2010年泰州市餐饮业食品安全监测结果分析

目的了解泰州市餐饮业食品安全动态,及时发现餐饮服务食品安全隐患,为监管部门有效监管提供参考。方法按照《关于委托开展江苏省2010年餐饮服务食品安全监督抽检工作的函》检测技术要求提供的检测方法和食品检验工作规范进行监测抽样,采高风险食品、餐饮具及食品原料3大类样品312份,对大肠菌群、菌落总数、沙门菌等7个微生物指标及防腐剂、色素、重金属、兽药残留等28个理化指标进行监测。结果 312份样品总体合格率为50.3%,其中食物原料大米、小麦粉、食用油全部合格;生活饮用水合格率为75.0%;猪肉(猪肝)合格率为56.2%;高风险食品合格率仅为17.3%,熟肉制品、鲜榨果蔬汁、非发酵豆制品、沙拉、凉拌菜、生食水产品、盒饭合格率分别为20.0%、15.0%、6.25%、25.0%、0、12.5%、37.5%。合格率偏低主要受菌落总数、大肠菌群两个卫生学指标的影响,7类样品合格率差异无显著性;餐饮具合格率为75.6%。结论猪肉污染严重;熟肉制品、沙拉等直接入口食品卫生状况较差,提示相关监管部门应加强加工场所卫生管理,从业人员卫生意识宣导以及原料选控、加工过程及餐具消毒等关键环节的监督管理。     

低温贮藏过程中水牛肉品质变化研究

为探究低温贮藏过程中水牛肉品质变化规律,选取新鲜水牛肉为原料,采用4、-18、-60℃三个温度梯度贮藏肉样,测定不同贮藏期水牛肉的色泽、滴水损失、pH、双烯值、蒸煮损失、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N值)、菌落总数和大肠菌群数的变化。结果发现,随着贮藏温度的升高,水牛肉的蒸煮损失、b*值、双烯值、挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数和大肠菌群数显著增加(P<0.05),但水牛肉的a*值、L*值显著降低(P<0.05);随着贮藏时间的延长,水牛肉的滴水损失、蒸煮损失、双烯值、挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数和大肠菌群数显著增大(P<0.05);这表明水牛肉品质劣变程度进一步加剧。三个贮藏温度条件下,4℃冷藏的水牛肉双烯值、TVB-N值、菌落总数比-18、-60℃冻藏的水牛肉增长速度快,其中贮藏第10 d的TVB-N值和菌落总数分别为20.08 mg/100 g和6.7lg (CFU/g),显著高于-18、-60℃冻藏水牛肉(P<0.05),且-18、-60℃冻藏水牛肉均在卫生标准(GB 2707-2016)范围内。综上,贮藏时间的延长与温度的升高均会导致水牛肉品质下降。4℃冷藏适合水牛肉的短期保藏,货架期为8 d;但-18、-60℃冻藏适合水牛肉的长期保藏,其中60℃冻藏更有利于水牛肉品质的稳定和卫生安全,同时有效延长水牛肉的货架期。     

辽宁省生食水产品致病菌污染及安全性评价

目的了解辽宁省生食水产品的安全状况,及早发现食品安全隐患,为食品安全监管提供信息。方法在2013年12月~2014年1月于辽宁省的盘锦市、营口市和大连市三个港口城市,从不同规模的大中小型餐饮企业中共收集到生食水产品样品150批,采用国标方法,对生食水产品中沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核增生李斯特氏菌、菌落总数、大肠菌群和寄生虫囊蚴进行检查。结果 150批样品中共检出副溶血性弧菌9批,单增李斯特氏菌1批,金黄色葡萄球菌(定量)10批,菌落总数(限定性包装)1批,总合格率为93.3%,结论辽宁省生食水产品中存在致病菌的污染,相应部门应加强进行食品卫生监管。     

