急性心肌梗塞并发脑血管意外（附24例临床分析）

本文报告我院近十年来急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者９６８例，发生脑血管意外的共２４例（２．５％），其中脑梗塞１９例（７９．２％），脑出血３例（１２．５），蛛网膜下腔出血２例（８．３％）。在发生脑血管意外的病例中有１３例（５４．２％）为透壁性广泛前壁心肌梗塞，心内膜下心肌梗塞４例（１６．７％），后壁梗塞３例（１２．５％），前间壁并下壁梗塞２例（８．３％），前侧壁、高侧壁梗塞各１例（４．２％），并对ＡＭＩ并脑血管意外的发病率、死亡率、发病机理及其治疗进行了讨论。     

脑动静脉畸形血液动力学的理论模型

脑动静脉畸形（ａｒｔｅｒｉｏｖｅｎｏｕｓ　ｍａｌｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ,ＡＶＭ）是脑血管床中某处动静脉之间的异常直接交通而形成的一种畸形血管组织,其主要的临床表现是脑出血、癫　、神经功能障碍和头痛等。未破裂过的脑ＡＶＭ每年有２％　－　３％　发生出血和１　％死亡;第１次出血的死亡率为１０％,而幸存者在随后１年里又有６％再次出血;第２次出血的死亡率为１３％,以后再次出血的死亡率为２０　％。脑ＡＶＭ的临床表现和并发症与其异常的血液动力学状态有关。由于血液动力学的研究涉及血流量、流速、血压、阻力、血流方式…     

急性多灶性脑出血的病因、发病机制及临床分析

目的 探讨包性多灶性脑出血（ＡＭＣＨ的病因、发病机制及临床特点。方法 通过ＣＴ、病理和临床检查,对４７例病人进去观察分析。结果 ＡＭＣＨ占同期脑出血病人的３％。主要病因为高血压（７７％）,淀粉样脑血管病（４％）,脑血管畸形（４％）,瘤卒中（２％）,白血病（２％）,原因不明５例（１１％）,出血发限部位依次为基底节（５１％）,脑叶（３９％）,脑干和小脑（各５％）。按出血部位将其上脑蚌 型、小脑幕下型和     

妊娠高血压综合征合并脑卒中15例临床分析

目的探讨妊娠高血压综合征（妊高征）合并脑卒中的病因、临床表现、诊断、治疗原则及预后。方法回顾性分析15例妊高征合并脑卒中住院病人临床资料。结果妊高征中脑卒中的发生率为1．37％；患者的主要临床表现为偏身运动或感觉障碍、头痛、意识障碍、失语、精神障碍等；头颅CT或MRI检查后可确诊；积极治疗妊高征、及时终止妊娠（剖宫产），以及脑卒中相应治疗措施；发病机制主要有高血压、脑动脉痉挛、高凝、高血脂等；结果产妇及胎儿均存活．12例治愈，3例遗留较明显的神经系统后遗症（好转及未愈）。结论妊高征具有发生脑卒中的危险因素，出现神经系统症状时应及时行头颅CT或MRI检查，明确诊断后及时终止妊娠．积极治疗妊高征配以脑卒中相应治疗措施。     

立体定向手术治疗超早期高血压丘脑出血的临床实验研究

通过离体的血凝块观察尿激酶药物的纤溶效果，溶解时间及最低有效浓度治疗超早期高血压丘脑出血提供科学依据，采用ＣＴ引导立体定向手术治疗超早期高血压丘脑出血５０例。手术死亡率６％，４７例术后随访３～７４个月，生活能力，ＡＤＬ１１２例（２５．５％），ＡＤＬ２２３例（４８％），ＡＤＬ３１０例（２１％），ＡＤＬ４２例（４．２％）。     

