网络利用率,均衡网络负载;只有当两条路径都中断,源节点才重新进行路由寻找,从而减少路由寻找次数,降低了路由控制开销.仿真表明,随着网络负载增加,多路径MAODV较好的保证了网络多方面的性能.     

Ad Hoc网络中AOMDV协议的一种改进方案

多路径路由协议是Ad Hoc网络最重要的协议之一,通过它可以获得多条通信路径,并且能够减少路由发现延迟,实现负载均衡,因此受到广泛应用.该文介绍了AOMDV多路径路由协议的工作过程和特点,分析了其在减少延迟和均衡负载中的作用.在此基础上提出了一种对AOMDV路由表结构的改进方案,理论和模拟表明该方案能显著提高网络传输性能.     

基于链路生存时间的AOMDV协议的研究

针对AOMDV路由协议中,以跳数作为路径选择标准不能提供足够稳定的链路,使得路由的整体开销较大的问题,提出基于链路生存时间的AOMDV协议(LET-AOMDV)。该协议中每个节点通过GPS获取移动的速度和方向,计算链路持续时间,同时根据牛顿插值公式估算出节点剩余能量所能使用的时间,选择路由有效时间最长的路径,从而提高链路的稳定性。NS2仿真结果表明,与AOMDV协议及MP-AOMDV协议相比,采用LET-AOMDV协议能够减少路由请求次数,降低路由开销,减少时延,同时增加网络的吞吐率。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).