2016—2020年上海市市售即食食品微生物污染状况分析及评价

目的 了解上海市市售即食食品中微生物污染情况,及时发现食品安全隐患,为即食食品风险评估、管理和标准制定提供科学依据。方法 2016-2020 年共采集上海市即食食品20类共10 521份食品样品,对菌落总数、大肠埃希氏菌计数2种卫生指示菌和副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌、沙门氏菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌（以下简称单增李斯特菌）6种食源性致病菌进行定量或定性检验,并分析卫生指示菌和食源性致病菌污染水平及关联性。结果 凉拌米面制品、沙拉、中式凉拌菜的指示菌污染水平较高,菌落总数均值分别为（5.13±1.43）lgCFU/g、（4.56±1.13）lgCFU/g、（4.26±1.75）lgCFU/g;大肠埃希氏菌计数分别为（1.20±1.00）lgCFU/g、（1.47±1.41）lgCFU/g、（1.18±1.06）lgCFU/g。冷锅串串、沙拉、中式凉拌菜、熟肉制品中单增李斯特菌检出率较高,分别为6.27%、3.36%、2.71%、2.69%;副溶血性弧菌仅在生食动物性水产品（3.65%）、中式凉拌菜（2.58%）、熟肉制品（0.42%）中检出;米面制品中蜡样芽孢杆菌（7.51%）显著高于寿司（0.53%）（P<0.05）。菌落总数均值与大肠埃希氏菌计数均值呈极显著正相关（P<0.001）;菌落总数均值与致病菌样品阳性率呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。结论 上海市生食食物、凉拌、夹心等最后一步加工工艺非加热的即食食品,卫生指示菌和致病菌污染水平较高,食源性致病风险较高,应重点防范。固体即食食品菌落总数计数水平与食源性致病菌污染状况存在相关性。     

低温处理对发豆腐贮藏品质的影响

为了寻求有效的发豆腐保鲜措施,比较冷藏、冻藏两种低温处理对发豆腐贮藏品质的影响,通过对发豆腐的感官评价、常规微生物、气味、质构特性的测定,结果表明:冷藏处理的发豆腐在第4天时感官评分为81,菌落总数、霉菌数和大肠菌群数开始急剧增加;冷冻处理的发豆腐在28 d内感官品质良好稳定,微生物数基本无明显变化,质构特性在冷冻后有一定变化,但随后保持稳定,电子鼻检测24 d后稍有变化。因此,低温处理能延长发豆腐的贮藏期,冻藏处理的保鲜效果较佳且对发豆腐的感官、气味和质构特性影响不大。     

冻藏对牛肉品质及氟喹诺酮类药物残留的影响

目的研究冻藏对牛肉品质和氟喹诺酮类药物残留的影响。方法将原料肉绞碎,分为空白组和加标组,真空包装,冻藏-18℃±1℃后进行主要营养成分、p H、TBARS、菌落总数、钙铁锌和氟喹诺酮类药物残留量的测定。结果在-18℃±1℃冻藏过程中,添加沙拉沙星(Sarafloxacin,SAR)和双氟沙星(Difloxacin,DIF)标品组和对照组牛肉水分含量随时间延长呈波动趋势,灰分含量逐渐上升,粗蛋白含量变化无规律;三项指标加标组和空白组差异显著(P0.05)。p H值随着贮藏时间的延长先下降后趋于平缓。加标组TBARS值在贮藏初期迅速下降,之后趋于平缓且低于空白组。铁、锌元素含量逐渐上升,钙含量在8~10周达到最大后开始下降。冻藏对牛肉中SAR和DIF含量的影响不显著。结论冻藏对本实验牛肉样品中氟喹诺酮类药物残留影响较小,实验牛肉样品符合卫生指标的贮藏时间是冻藏6周。     

超高压处理对调味加州扁鸟蛤贮藏品质的影响

以预调味加州扁鸟蛤为原料,研究了不同超高压处理对预调味加州扁鸟蛤微生物、挥发性盐基氮、p H及粗蛋白的变化情况。测定结果显示,预调味加州扁鸟蛤经300 MPa处理10 min贮藏20 d后,菌落总数、TVB-N值均符合水产品生食标准;经400 MPa和500 MPa处理10 min贮藏到25 d,菌落总数、TVB-N值仍符合水产品生食标准,超高压处理能有效抑制加州扁鸟蛤挥发性盐基氮的产生;经超高压处理后的加州扁鸟蛤pH显著高于未加工样品,但经贮藏30 d后,超高压处理后的样品pH反而显著低于未加工鲍鱼;同时,超高压处理后预调味加州扁鸟蛤的营养成分基本保持不变,仍能保持较高的营养价值。     

