New concept in long-reach PON Planning: BER-aware wavelength allocation

With the use of arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) and erbium-doped-fiber amplifier (EDFA), the long-reach passive optical network (LR-PON) can provide enormous bandwidth over large distances. However, these new technologies can also deteriorate the receivers' bit-error rate (BER) performance. By bringing the concept of BER-awareness into network planning, we can alleviate the performance deterioration, which could in turn lead to simpler design of receiver and thus lower the total cost of LR-PON.The effects of AWG and EDFA on BER are studied in this paper. An analytical model of BER performance is developed as a function of the output port location in the AWG and the distance of the receiver from the AWG. Not only does the proposed model capture the power loss caused by AWG, but it also accounts for several transmission impairments, including the beat noise due to inter-channel crosstalk in the AWG, the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise related to EDFA, and the thermal noise related to the receiver. Based on this model, we propose both short-term and long-term distance-aware wavelength allocation schemes, which balance the BER among the optical network units (ONUs) at different distance. Simulation results show that average BER improves and the relative standard deviation decreases.     

A heuristic approach for designing hybrid PONs employing WDM and OCDMA with asymmetric traffic distribution

In this paper we examine the resource provisioning aspects in a passive optical network (PON) employing wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA) techniques. A judicious resource allocation scheme is proposed for a given set of optical codes and wavelengths with due consideration to the traffic asymmetry between upstream and downstream transmissions. The proposed scheme employs some initial heuristic estimates, followed by a subsequent open search mode towards reaching an optimal solution. The search mechanism in the provisioning scheme is carried out by employing some network performance metrics and evaluated using the appropriate analytical models.     

A survey of dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms for Ethernet Passive Optical Networks

Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) has been widely considered as a promising technology for implementing the FTTx solutions to the “last mile” bandwidth bottleneck problem. Bandwidth allocation is one of the critical issues in the design of EPON systems. In an EPON system, multiple optical network units (ONUs) share a common upstream channel for data transmission. To efficiently utilize the limited bandwidth of the upstream channel, an EPON system must dynamically allocate the upstream bandwidth among multiple ONUs based on the instantaneous bandwidth demands and quality of service requirements of end users. This paper introduces the fundamental concepts on EPONs, discusses the major issues related to bandwidth allocation in EPON systems, and presents a survey of the state-of-the-art dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms for EPONs.     

新颖的WDM EPON动态带宽调度算法

对WDM EPON的ONU授权调度技术进行了研究,采用调度理论的方法来解决授权调度问题。将授权调度和波长分配进行结合,并将其形式化为矩形Packing问题,采用拟人的策略,提出了基于欧氏距离的高效用ONU带宽分配策略,为WDM EPON中ONU授权调度问题的快速求解提供了一种高效的启发式算法。进一步模拟实验表明,提出的算法可以减少平均分组时延,提高网络带宽利用率,表明算法对授权调度的有效性。     

Network coding based joint signaling and dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme for inter optical network unit communication in passive optical networks

As an innovative and promising technology, network coding has been introduced to passive optical networks (PON) in recent years to support inter optical network unit (ONU) communication, yet the signaling process and dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) in PON with network coding (NC-PON) still need further study. Thus, we propose a joint signaling and DBA scheme for efficiently supporting differentiated services of inter ONU communication in NC-PON. In the proposed joint scheme, the signaling process lays the foundation to fulfill network coding in PON, and it can not only avoid the potential threat to downstream security in previous schemes but also be suitable for the proposed hybrid dynamic bandwidth allocation (HDBA) scheme. In HDBA, a DBA cycle is divided into two sub-cycles for applying different coding, scheduling and bandwidth allocation strategies to differentiated classes of services. Besides, as network traffic load varies, the entire upstream transmission window for all REPORT messages slides accordingly, leaving the transmission time of one or two sub-cycles to overlap with the bandwidth allocation calculation time at the optical line terminal (the OLT), so that the upstream idle time can be efficiently eliminated. Performance evaluation results validate that compared with the existing two DBA algorithms deployed in NC-PON, HDBA demonstrates the best quality of service (QoS) support in terms of delay for all classes of services, especially guarantees the end-to-end delay bound of high class services. Specifically, HDBA can eliminate queuing delay and scheduling delay of high class services, reduce those of lower class services by at least 20%, and reduce the average end-to-end delay of all services over 50%. Moreover, HDBA also achieves the maximum delay fairness between coded and uncoded lower class services, and medium delay fairness for high class services.     

Energy-efficient dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation algorithm with delay constraint for time and wavelength division multiplexed passive optical networks

Based on offline scheduling and node modular design,an energy-efficient dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation algorithm with the delay constraint (EE-DWBA-DC) was proposed.Optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network units (ONU) were considered to save energy.Under the constraint of packet delay,the number of active wavelengths could be reduced as much as possible and the length of polling cycle was increased.At the same time,the uplink and downlink transmission time of OLT and ONU were concentrated to reduce the state conversion times and extend its low-power duration.In addition,the high energy consumption voids of channels were attempted to be minimized.The simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm can reduce the energy consumption of OLT and ONU and the total energy consumption of the whole network under the premise of guaranteeing packet delay constraints.     

