木质素基酚醛树脂胶黏剂研究进展

在经过处理改性后,木质素可部分替代苯酚,用于生物基酚醛树脂胶黏剂的制备,降低胶黏剂生产成本,同时能够实现生物质的高效利用,促进循环经济.综述了目前木质素活化改性制备酚醛树脂胶黏剂的最新研究进展,重点介绍了化学改性、物理改性及生物改性等提高木质素反应活性的主要改性方法,对比了不同改性方法合成的木质素基酚醛树脂胶黏剂性能.     

木质素基阻燃剂制备的研究进展

木质素是一种含碳量大且具有丰富官能团的天然高分子聚合物,近年来改性木质素结构应用于制备阻燃成炭剂、聚氨酯和酚醛树脂等高分子材料,因有效提升造纸工业和生物炼制废渣的应用价值而备受关注。通过木质素结构中的酚羟基和醇羟基等活性官能团引入阻燃元素,增加羟基含量和引入氨基结构等方法,可以提高木质素燃烧时的残炭量和热稳定性。在膨胀阻燃体系中改性木质素作为大分子阻燃成炭剂,具有较高的阻燃效率。概述了木质素不同提取方法和结构特点、改性木质素基阻燃成炭剂制备方法和研究进展,展望其未来在阻燃领域的应用和发展。     

木质素基阻燃剂的研究进展

木质素化学结构中含有丰富的碳原子,其本身可作为高分子材料中的填料,在高分子材料燃烧过程中提供碳源并促进阻燃;木质素的分子结构含有芳香基、酚羟基、醇羟基等活性基团,通过化学改性将具有阻燃作用的元素或基团引入到木质素的化学结构中,可以获得一系列木质素基阻燃剂。本文从木质素结构入手,概述了国内外未改性木质素,氮、磷改性木质素和掺入金属铜或非金属硅的氮磷改性木质素在不同聚合物材料中做阻燃剂的研究进展,包括物理协同阻燃配方、化学改性制备方法、处理前后的阻燃效果对比。同时,解释了相应阻燃剂的阻燃机理,包括：释放出的不可燃气体对氧气的隔绝作用,形成致密不可燃炭层,以及对热量传递的阻碍作用等。并对木质素基阻燃剂的应用前景进行了展望。     

木质素基阻燃剂的研究进展

综述了近些年木质素和其功能化修饰后作为聚合物材料阻燃剂的研究进展,简要介绍了大分子木质素的结构与特点,并分析了其热性能;重点举例讨论了未改性木质素阻燃剂(包括木质素阻燃、木质素复配阻燃、木质素协同阻燃)和引入氮、磷元素的化学改性木质素阻燃剂的阻燃效果,以及金属离子与改性阻燃剂的协同效应,有机硅对木质素基阻燃剂的改性.对...     

高沸醇木质素的研究进展

高沸醇木质素是采用高沸醇溶剂法从植物原料中提取的木质素,具有纯度高、化学活性强等特点。介绍了高沸醇木质素的制备、结构以及应用基础研究的最新成果,尤其是高沸醇木质素环氧树脂、聚氨酯和聚合物改性材料方面的进展,展望了高沸醇木质素的应用前景。     

木质素改性水煤浆添加剂研究现状及发展趋势

为提高木质素添加剂的稳定性和分散性,采用分离提纯、复配和化学改性对木质素进行改性。论述了3种改性方法的应用现状和优缺点,重点分析了氧化、磺化、缩聚、接枝共聚4种化学改性法。最后对木质素改性水煤浆添加剂的发展趋势进行展望。结果表明：分离提纯和复配改性无法改变木质素的结构和表面性能,对其在煤粒表面的吸附作用没有影响,且价格较高,缺乏市场竞争力。化学改性通过在木质素分子中引入有利官能团或去掉不利官能团,能从根本上改变分子结构,改善木质素分散性能,制备出性能优良的水煤浆。今后应根据煤种特性差异,深层研究木质素反应特征,采用化学改性技术对木质素结构进行调整,开发更多的化学反应途径,通过控制反应过程,合成一系列不同性能的木质素添加剂,提高木质素的煤种适应性,扩大木质素应用范围。     