中国对虾冻藏期间新鲜度和质构的变化

为研究加25%碎冰处理对熟制中国对虾冻藏期间新鲜度和质构的影响,检测-18℃冻藏期间中国对虾菌落总数、pH、TVB-N值、TBA值、硬度和弹性的变化。结果表明,蒸煮处理显著提高冻藏中国对虾的新鲜度指标(菌落总数、TVB-N值和TBA值; p0.05),加冰处理对熟制对虾的菌落总数没有显著影响(p0.05),但降低了熟制对虾pH上升幅度,加冰后对虾的TVB-N值和TBA值略有改善,且降低了贮藏后期(90～120 d)熟虾的硬度,并提高了弹性。加碎冰处理对中国对虾冻藏期间的新鲜度和质构有益。     

南方大口鲶在微冻和冻藏条件下鲜度及品质的变化

为研究3种贮藏温度对南方鲶品质变化的影响,分别对微冻(-3℃)和冻藏(-18、-25℃)条件下南方大口鲶的菌落总数、pH、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)值、K值、色差值、弹性、硬度等指标的变化进行研究,并结合感官评价分析其新鲜度。结果表明:贮藏温度越低,各指标变化趋势越慢;随贮藏时间的延长,3种贮藏温度下南方大口鲶的感官评分、亮度值L*、弹性值及硬度值均不断降低,菌落总数、TVB-N、K值和黄蓝值b*均呈上升趋势,pH均呈先降低后增高的V型变化趋势。综合各指标的实验结果得到:南方鲶-3℃微冻贮藏下货架期为18 d;冻藏组在实验终点(60 d)并未出现腐败变质的情况;与微冻相比,冻藏能明显延长南方鲶的贮藏期。     

重庆：食品抽样检测凉卤莱等最不安全

今年内,我市将抽取餐饮环节的食品样品12000组．对20类食品进行全面检测。“市食药监局副局长石存玉介绍．这20类食品全部都是可能违法添加食品添加剂的高风险品种．包括凉拌菜（含沙拉）、生食水产品、熟肉制品、腌腊肉制品、非发酵豆制品、水产类加工食品、盒饭、乳制品、食用油．火锅底料．食醋、辣椒酱等。     

Bacterial contamination of ready-to-eat foods and fresh products in retail shops and food factories.

Raw vegetables cut for salad, cooked salad, cooked rice, boiled noodles, bean curd, and cooked Japanese foods were purchased in 27 retail shops in Tokyo. Intact vegetables before being processed and ready-to-eat fresh salad products were obtained from two food factories located in the suburbs of Tokyo. Two hundred thirty-eight retail samples, 137 samples of intact vegetables, and 159 samples of fresh products were examined for aerobic plate count (APC), coliforms, Escherichia coli, Listeria spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. The APC of retail foods were 2.1 to 5.7 log CFU/g, and the range for the coliforms was 0.1 to 2.3 log CFU/g. The APC and coliform values showed that the raw vegetables cut for salad were the most heavily contaminated among the six kinds of ready-to-eat foods examined. Although L. monocytogenes was not detected, two samples of raw vegetables and five kinds of cooked foods yielded Listeria spp. S. aureus was detected in one sample of Japanese cooked food. The APC of the intact vegetables were 2.9 to 7.3 log CFU/g upon arrival and 2.2 to 7.2 log CFU/g after 3 days storage at 10 degrees C. The APC of the fresh products were 3.4 to 7.6 log CFU/g upon arrival and 4.7 to 8.7 log CFU/g after 3 days storage at 10 degrees C. The isolation rates for coliforms were 6.1 to 50% for intact vegetables and 50 to 66.7% for fresh products. E. coli was detected only in the fresh products. B. cereus was isolated from 20.1% (17 of 81) of the intact vegetables and 9.2% (8 of 87) of the fresh products.     

2006-2009年江苏省食品中食源性致病菌的监测分析

目的了解食品中主要食源性致病菌的污染状况,确定高危食品,为预防和控制食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法按照《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》的检测技术要求,2006-2009年在江苏省的13个监测点采集食品样品3865份,对沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、弯曲菌和大肠埃希菌O157:H7的污染情况进行监测。结果 3865份样品中,共检出致病菌490株,总检出率为12.68%。生肉、生奶、水产品、速冻米面、熟肉制品、蛋糕以及蔬菜沙拉样品的致病菌检出率分别为27.93%(242/814)、18.87%(10/53)、17.49%(89/509)、16.18%(56/346)、9.24%(56/606)、4.79%(7/146)和0.98%(5/509);2006-2009年食源性致病菌检出率分别为16.92%、14.05%、15.32%、7.06%;13个监测点中,泰州、南京、扬州、徐州食源性致病菌检出率较高。结论生肉、生奶和水产品是江苏食品的主要污染品种,作为直接入口食品的熟肉、生食水产品和蛋糕,可能导致较高的食源性疾病风险。     