首发为癫痫的脑动静脉畸形患者的DSA特征及其与癫痫关系

目的 分析首发为癫痫的脑动静脉畸形（ＣＡＶＭ）患者的畸形血管团影像学特征及其与癫痫的关系。方法 选择１４例首发癫痫的ＣＡＶＭ患者，先行脑电图（ＥＥＧ）检查，然后均以血管内介入法行全脑血管造影，并将其结果进行分析。结果 ＣＡＶＭ多位于幕上，共１２例（８５．７％），其中以位于额顶叶居多（１０例，８３．３％），且累及范围较大，畸形血管团〉６ｃｍ者９例（６５％），多为毛细血管扩张型。所致癫痫多为部分性发作（１２例，８５．７％）。５例合并出血，其中２例表现为全面性发作。４例ＥＥＧ棘尖波灶与ＣＡＶＭ位置不符。结论 本组病例ＣＡＶＭ范围大而弥散，血供丰富。其所致癫痫，多为部分性发作，ＣＡＶＭ位置与致痫灶大多相符。     

脑动静脉畸形出血危险因素的Cox回归分析

目的：探讨与脑动静脉畸形（ＡＶＭ）出血相关的临床及血管影像学特征，以期对脑ＡＶＭ的出血倾向作出评价和预测。方法：应用Ｃｏｘ回归模型，对５９例脑ＡＶＭ进行出血危险因素的单因素及多因素分析。结果：５９例脑ＡＶＭ中，观察期内出血４８例（占８１％），年平均出血率为２％；病灶大小、供应动脉支数以及引流静脉支数是决定脑ＡＶＭ出血倾向最重要的危险因素；小型ＡＶＭ、多支动脉供应的ＡＶＭ以及仅有单支静脉引流的ＡＶＭ最易破裂出血。结论：建议脑血管造影时着重对此三项指标进行描述；对于出血风险较大的脑ＡＶＭ应及早治疗。     

伽玛刀治疗脑血管畸形（附61例分析报告）

本文分析了伽玛刀治疗６１例脑血管畸形患者（ＡＶＭ４１例，ＡＯＶＭ２０例），经６个月、２年随访，结果１６个月以内血管巢闭塞占５４％，１８～２４个月闭塞占８０％；癫痫消失５６％（平均１．１年）；术后有１例再出血死亡（占ＡＶＭ２．４％）。作者探讨了影响畸形消失的有关因素，认为在允许范围内，剂量大，病灶消失速度快；病灶容积小，消失速度快；儿童病灶消失快。癫痫控制率偏低，若结合ＰＥＴ综合定位和处理，可望提高癫痫治愈率。对位于重要功能区或容积过大脑血管畸形，可先予其他处理，残余部分再行伽玛刀治疗。     

脑静脉血管畸形的自然史及治疗策略

脑静脉性血管畸形（ＣＶＭ）是脑血管畸形中的常见类型之一，占整个脑血管畸形的７．３％～６３％。由完全是静脉和散布其间的神经实质构成。过去认为有较高的出血率，近年研究表明它虽然是组织解剖学的异常，而生理上它是周围正常脑组织静脉引流所必须，出血的可能性很小。多数医生反对手术治疗ＣＶＭ，切除病变后会引起严重的静脉回流障碍和脑水肿，有较高的致残率和死亡率。     

小儿自发性脑出血的病因及诊治

目的：探讨小儿自发性脑出血的病因及其诊治方法的选择。方法：小儿自发性脑出血２５例，多见于８～１４岁，临床上癫痫发生率（４４．０％）明显高于成人，部分患儿有贫血表现。病因以脑动静脉畸形（ＡＶＭ）最常见（４８．０％），血液病（１６．０％）次之，约１／４患儿病因不明。出血量大、病情进展快者宜急诊手术清除血肿，并及时行脑血管造影及全身系统检查明确病因、作相应治疗。小儿ＡＶＭ采用血管内栓塞、手术切除或栓塞加手术切除。结果：治愈１９例（７６．０％），好转３例（１２．０％），死亡３例（１２．０％）。随访１６例（１～６．５年），１例死亡，１例再出血，余１４例健康生存。结论：小儿自发性脑出血最常见病因是动静脉畸形和血液病，如诊断治疗及时，预后良好。     

妊娠高血压综合征合并脑出血的临床治疗

目的 探讨妊娠高血压综合征（妊高征）合并脑出血的临床治疗。方法 回顾研究我院收治的11例妊高征合并脑出血患者的治疗及预后。结果 9例患者行开颅血肿清除术,其中3例同时行剖宫产术,2例非手术治疗,患者肢体功能障碍均不同程度好转。结论 对妊高征合并脑出血患者选择适宜的治疗方案,可降低母婴死亡率和致残率。     