改性木质素酚醛树脂胶粘剂的研究进展

综述了木质素的结构特征和理化属性,总结了改性木质素酚醛树脂胶粘剂的主要制备方法,重点阐述了木质素改性的各种化学方法、机理以及优缺点。主要介绍了能显著提高木质素酚羟基含量的木质素活化改性方法,包括木质素酚化、羟甲基化、脱甲基化及离子液体改性等。综上所述:木质素反应活性的提高是当前木质素研究的热点和难点;掌握木质素的结构特征,优化木质素的改性条件是实现改性木质素酚醛树脂胶粘剂产业化应用的基础。     

棉杆木质素磺酸钠的制备及其对混凝土的影响

以新疆棉区的棉杆资源为原料,采用水热法将棉杆中的木质素磺化改性为木质素磺酸钠,以磺化度作为标准判断改性程度。通过FT-IR、XPS、接触角、表面张力等手段对样品进行表征,确定产物的化学结构及表面性质。结果表明,利用水热法可以将磺酸基成功地接枝到棉杆木质素上,并且木质素磺酸钠具有典型的表面活性剂性质。同时考察了木质素磺酸钠对混凝土含气量、塌落度、微观结构和力学性能的影响,结果表明,木质素磺酸钠可以改善混凝土的孔隙结构。     

木质素及其衍生物在木材胶黏剂中应用研究进展

以天然可再生资源替代传统化石资源开发绿色环保、性能优异的木材胶黏剂是人造板行业研究的热点。木质素来源广泛、价格低廉,且分子结构中含有羟基、甲氧基、羧基等活性基团,易于功能化修饰,是合成木材胶黏剂的理想原料。本文重点综述了木质素及其衍生物在酚醛树脂、脲醛树脂、环氧树脂、聚氨酯等合成树脂木材胶黏剂中的应用与研究现状,介绍了化学改性、降解、溶剂分级纯化等预处理方式对木质素化学反应活性及合成树脂胶黏剂力学性能的影响,探讨了木质素基木材胶黏剂目前发展面临的困难和挑战,并展望了未来应用及研究方向,以期为木质素资源的高效、高值化综合利用及高性能生物基木材胶黏剂的开发提供理论与技术参考。     

改性天然降滤失剂的研究现状

降滤失剂是在钻井过程中保护井壁、防止钻井液进一步失水的一种钻井常用药剂。因为改性天然物质类降滤失剂具有来源广、价格低、抗温抗盐能力出色的优点,因此在油田化学中被广泛使用。论述了改性天然物质作为降滤失剂的研究进展,对改性淀粉、腐殖酸、改性纤维素、木质素、单宁类降滤失剂分别介绍,并对改性方法、产品特点进行了评述,对国内外的发展趋势进行比较和评价,并对今后的发展提出了建议。     

黑液和碱木素在石油工业中的应用

本文综述了碱法制浆黑液以及碱木素在石油工业中的应用。黑液可以直接作为低粘度稠油的驱油剂,也可作为高粘度稠油的降粘剂。与蒸汽驱或蒸汽吞吐配合使用,可显著地提高稠油的采收率。从黑液中分离出的碱木素,可用作钻井泥浆添加剂、注水或注蒸汽采油的堵水剂和调剖剂、表面活性剂驱油的牺牲剂、污水处理的絮凝剂等。在石油工业中充分利用碱法制浆黑液和碱木素,对解决黑液污染问题,降低油田化学剂成本,具有重要意义。     