Statistical distributions describing microbial quality of surfaces and foods in food service operations

Data on the microbial quality of food service kitchen surfaces and ready-to-eat foods were collected over a period of 10 years in Rutgers University dining halls. Surface bacterial counts, total aerobic plate counts, and total and fecal coliform counts were determined using standard methods. Analysis was performed on foods tested more than 50 times (primarily lunch meats and deli salads) and on surfaces tested more than 500 times (36 different surfaces types, including pastry brushes, cutting boards, and countertops). Histograms and statistical distributions were determined using Microsoft Excel and Palisades Bestfit, respectively. All data could be described by lognormal distributions, once data above and below the lower and upper limits of detection were considered separately. Histograms for surfaces counts contained one peak near 1 CFU/4 cm2. Surfaces with higher levels of contamination tended to be nonmetal, with the exception of buffalo chopper bowls, which commonly had high counts. Mean counts for foods ranged from 2 to 4 log CFU/g, with shrimp salad, roast beef, and bologna having higher means. Coleslaw, macaroni salad, and potato salad (all commercially processed products, not prepared in the dining halls) had lowest overall means. Coliforms were most commonly found in sealeg salad (present in 61% of samples) and least commonly found in coleslaw (present in only 7% of samples). Coliform counts (when present) were highest on average in shrimp salad and lowest in coleslaw. Average coliform counts for most products were typically between 1 and 2 log most probable number per gram. Fecal coliforms were not typically found in any deli salads or lunch meats.     

373家餐饮单位自制凉菜细菌污染状况调查

目的了解北京市西城区餐饮单位自制凉菜的细菌污染情况,为卫生监督部门提供执法依据,为国家制定相关卫生标准提供基础数据。方法 2009年4月至2010年5月,采集西城区373家餐饮单位的凉菜样品,进行菌落总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门菌及志贺菌的检测。结果共检测1 917件凉菜样品,细菌学指标总合格率为73.81%,其中菌落总数指标合格率88.63%,大肠菌群指标合格率77.83%,所有样品均未检出致病菌。各类凉菜中,全部或部分主料未经加热制作的凉菜以及素凉菜合格率较低,分别为58.60%和70.37%。结论西城区餐饮单位自制凉菜细菌学指标检测合格率较低,最主要问题是大肠菌群超标,全部或部分主料未经加热的凉菜和素凉菜存在较高的细菌污染风险。加强凉菜的卫生监督管理,建议相关部门尽快制定凉菜食品安全国家标准。     

基于测试片法与平板计数法对不同类型食品中菌落总数结果的比较分析

目的比较菌落测试片法与平板计数法在不同类型食品中菌落总数测定结果的差异。方法在市面上随机抽取生肉制品、鲜奶制品、豆制品、粮食制品、冷冻饮品、坚果籽实、即食果蔬制品共112批,同时按菌落测试片法和平板计数法进行菌落总数测定,并对计数结果进行统计学分析。结果菌落测试片法与平板计数法的测定结果对数值差值的平均值|d log|= 0.06(<0.5),配对t检验P=0.860(>0.05)。结论菌落测试片法与平板计数法对上述7种类型的食品菌落总数测定结果无显著性差异,菌落测试片法可用于上述食品的菌落总数测定。     

2005—2013年河北省即食食品中单增李斯特菌污染及耐药特征研究

研究2005—2013年河北省即食食品中单增李斯特菌污染状况及耐药特征。方法 单增李斯特菌检验参照(GB/T 4789.30),药物敏感性试验应用微量肉汤稀释法,对15种抗生素进行耐药检测。结果 单增李斯特菌总污染率为1.34%,凉拌菜及沙拉(2.62%)、生食水产品(2.51%)的检出率均高于所测其他食品。136株单增李斯特菌对15种抗生素耐药率为13.97%,以氯霉素耐药率最高(7.35%),其次是四环素和复方新诺明(均为4.41%),强力霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率均为2.94%,所有菌株对青霉素、亚胺培南、头孢噻吩、利福平、氨苄西林-舒巴坦酸敏感。结论 河北省即食食品中存在单增李斯特菌污染,分离菌株存在较严重的耐药情况,且耐药性有增长趋势,应加强即食食品的监管以保证食品安全及公众健康。     