妊娠高血压综合征并发脑出血临床分析

目的 探讨妊娠高血压综合征（妊高征）并发脑出血的临床特点.方法 对妊高征并发脑出血患者的临床资料进行分析.结果 妊高征并发脑出血主要临床表现为不明原因的头痛、意识障碍,头CT检查有助于确诊,积极治疗妊高征并配合神经科治疗为本病的主要治疗措施.结论 预防妊高征并发脑出血的主要措施是产前定期系统的检查,发现患者出现头痛、呕吐及意识障碍应及时行头CT检查,积极治疗妊高征及其他相关治疗,可改善妊高征并发脑出血的预后.     

Intracranial hemorrhage in patients with polycystic kidney disease

To emphasize the important association of polycystic kidney disease and hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage, a registry of 900 consecutive cases of hemorrhagic stroke was reviewed. Eleven patients (1.2%) had intracranial hemorrhage (eight had hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage and the other three had aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage) found to be associated with polycystic kidney disease. These 11 patients also accounted for 11% of the 98 cases of polycystic kidney disease during the 28-month study period. As verified by computed tomography, parenchymal hemorrhage occurred mainly in the putamen and the thalamus, the usual sites for hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. One patient with cerebral hemorrhage was autopsied and one was studied angiographically, but in neither patient was an intracranial aneurysm identified. In the patients with polycystic kidney disease and intracranial hemorrhage, hypertension had been inadequately treated or even undetected; therefore, I emphasize early detection and more effective control of hypertension in patients with polycystic kidney disease for prophylaxis against hemorrhagic cerebrovascular events.     

高血压性脑出血头痛与血压

目的：探讨脑出血头痛与血压的关系。方法：脑出血147例,按有无头病症状分为头痛组和无头痛组,并对有高血压病史、病后血压升高、两者皆有、两者皆无等四个类型给予对照分析。结果：高血压性脑出血发生后约1／3无头痛。脑出血后血压升高与病后头痛无关,与临床表现有关,临床表现越重,血压升高越显著。结论：脑出血后头痛与血压升高是高血压性脑出血的早期症状,但不能作为确诊依据,仅供临床参考。     

Hypertension as a risk factor for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

To better define the etiologic importance of hypertension for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, hospital records were studied for all patients sustaining intracerebral hemorrhage during 1982 in the Cincinnati metropolitan area. Hypertension pre-dating the hemorrhage was present in 45% (69 of 154), as determined by history. A more inclusive definition of hypertension, combining those with a positive history with those found to have left ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiogram or cardiomegaly by chest radiography, applied in 56% (87 of 154). The cases were compared to controls with and without hypertension derived from the NHANES II study of blood pressure (n = 16,204) to determine relative risk. For the presence of hypertension by history, the relative risk of intracerebral hemorrhage was 3.9 (95% confidence interval, 2.7 to 5.7). For the inclusive definition of hypertension, the relative risk was 5.4 (3.7 to 7.9). Relative risk was also determined for hypertension in blacks (= 4.4), age greater than 70 (= 7), prior cerebral infarction (= 22), and diabetes (= 3). We conclude that the term "hypertensive hemorrhage" should be used very selectively, particularly in whites, and propose that hypertension be viewed as one of several important risk factors for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.     

不同类型急性脑卒中血压变化的动态观察

目的　探讨不同类型急性脑卒中患者血压的变化规律。方法　 96例急性脑卒中患者 ,42例脑出血 ,5 4例脑梗死。以同期 65例Ⅰ期高血压作对照 ,全部患者均作 1～ 3d的 2 4h动态血压测定。并于第 2d始每隔 12h记录 1次 ,连续记录 7d ,至第14d再记录 1次。结果　脑出血组与脑梗死组 2 4h及夜间平均收缩压和舒张压均较对照组升高 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。但脑出血组较脑梗死组更明显 ,两组有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。而高血压患者发生脑梗死、脑出血的危险性分别是非高血压患者的 3～ 4倍。急性脑卒中后 84%患者血压迅速升高 ,于 12h达到高峰 ,4d内逐渐下降至低水平。结论　血压的昼夜波动变化特点与发生脑卒中的类型有密切关系。急性脑卒中后血压的变化呈先升后降的自然规律。高血压患者急性卒中的发生率明显高于非高血压患者。     