一种改进的GPON动态带宽分配策略

利用小波变换将自相似性网络流量的长相关性转化为短相关性,并预测流量的方法,对GPON系统物理媒质控制(MAC)层的关键技术--动态带宽分配(DBA)进行研究.在理论上对一种已有的DBA策略提出合理改进.     

支持QoS的多链路最少变换动态带宽分配算法

提出一种支持QoS的多链路最少变换动态带宽分配方法（MCDBA）,该方法实现了支持不同的QoS等级,量化了带宽分配的大小,在满足一定QoS限制的条件下最小化带宽分配变换次数。仿真结果验证了MCDBA能有效地减少数据分组的时延和提高系统的带宽利用率,MCDBA可用于解决大规模网络链路接入的复杂QoS控制的实际问题。     

宽带接入控制中弹性业务的带宽资源分配研究

文章在宽带接入的范畴之内研究了宽带接入控制中弹性业务的一种带宽资源分布式分配方法,将网络运营商和用户建立为一个斯坦克尔伯格博弈模型(Stackelberg Game),网络运营商(Leader)设置带宽价格,用户(Follower)通过控制流量大小来对价格进行反映.文章论述了这种分布式决策与系统最优决策重合的理论依据,采用应用数学编程语言(AMPL)进行了仿真举例并分析了仿真结果.     

An AWG based colorless WDM-PON with RZ-DPSK modulated downstream and re-modulation of DL signal for OOK upstream

We proposed an arrayed waveguide granting (AWG) based 10 Gbps full duplex wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) utilizing a retum-to-zero differential phase shift keying (R...     

Experimental demonstration of an improved EPON architecture using OFDMA for bandwidth scalable LAN emulation

We propose and demonstrate an improved Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) architecture supporting bandwidth-scalable physical layer local area network (LAN) emulation. Due to the use of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) technology for the LAN traffic transmission, there is no need to change the existing EPON architecture. Only one receiver at each optical network unit (ONU) is required to detect both LAN traffic and EPON downstream traffic, which makes the proposed system simple and cost-effective. Moreover, flexible assignment of LAN traffic bandwidth is realized by allocating different number of subcarriers or using different modulation formats. The 250 Mb/s 4-quadrature amplitude modulation (4-QAM) and 500 Mb/s 16-QAM OFDM LAN traffic are successfully emulated with the EPON traffic in our experiment.     

An efficient bandwidth allocation scheme for hierarchical cellular networks with energy harvesting: an actor-critic approach

In this paper, we propose an efficient bandwidth allocation strategy for multiclass services in hierarchical cellular networks that consist of an operation controller, several small-cell base stations (SBSs), and a number of mobile users. Each SBS is equipped with a finite-capacity battery that is regularly recharged by a solar harvester. We aims to find the optimal bandwidth allocation policy in order to enhance the network performance in terms of user satisfaction and energy efficiency under energy harvesting and bandwidth sharing constraints. Since the arrivals of harvested energy and traffic requests are unknown due to users’ mobility and stochastic request generation, it is necessary to design a learning framework for the controller in order to predict these dynamics through interaction with the environment. For this purpose, we first formulate the resource allocation problem as the framework of a Markov decision process, and then, we employ an actor-critic algorithm to find the optimal policy under which the controller can effectively allocate the limited bandwidth to the SBSs for their data transmissions. We evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme through comprehensive simulations with different settings, and show that the proposed bandwidth allocation scheme can enhance the network’s performance in the long run.     

GPON系统中基于QoS的动态带宽分配算法的研究

为了实现吉比特无源光网络(GPON)带宽分配的公平性,降低网络的丢包率及传输延时,研究了GPON系统传输汇聚层的帧结构及带宽分配的实现方法,提出了一种新的动态带宽分配(DBA)算法--基于QoS的二层动态带宽分配算法.性能分析与对比表明,这种算法对不同用户和不同等级的业务都具有很好的公平性,并可以降低低等级业务的传输延时.     