MICROBIAL ENUMERATION IN READY-TO-EAT FOODS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE

As a contribution to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) programs, we have analyzed products produced and offered by ready-to-eat food stores. Two hundred and seventy four samples of a wide variety of foods from 19 different shops were analyzed. Aerobic counts, total coliforms and yeast and molds were enumerated in each sample. Food stores were evaluated using a GMP check-list. They were grouped in three classes: Class III, nonsatisfactory GMP; Class II, partially satisfactory GMP; and Class I, satisfactory GMP. From the results of microorganism counts in the Class I food shops the following maximum counts are proposed for cooked ready-to-eat foods: aerobic colony count: 10⁵ cfu g⁻¹. It is coincident with satisfactory microbiological quality of many category 3 foods drawn up by Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS).     

2004-2007年肇庆市食品中食源性致病菌监测与分析

目的了解肇庆市食品中食源性致病菌的污染状况和污染水平,初步确定高危食品的种类,为食源性疾病的监测提供科学的依据。方法按全国食品污染物监测网的工作手册,2004-2007年采集4个监测点的5大类食品(生肉、熟肉、水产品、生吃水产品和生吃蔬菜)共计325份,对沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、大肠杆菌O157∶H7和副溶血性弧菌4种食源性致病菌进行监测分析。结果325份食品样品中,检出致病菌27株(8.31%)。其中沙门菌16株(4.92%),单核细胞增生李斯特菌10株(3.08%),大肠杆菌O157∶H7未检出,80份水产品中检出副溶血性弧菌1株(1.25%)。生肉的污染情况最为严重,检出率为11.35%,其次是熟肉,检出率为9.68%;水产品的检出率为5.45%,生食水产品的检出率为4.00%,生食蔬菜的检出率为2.56%。结论沙门菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌对肇庆市食品的污染普遍存在。生肉、熟肉的污染尤为严重,是重要的高危食品。     

Microbial quality of shrimp products of export trade produced from aquacultured shrimp

Bacteriological quality of individually quick frozen (IQF) shrimp products produced from aquacultured tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) has been analysed in terms of aerobic plate count (APC), coliforms, Escherichia coli, coagulase-positive staphylococci, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes. Eight hundred forty-six samples of raw, peeled, and deveined tail-on (RPTO), 928 samples of cooked, peeled, and deveined tail-on (CPTO), 295 samples of headless, undeveined shell-on (HLSO), and 141 samples of raw, peeled, and deveined tail-off (RPND) shrimps were analysed for the above bacteriological parameters. Salmonella was isolated in only one sample of raw, peeled tail-on. Serotyping of the strain revealed that it was S. typhimurium. While none of the cooked, peeled tail-on shrimp samples exceeded the aerobic plate count (APC) of 10(5) colony forming units per gram (cfu/g), 2.5% of raw, peeled, tail-on, 6.4% of raw, peeled tail-off, and 7.5% of headless shell-on shrimp samples exceeded that level. Coliforms were detected in all the products, though at a low level. Prevalence of coliforms was higher in headless shell-on (26%) shrimps followed by raw, peeled, and deveined tail-off (19%), raw, peeled tail-on (10%), and cooked, peeled tail-on (3.8%) shrimps. While none of the cooked, peeled tail-on shrimp samples were positive for coagulase-positive staphylococci and E. coli, 0.6-1.3% of the raw, peeled tail-on were positive for staphylococci and E. coli, respectively. Prevalence of staphylococci was highest in raw, peeled tail-off (5%) shrimps and the highest prevalence of E. coli (4.8%) was noticed in headless shell-on shrimps. L. monocytogenes was not detected in any of the cooked, peeled tail-on shrimps. Overall results revealed that the plant under investigation had exerted good process control in order to maintain superior bacteriological quality of their products.     

2016年广东省6类食品不同微生物污染情况分析

目的 为了解广东省流通食品的微生物污染状况。方法 采用GB 4789-2010《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验》对2016年检验的6类食品进行微生物（菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌和酵母菌、致病菌）检验,对检验结果进行统计分析。结果 3216份样品中共检出不合格样品39份,总体合格率为98.79%。不同微生物项目的检验结果中,菌落总数的合格率相对最低,为99.19%。检验的6类食品中速冻食品、方便食品和水产制品检出不合格样品,方便食品的合格率（97.2%）相对最低。结论 广东省食品微生物污染整体状况较好,建议对微生物污染风险较高的方便食品、水产制品进行重点关注,采取有效措施降低食品微生物污染的风险。