学龄期儿童适应技能评定量表信、效度研究

目的:检验学龄期儿童适应技能评定量表的信度和效度。方法:采用重测相关、分半相关、Cronbach α系数及评分者一致性系数检验量表的信度;效度检验主要包括结构效度和效标效度两方面。结果:①本量表各领域α系数在0.83-0.96之间,分半相关系数在0.76-0.89之间,重测相关系数在0.81-0.97之间,评分者一致性系数在0.89-0.94之间。②验证性因素分析结果显示,无论是总样本还是男、女性样本,x2/df均小于5,TLI、CFIF、NFI、IFI均大于0.9,RMSEA均小于0.08,数据与理论构想相符;③本量表适应技能总分与中国韦氏儿童智力量表的言语量表分、操作量表分和全量表分的相关系数分别为0.62,0.44和0.60,二者呈中度相关;本量表适应总分与儿童适应行为评定量表行为总分相关系数为0.40;④适应总分与学业成绩相关系数为0.34,适应不良与学业成绩相关系数为-0.58。结论:学龄期儿童适应技能评定量表的信、效度达到心理测量学要求,四因素模型可合理解释该量表的结构。     

幼儿适应技能评定量表的信度和效度研究

目的：考察幼儿适应技能评定量表的信度和效度。方法：从分半信度１重测信度、评定者一 致性信度以及同质性信度等方面进行信度检验。效度主要从以下两方面加以考察。１．结构效度：包括内部一致性和因素结构两方面;２．效标效度：包括幼儿适应技能评定量表与中国韦氏幼儿智力量表、儿童适应行为评定师表 、盖塞尔儿童发展量表的相关。结果：１．城市样本各适应技能领域分半相关系数为０．０２～０．９６,Ｃｒｏｎｂａｃｈ’α系     

改良婴幼儿孤独症量表中文版的信效度

目的:引进改良婴幼儿孤独症量表(Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers,M-CHAT),并检验信效度。方法:对93名符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)诊断标准的门诊就诊的儿童孤独症患儿进行M-CHAT中文版评定,其中64名患儿同时评定儿童孤独症行为量表(ABC),56名患儿同时评定儿童孤独症评定量表(CARS),以检验其校标效度。53名患儿2～4周后再次进行M-CHAT中文版评定,以检验重测信度。对85名正常儿童进行M-CHAT中文版评定。共有117名被试(56名孤独症儿童,61名正常对照)的2位家长同时单独对被试进行M-CHAT中文版评定,以检验评分者信度。结果:M-CHAT中文版单项评分者信度Kappa值为0.24～1,总分评分者信度相关系数为0.79;单项重测信度Kappa值为0.27～1,总分重测信度相关系数为0.77(均P<0.01)。M-CHAT中文版内部一致性检验Cronbachα系数为0.85(P<0.01)。M-CHAT中文版各条目与总分之间的相关系数为-0.21～0.73;M-CHAT中文版总分与ABC、CARS总分之间的相关系数分别为0.34与0.53(均P<0.01)。M-CHAT中文版的灵敏度为0.96,特异度为0.60。结论:改良婴幼儿孤独症量表中文版的总体信度、效度较好,灵敏度较高,可用于我国儿童孤独症的早期筛查;但其特异度偏低,有待进一步修订完善。     

Barratt冲动量表用于儿童的信度和效度初步研究

目的：考察父母评BIS冲动评定量表的信度和效度。方法：从分半信度、重测信度、以及同质性信度等方面进行信度检验。效度主要从以下两方面加以考察：①结构效度：包括内部一致性和因素结构两方面；②效标效度：包括冲动评定量表与CBCL、Conners量表的多动冲动因子的相关，并比较研究组与异常组得分的差异结果：分半相关系数0．722；重测信度为0．825；量表及因子内部一致性α系数为：注意0．387、运动0．64l、缺少计划0．643、总分0．794；与Conners的多动冲动因子及CBCL的相应因子相关：分析量表因素提了取出6个因子：异常组得分明最较研究组高。结论：父母量袭BIS评定量表的信，效度均较理想．符合心理计量学要求。     

社会能力评定量表的编制及信效度检验

目的：编制社会能力评定量表并检测其信度和效度。方法：在全国五大行政区用社会能力评定量表评估1605例正常人(男性814名，女性791名)，分析量表的信效度。结果：全量表的Cronbach's α系数为0．88-0．92，三个分量表的d系数为0．81～0．88；量表的分半信度为0．76～0．87，量表的重测信度为0．67～0．86，量表评分者信度为0．91～0．97，表明量表具有较好的内部一致性和稳定性；各条目与总分的相关系数0．49-0．80，分量表与总分的相关系数为0．76～0.89，通过因子分析，证实了量表的结构效度；全量表总分和职业能力得分与被试单位提供的实际社会能力评分呈高度相关，与韦氏智商呈中低度相关。结论：量表编制符合心理测量学要求，具有良好的信度和效度。     