Stroke in women of reproductive age: comparison between stroke related and unrelated to pregnancy

Pregnancy may increase the risk of stroke. However, few studies have compared strokes in women of reproductive age that occur in pregnancy or the puerperium (pregnancy-related stroke, PRS) with those unrelated to pregnancy. This study assesses risk factors and etiologies of stroke in these women based on relationship to pregnancy. From 1984 to 2002, all female patients 15 through 40 years of age with a first-ever stroke at National Taiwan University Hospital were included in this study. PRS was defined as patients who had stroke occurrence during pregnancy or within 6 weeks postpartum. Stroke was categorized as cerebral infarction (CI), cerebral hemorrhage (CH), or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and divided into subtype according to etiology. Risk factors and etiologies were compared for patients with PRS and stroke unrelated to pregnancy. We identified 49 patients with PRS, and 353 patients with stroke unrelated to pregnancy. There was no statistically significant difference in distribution of CI subtypes. Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) was more common in PRS than stroke unrelated to pregnancy (39% vs. 7%, P<0.001), and 73% of these cases occurred postpartum. Preeclampsia-eclampsia was an important cause of peripartum CH (37%), but not CI (4%). Among PRS cases, postpartum cerebral venous thrombosis and preeclampsia-eclampsia were the major causes of CI and CH, respectively.     

冠状动脉造影并发颅内出血的临床特点

目的研究冠状动脉造影并发颅内出血的临床特点。方法对12例冠状动脉造影检查并发颅内出血患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组患者有高血压病史10例(84%);颅内出血均为急性起病,在冠状动脉造影检查中发病5例,检查后<24 h发病7例。临床表现均有血压显著升高,其中头痛、呕吐8例,意识障碍7例,偏瘫、言语障碍2例,头痛、发热1例,言语障碍、偏身共济失调1例。头颅CT示大脑半球出血9例,其中出血破入脑室和蛛网膜下腔3例,小脑出血并破入脑室1例,蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)1例;腰穿检查示SAH 1例。经治疗基本痊愈2例,明显好转7例,死亡3例。结论冠状动脉造影并发颅内出血的患者大多有高血压病史,均在造影检查中或检查后24 h内急性发病,发病时血压显著升高,病情较重,病死率较高。     

Postpartum cerebral angiopathy presenting with non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Parturition increases the risk of strokes of various types, including postpartum cerebral angiopathy (PCA), which is characterized by reversible multifocal vasoconstriction of the cerebral arteries. We describe an unusual presentation of PCA associated with postpartum non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A 31-year-old multiparous woman complained of sudden headache 3 hours after an uncomplicated vaginal delivery. She had no history of pregnancy-induced hypertension. SAH was found over the bilateral frontoparietal convexities with multifocal vasculopathy. Her symptoms resolved completely within 1 week. The findings of a follow-up neurological examination, cerebral angiography, and brain MRI were normal after 2 months. PCA syndrome may be associated with postpartum non-aneurysmal SAH.     

脑出血患者脑血流速度的观察

目的 观察脑出血后脑主要动脉的血流速度变化,进而研究脑血流动力学变化的临床价值。方法 采用经颅超声多普勒(transcranial Doppler,TCD)分别对216例脑出血患者和80名健康对照者的大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉、大脑后动脉、颈内动脉、基底动脉和椎动脉等颅内主要动脉的血流速度进行检测分析,记录包括收缩期峰速(Vs)、舒张期末流速(Vd)及搏动指数(PI)等血流参数及频谱形态。结果 脑出血组患者收缩期峰速与舒张末期流速与对照组比较均降低,差异有显著性意义(P<0.001)。脑出血组有164例患者(7.93％)颅内动脉血流速度降低,其中51例(23.61％)发生于脑出血早期,以舒张期末流速降低为主,113例(52.31％)发生于脑出血的中、后期,表现为普遍性流速降低。另有52例(24.07％)脑血流速度基本正常。结论 多数脑出血患者脑组织处于低循环状态,其程度与病情相关,因此对脑出血患者进行血流动力学监测有助于指导治疗及判断预后。