Novel applications of lignin in composite materials

Some exploratory work was done to look at novel applications, such as filler use and comonomers, for lignin in thermosetting unsaturated polyesters and vinyl esters. The solubility of different lignins (pine kraft, hardwood, ethoxylated, and maleinated) was determined in different resin systems (acrylated epoxidized soybean oil, hydroxylated soybean oil, soy oil monoglyceride, and a commercial vinyl ester) to give an idea of the compatibility of lignin with the resin systems that were used. Further, the use of lignin as a filler was studied. An increase in the glass‐transition temperature was noticed, and the modulus at 20°C decreased because of the plasticizing effect of lignin. The lignin was modified to improve its effect on the matrix properties by adding double bond functionality, thus making it possible to incorporate the lignin molecule in the resin through free‐radical polymerization. Modified lignin was introduced in several resins by a reaction with maleic anhydride and epoxidized soybean oil and was tested for its effect on the solubility, glass‐transition temperature, and modulus. This modification improved the solubility of lignin in styrene‐containing resins, as well as the chemical incorporation of lignin in the resin. Moreover, lignin was used to treat the surfaces of natural hemp fibers to utilize lignin's natural affinity for cellulosic fibers. The idea was to cure the surface defects on the natural fibers and increase the bonding strength between the resin and fiber. An optimum improvement was noticed that depended on the amount of lignin covering the fibers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 323–331, 2002     

季胺盐改性木质素及其絮凝性能试验

探讨了制备季胺盐改性木质素絮凝剂的最佳反应条件,正交试验法取得的最佳反应条件为活化时间3min;反应温度70℃;木质素与季胺盐投料比1:2.5;搅拌速度600r/min。红外光谱法对改性木质素作了结构分析,以改性和未改性木质素对实际印染废水作浊度和色度去除率的测试、对比。     

Research on Oleic Acid Amide Betaine Used in Surfactant-Polymer Compound Flooding for Ordinary Heavy Oil

In view of the low recovery rate associated with water flooding, as well as the scaling problems caused by traditional alkali-surfactant-polymer flooding, the feasibility of using a betaine surfactant with high interfacial activity for chemical flooding of ordinary heavy oil was investigated. Aqueous solutions of oleic acid amide betaine (OAAB) with the mass concentration of 0.01% can reduce the oil–water interfacial tension to the ultralow level (10⁻³ mN m⁻¹), making it suitable for chemical flooding. To solve the problem of high adsorption onto sandstone, static adsorption tests and dynamic adsorption tests were carried out. The results show that the weakly alkaline lignin can significantly reduce the adsorption quantity of OAAB by more than 40%, based on which, a compound-flooding system of 0.1% partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) + 0.1% OAAB +0.75% lignin was constructed. Compared with water flooding, the ultimate rate was enhanced by 20.4%, resulting in a final recovery rate of 53.9%. The study of oil displacement mechanism shows that the excellent ability to reduce the oil–water interfacial tension of OAAB can emulsify heavy oil to small droplets easily, exhibiting better capacity in oil displacement efficiency. The polymer can increase the viscosity of the aqueous phase, reduce the mobility ratio of water to oil, weaken the fingering effect, and improve the sweep efficiency. Lignin can not only reduce the adsorption quantity of betaine surfactant, but also promote the adsorption of OAAB onto the oil–water interface, leading to enhance the emulsification performance of OAAB and maintain the oil displacement efficiency effectively. Therefore, the surfactant-polymer flooding system based on the betaine surfactant can be developed into an economically and technically feasible flooding technology suitable for ordinary heavy oil reservoirs.     

The effect of soda bagasse lignin modified by ionic liquids on properties of the urea–formaldehyde resin as a wood adhesive

The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of lignin modified by ionic liquids on physical and mechanical properties of plywood panels bonded with the urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin. For this purpose, soda bagasse lignin was modified by the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][OAc]) ionic liquid and then the various contents of unmodified and modified lignins (10, 15, and 20%) were added at pH=7 instead of second urea during the UF resin synthesis. The physicochemical properties of the prepared resins as well as the water absorption, shear strength, and formaldehyde emission of the plywood panels made with these adhesives were measured according to standard methods. According to Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometry, by treatment of lignin, the C=O, C–C, and C–H bonds decrease while the content of the C–N bond dramatically increases. Based on the finding of this research, the performance of soda bagasse lignin in UF resins dramatically improves by modification by ILs; as the resins with modified lignin yielded lower formaldehyde emission and water absorption when compared to those made from unmodified lignin and commercial UF adhesives, respectively. The shear strength as well as wood failure percentages are lower for the panels produced with modified lignin than for the panels produced with UF resins alone.     