简易精神症状自陈量表的信度和效度

目的:检验简易精神症状自陈量表的信度和效度。方法:在精神医学鉴定对象、普通精神科患者及正常人三组人群中用该量表进行测试,部分测试对象同时实施MMPI,并间隔5-15日后予以重测。结果:①全量表的Cron-bach’sα系数为0.91;量表的分半信度为0.90;重测信度为0.73～0.98。②各因子与全量表总分相关在0.79～0.87之间;各因子之间相关在0.50～0.65之间。全量表总分与MMPI的Fake分量表相关系数为0.76;以专家评定为校标,量表判定伪装的总准确率为86.6%。结论:简易精神症状评定量表具有良好的信度和效度。     

儿童孤独症筛查量表的编制与信度、效度分析

目的:编制儿童孤独症筛查量表,并对该量表进行信度和效度分析.方法:基于目前精神医学界对儿童孤独症临床表现和诊断的认识及孤独症诊断访谈量表的研究结果编制量表.选择儿童孤独症组、精神发育迟滞组和正常儿童组作为研究对象进行信度、效度检验.结果:该量表各项目的评定者信度和重测信度(Kappa值)分别为0.429-0.639(除一项外)和0.404-0.732.各因子的评定者信度和重测信度(相关系数)分别为0.944-0.988和0.840-0.984.量表总分的评定者信度和重测信度(相关系数)分别为0.933和0.986.量表的分半信度为0.969.同质性信度除一项外,其他各项目间的相关系数为0.444-0.855.P均<0.01.该量表各项目的鉴别诊断效度:三组间χ2值为20.658-108.152;各两组间Z值分别为2.186-9.264(除二项外).各因子的区分效度:三组间F值为138.227-468.368;各两组间组间均数差为2.916-14.542.量表总分的区分效度:三组间F值为562.563,各两组间组间均数差为10.91-34.64.p为0.029-0.000.量表的所有项目可聚为三个因子.筛查界限分为21分,诊断界限分为24分.结论:该量表具有较好的信度和效度,可用于儿童孤独症的筛查和诊断.     

中文版严重损害量表评估老年痴呆患者认知损害程度的信效度

目的:检验中文版严重损害量表(SIB)评估老年痴呆患者认知损害程度的信效度.方法:对115例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)诊断标准各类型痴呆的住院患者和30例健康老年对照进行SIB评定.对患者评定简易智力状态量表(MMSE)、总体衰退量表(GDS)、日常生活功能量表(ADL),以检验其校标效度和区分效度.其中,30例患者间隔1～8d重复评定SIB,检验量表的重测信度;10例患者由5名测评员联合评定SIB,检验量表的评定者间一致性信度.结果:SIB各因子评定者间一致性(ICC)为0.92 ～1.00,总分ICC为1.00(均P＜0.01);各因子重测信度为0.77 ～0.91,总分重测信度为0.96(均P＜0.01);各因子内部一致性Cronbach α系数为0.65 ～ 0.95,总分为0.98.SIB与MMSE、ADL、GDS的相关系数分别为0.93、-0.70、-0.89(均P＜0.01).SIB得分,对照组高于轻-中度痴呆组,GDS 5级(重度认知功能减退)痴呆组高于GDS 6级(严重认知减退)组,GDS 6级组高于GDS 7级(极严重度认知减退)组(均P＜0.005),MMSE 0 ～5分痴呆组低于6～11分痴呆组(P＜0.0083).探索性因子分析共获得认知功能、对外界的刺激反应2个公因子,对方差的累计贡献率为73.08％,各条目在相应公因子上的因子负荷为0.69 ～0.91.结论:中文版SIB的信效度符合量表测量学的要求,适用于评估GDS 5和6级,MMSE得分低于11分的痴呆患者的认知功能水平.     

儿少心理问题筛查表的编制和信效度分析

目的：编制一个用于儿童和青少年的心理问题筛查表，检验其信度和效度。方法：用新编的心理问题筛查表测查全国12个省（市）9278名儿童或他们的父母和143名临床样本，间隔5周的重测样本87人，父母和儿童报告一致性检验样本56人，效标效度样本65人。用相关分析和因素分析考查量表的信度和效度。结果：新编筛查表具有较好的信度（重测信度为0．761、Crobacha系数为0．949、分半信度为0．868、评定者信度为0．799）；正常儿童在筛查表上的得分显著高于临床样本的得分；新编筛查表总分和分量表与儿童行为量表总分和类似分量表有显著的相关：探索性因素分析和验证性斟素分析与量表编制者的理论构想一致。结论：儿少心理健康量表具有较好的信度和效度．可以用于儿童和青少年的心理问题的筛查．     