WDM网状网络中一种动态多播自适应业务疏导算法

光多播业务需要消耗大量的WDM光网络带宽资源,业务疏导是光多播网络降低业务请求阻塞率和提高带宽资源利用率的有效方法。提出了一种新型光多播疏导节点结构,研究了疏导端口优先的多播业务疏导算法(TGPFA)和新建光树优先的多播业务疏导算法(TCLFA),进而提出了一种能够适应网络资源变化的动态多播业务疏导算法(ADMGA)。结果表明,在网络资源有限的情况下,ADMGA算法能取得较低的请求阻塞率和带宽阻塞率,获得较好的网络性能。     

An optimal bandwidth allocation and data droppage scheme for differentiated services in a wireless network

This paper presents an optimal proportional bandwidth allocation and data droppage scheme to provide differentiated services (DiffServ) for downlink pre‐orchestrated multimedia data in a single‐hop wireless network. The proposed resource allocation scheme finds the optimal bandwidth allocation and data drop rates under minimum quality‐of‐service (QoS) constraints. It combines the desirable attributes of relative DiffServ and absolute DiffServ approaches. In contrast to relative DiffServ approach, the proposed scheme guarantees the minimum amount of bandwidth provided to each user without dropping any data at the base‐station, when the network has sufficient resources. If the network does not have sufficient resources to provide minimum bandwidth guarantees to all users without dropping data, the proportional data dropper finds the optimal data drop rates within acceptable levels of QoS and thus avoids the inflexibility of absolute DiffServ approach. The optimal bandwidth allocation and data droppage problems are formulated as constrained nonlinear optimization problems and solved using efficient techniques. Simulations are performed to show that the proposed scheme exhibits the desirable features of absolute and relative DiffServ. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An efficient mechanism for dynamic multicast traffic grooming in overlay IP/MPLS over WDM networks

This paper proposes an efficient overlay multicast provisioning (OMP) mechanism for dynamic multicast traffic grooming in overlay IP/MPLS over WDM networks. To facilitate request provisioning, OMP jointly utilizes a data learning (DL) scheme on the IP/MPLS layer for logical link cost estimation, and a lightpath fragmentation (LPF) based method on the WDM layer for improving resource sharing in grooming process. Extensive simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of OMP mechanism under different traffic loads, with either limited or unlimited port resources. Simulation results demonstrate that OMP significantly outperforms the existing methods. To evaluate the respective influences of the DL scheme and the LPF method on OMP performance, provisioning mechanisms only utilizing either the IP/MPLS layer DL scheme or the WDM layer LPF method are also devised. Comparison results show that both DL and LPF methods help improve OMP blocking performance, and contribution from the DL scheme is more significant when the fixed routing and first-fit wavelength assignment (RWA) strategy is adopted on the WDM layer. Effects of a few other factors, including definition of connection cost to be reported by the WDM layer to the IP/MPLS layer and WDM-layer routing method, on OMP performance are also evaluated.     

啁啾光纤光栅法布里-珀罗传感器波分频分复用

实现了一种具有大容量复用潜力的啁啾光纤光栅(CFBG)法布里-珀罗(F-P)传感器复用系统。该传感器复用系统的建立基于波分频分复用方法,即中心波长相同的传感器利用腔长不同空间频率不同来实现空间频分的复用,采用不同中心波长的传感器阵列与频分复用方法相结合就可实现波分频分复用。描述了该光纤光栅法布里-珀罗传感器复用系统的结构、原理及应变实验结果。实验结果表明,该方法可以大大地提高光纤光栅法布里-珀罗应变传感器的复用能力,理论上可复用数百个光纤光栅法布里-珀罗应变传感器;实验中应变测量精度好于±10με,可满足大部分实际应用的要求。     

Optimal power allocation for cognitive radio networks with relay‐assisted directional transmission

In this paper, the problem of power allocation in a cooperative cognitive radio (CR) network is investigated. An optimal power allocation is proposed to maximize efficiency of the secondary network in which secondary users transmit simultaneously over a spectral band assigned to the primary users. The CR network employs directional relays to improve efficiency of the communication links and minimize interference introduced to the primary users. Unlike the conventional cooperative relay‐assisted network, the directional relays are grouped in clusters. This clustering technique along with directional transmission can significantly reduce interference to the primary links and improve the system performance. Two algorithms are also developed on the basis of the penalty method to determine unknown transmission powers. Some corroborant numerical examples are provided to illustrate quick convergence behavior of the proposed algorithms and great superiority of employing clustered directional relays in cooperative CR networks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A nesting ranging algorithm for a Hybrid WDM/TDM PON with colorless Reflective-ONUs under different distances OLT-ONUs

To reduce costs and cumbersome laser provisioning at the Optical Network Unit (ONU) user level in an access Passive Optical Network (PON), the use of a Reflective-ONU (R-ONU) is a good choice for up-data transmission. An optical carrier is sent by the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) at the Central Office, and a device at the ONU modulates the carrier with the upstream data. This allows all ONUs to be equal and colorless, without a light source in a Hybrid WDM/TDM architecture. A Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation is placed at the OLT, managing the lasers and photodetectors shared by all R-ONUs. The OLT laser and photodetector employed in an up-data transmission must be tuned for each ONU and a particular Round Trip Time (RTT), which is twice the propagation time from OLT to ONU. When an R-ONU is served by a laser, the photodetector must also be available after the RTT to demodulate the up-data. We propose a novel nesting ranging algorithm to deal with large different distances OLT–ONUs avoiding collisions and minimizing the delay under Priority Queuing with Quality of Service (QoS).