糠醛渣木质素/聚乙烯亚胺微球的制备

木质素和聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）对重金属离子有良好的亲和力,且木质素来源广泛、具有良好的生物降解性能,在水处理方面有很好的前景。本文以糠醛渣木质素和聚乙烯亚胺为主要原料,十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）为分散剂,环氧氯丙烷（EPI）为交联剂,液体石蜡为油相,采用反相悬浮聚合法,制备了糠醛渣木质素/PEI微球（LMS）。通过FTIR、XRD、SEM和激光粒度仪对微球的结构和形貌进行表征,研究了木质素用量、PEI用量、EPI用量、SDBS用量、油水比和反应温度对木质素微球制备的影响。结果显示,在木质素用量为0.600g,PEI用量为2.25g,EPI用量为2.25mL,SDBS用量为0.075g,温度为56℃,油水体积比为4.5∶1的条件下,制得的糠醛渣木质素/PEI微球平均粒径为135μm,粒径分散度为0.290,比表面积为46.5m²/g,球型度良好,球体表面有少量微孔。     

木质素在聚氨酯合成中的研究进展

木质素是木质纤维类生物质的第二大组分,木质素的高效、低成本转化是木质纤维素类生物质转化工艺实用化的技术关键。本文综述了利用木质素代替部分多元醇制备聚氨酯材料的两种主要途径：直接添加与改性添加。直接添加木质素包括碱木质素、木质素磺酸盐、硫酸盐木质素、溶剂型木质素等;改性添加木质素包括羟基化改性木质素、木质素硝化反应。最后指出了木质素基聚氨酯材料存在的不足和今后的发展方向。     

Lignin reinforced rubber composites

Lignin, a renewable waste material of pulp and paper industries, was analyzed through Fourier‐Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and found to be structurally similar to kraft lignin. Surface modification by addition of benzoyl peroxide and subsequent heating at 70°C caused generation of new functional groups in lignin. Efficacy of the crude lignin as well as that of the modified variety as a filler in nitrile rubber (NBR) has been evaluated. Rubber vulcanizates were analyzed for physico‐mechanical properties, oil and fuel resistance, and thermal stability, and compared with conventional fillers like phenolic resin and carbon black. Modified lignin has been found to produce superior elongation, hardness and compression set properties compared to phenolic resin but inferior to carbon black. Resistance to swelling, however, depends on the type of oil or fuel, and modified lignin always showed better properties than carbon black. Both thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermo‐mechanical analysis (TMA) showed highest thermal stability for the modified lignin followed by phenolic resin and carbon black.     

Rapid Hydrothermolysis of Poplar Wood: Comparison of Sapwood,Heartwood, Bark,and Isolated Lignin

Abstract

Rapid hydrothermolysis at 350°C of poplar sapwood, heartwood and bark, as well as the lignin extracted from the sapwood and heartwood, gives oil and water soluble fractions whose chemical analysis is correlated with the nature of the feed stock. Results from cellulose and Douglas fir are included, and the poplar bark and heartwood lignin are shown to give an ether soluble oil that consists mainly of guaiacyl units while the sapwood product is mainly syringyl. However, the chloroform soluble oil from both sapwood and heartwood was mainly syringyl with the additional presence of carbohydrate derived material in the heartwood oil. The acetone-only soluble residue from sapwood was shown by pyrolysis mass spectrometry to be mainly cellulose derived while that from heartwood was mainly from lignin. Thus there is a fundamental difference in the behaviour of the poplar sapwood and heartwood that may arise from different distributions of the guaiacyl and syringyl units, and of the binding to the cellulose. The origin of the rapid hydrothermolysis products with respect to the major wood components is discussed. An empirical approach to the calculation of the lignin content based on the rapid hydrothermolysis fractions is presented.