简明神经精神量表中文版在老年痴呆患者中的信效度

目的:建立简明神经精神量表(Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire,NPI-Q)的中文版,并考察其在老年痴呆患者中的信度和效度。方法:经原作者同意后,将NPI-Q翻译为中文版。10例痴呆患者由3名测评员使用NPI-Q联合评定,检验量表的评定者间一致性信度。对86例痴呆患者及30例健康对照进行AD病理行为评分表(behavioral pathologyin Alzheimer's disase,BEHAVE-AD)、简明精神病量表(The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale,BPRS)与NPI-Q评定,检验量表的效标效度,其中30例痴呆患者间隔24h重复评定,检验量表的重测信度。结果:(1)内部一致性,NPI-Q的严重程度分量表Cronbach α系数为0.566,条目间平均相关系数为0.098;痛苦程度分量表Cronbach α系数为0.642,条目间平均相关系数为0.130。(2)评定者间一致性信度,严重程度分量表组内相关性系数(ICC)为0.97;痛苦程度分量表组内相关性系数(ICC)为0.94。(3)重测信度,严重程度分量表重测相关系数为0.89;痛苦程度分量表重测相关系数为0.86。(4)效标效度,严重程度分量表总分与BEHAVE-AD总分、BPRS总分相关系数分别为0.70和0.40;痛苦程度分量表总分与BEHAVE-AD总评相关系数为0.76。(5)痴呆组严重程度、痛苦程度评分均高于正常对照(中位数:10vs.1.5,10vs.0;均P0.001)。(6)探索性因子分析获得精神病性、异常行为、失自控及情感障碍4个公因子。4个公因子对方差的累计贡献率为58.3%。各条目在相应公因子上的因子负荷在0.596～0.803之间。结论:简明神经精神量表中文版的信效度符合量表测量学的要求,但仍然需要扩大样本进行更深入的研究分析。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.     

A comparative study of the effects of dimebon,obsidan, finoptin,and cordaron on the functional state of ischemic focus and size of necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction

Dimebon, an antihistamine agent, exerts a moderate antianginal effect, improving the function of ischemic focus in the myocardium and decreasing the necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction. Dimebon is less active than obsidan, finoptin (except for the size of the necrotic zone), and cordaron. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 12, pp. 642–644, December, 1996     

Effects of sex steroid hormones on lipid peroxidation and glutathione antioxidant system in rat skin

Effects of estradiol and testosterone on the intensity of lipid peroxidation and contents of glutathione redox system components in the dermis and epidermis of rat skin were studied. Only estradiol induced considerable dose-dependent and tissue-specific biphasic antioxidant effects on the skin. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 12, pp. 663–666, December, 1999     

Adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells on surface-modified PEEK substrata

A series of surface-functionalized poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) films has been prepared by selective wet-chemistry; they are hydroxylated polymer (PEEK-OH) obtained by reduction, aminated polymer (PEEK-[]-NH2) prepared by coupling a diisocyanate reagent to PEEKOH (PEEK-[]-NCO) followed by hydrolysis, and carboxylated and aminocarboxylated polymers (PEEK-[]-GABA and PEEK-Lysine) resulting from the coupling of aminoacids to PEEK-[]-NCO. The aminated and carboxylated substrata promoted the adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells in the presence of serum. Fibronectin (FN), an extra-cellular matrix protein, has been covalently fixed and/or adsorbed on various PEEK substrata, in the presence or not of a polymeric surfactant (Pluronic F68). The performances of the FN-grafted substrata (PEEK-[]-FN(1) and PEEK-[]-FN(2)) were significantly higher than those of reference substrata simply coated with FN (PEEK-OH(+FN)(1) and (2), PEEK-[]-NH2(+FN)(1) and (2)), considering the adhesion and spreading of CaCo2 cells in the absence of serum. Moreover, the stability of the adherent cells on the FN-adsorbed substrata dramatically depended on the experimental conditions applied during the PEEK coating with FN.     

THE ODYSSEY – A JUNGIAN PERSPECTIVE: INDIVIDUATION AND MEETING WITH THE ARCHETYPES OF THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

Homer's epic tale of the 20-year return of Odysseus from the Trojan War is investigated with particular reference to Jung's theory of individuation. Odysseus' meetings with 'the anima' in the form of goddesses, sirens and female monsters and his visit to Hades demonstrate the confrontation and humanization of aspects of the archetypal level of the psyche, central to Jung's theories of psychic growth and development. Jung's important ideas of the psychoid level and the transcendent function are explored and linked both to his investigations into medieval alchemy and with findings from contemporary neuroscience. The importance of Jung's constructive method of the interpretation of dreams and myths is shown to be central.