高水头作用下水工压力隧洞的水力劈裂分析

以前研究均认为水力劈裂的必要条件是岩体中发生Ⅰ型张拉破坏。实际上，在众多岩体工程中，其断裂破坏型式多属压剪破坏。本文根据断裂力学原理对高水头作用下水工压力隧洞的水力劈裂作用进行了研究，首先研究水工压力隧洞围岩区各种类型裂纹的Ⅰ型应力强度因子的计算方法，讨论分析张开型复合型裂纹发生水力劈裂的理论判据。然后研究压剪断裂的力学机理，分析有水压力作用的压剪断裂应力强度应力的计算及其断裂判据。最后将以上理论应用于某水电工程引水发电隧洞的高压竖井的水力劈裂安全性分析中。     

利用岩石的Kaiser效应测定储层地应力

 用单轴压缩试验测试岩石Kaiser效应特征,进而确定岩体地应力状态的方法,在岩体工程实践中得到广泛的应用。长庆靖安油田长6储层属于低孔低渗储层,需要进行水力压裂后才能得到高效地开发,为此必须研究该储层的地应力。用岩石的Kaiser效应,结合岩芯古地磁定向来研究储层19口井的地应力。研究结果表明,岩石声发射得到的最小主应力与水压致裂瞬时停泵法进行比较,大小吻合较好,而用岩芯古地磁定向结合岩石的声发射测试,能准确测定出地层中主应力分布的方向,与地层倾角测井解释成果比较接近。     

Characteristics of Strength for Hydraulic Fracturing of Buffer Material

The fundamental characteristics of strength for the hydraulic fracturing of highly compacted bentonite were studied. Firstly, the constant pressurize rate tests were carried out for the material having various specifications. Secondly, the cyclic pressurize test was carried out to examine the self-sealing function as a buffer material. Thirdly, the constant pressure test was carried out to observe the change in strength during seepage. The observed phenomena were analytically examined. As a result, it was found that the strength for hydraulic fracturing of the buffer material increased with the increase of initial dry density, decrease of sand-mixture ratio and decrease of water content. The swelling pressure of the buffer material worked as a constraint stress for the strength for hydraulic fracturing. The fracture made by hydraulic fracturing was fixed through the supply of water. However a long period of low-pressure supply was needed to recover the strength at the failed parts. While the tensile failure was dominant, the specimen having a low dry density might be failed initially by the shear failure. When the water content became large during seepage, the strength for hydraulic fracturing reduced.     

预制孔岩石破坏过程中的声发射时空演化特征研究

选取粗粒花岗岩和细粒砂岩,通过预制方孔和圆孔,开展单轴加载条件下岩石破坏声发射试验。采用单纯形定位算法,对岩石破裂过程中的声发射时空演化规律进行研究,并对声发射活动特征、能量释放率和空间相关长度进行分析。研究结果表明：对于预制孔间距与预制孔尺寸相同的试件,声发射事件主要在岩石中部群集,试件以中部剪切破坏为主,声发射三维定位事件直观反映裂纹初始、扩展直至贯通的动态演化过程;在整个加载过程中,颗粒较粗且大小不均的花岗岩试件声发射活动性较强,颗粒较细且均匀的砂岩试件声发射活动性在加载后期才开始增强;岩石破坏前,小尺度裂纹合并贯通形成大尺度裂纹,声发射率下降,能量释放率增强,出现声发射信号“平静”而能量释放“不平静”的现象;岩石在受载过程中,应力场通过迁移和重新分布逐步建立起长程相关性;岩石破坏前,空间相关长度显著增加,且在岩石破坏时达到最大值。     

Experimental investigation on fracturing process of marble under biaxial compression

In this study, servo-controlled biaxial compression tests were conducted on marble specimens to investigate their failure characteristics and fracturing process. The complete stress–strain curves were obtained, and the three-dimensional (3D) features of the failure surfaces were acquired by 3D laser scanning. Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring and moment tensor (MT) analysis were used in combination to better understand the fracturing mechanism of marble under biaxial compression. It was noted that a type of 3D stepwise cracking behaviour occurred on the fracturing surfaces of the examined specimens. The stress dropped multiple times, and a repeated fracturing mode corresponding to the repeated stress drops in the post-peak regime was observed. Three substages, i.e. stress stabilisation, stress decrease and stress increase, were identified for a single fracturing mode. Then quantitative and statistical analyses of the fracturing process at each substage were discussed. Based on the testing results, it was found that at the stress stabilisation substage, the proportion of mixed-mode fractures increased. At the stress decrease substage, the proportion of mixed-mode fractures decreased, and the tensile or shear fractures increased. At the stress increase substage, the proportion of mixed-mode or tensile fractures decreased, and the shear fractures increased. Finally, a conceptual model for the stepwise crack formation was proposed.     

循环加载高应力对大理岩Kaiser效应影响的试验研究

声发射法(AE)广泛用于地应力测量。当单次加载Kaiser效应不明显时,可采用循环加载方式。通常各循环峰值加载应力大于岩石在地壳中所受最大应力?m,将大于?m的加载应力称为高应力。为研究高应力对岩石Kaiser效应的影响,对取自铜绿山矿的垂直钻孔岩芯进行循环加载试验,根据声发射特征曲线变化趋势及变形率分析法(DRA)地应力测量结果,对比水压致裂法所测地应力量值,确定不同加载阶段Kaiser效应点位置。研究结果表明:当循环加载峰值应力大于?m时,高应力将削弱与?m对应声发射事件的能量,使后续加载循环Kaiser效应不明显,同时会改变岩石之前记忆的应力值,使AE法地应力测量结果产生偏差;多次循环加载可导致岩石内部微结构面的破坏,其产生的大量声发射事件会混淆Kaiser效应点的辨识;因岩石差异性,高应力可能会取代岩石之前所受最大应力,成为岩石记忆的新应力。鉴于此,采用循环加载方式时,首次加载峰值应力A?应不超过?m,同时应使岩石跨过压密阶段进入线弹性阶段。铜绿山矿所取岩样循环加载试验结果表明,A?较合适的取值范围为岩石单轴抗压强度的6%~28%。此外,还给出声发射法和DRA法联合用于地应力测量的合理加载方式。     

不同围压下岩石声发射不可逆性及其主破裂前特征信息试验研究

 通过对花岗岩在不同围压下循环加卸载声发射(AE)试验,得到岩石加卸载损伤破坏过程中高、低频通道中AE累计振铃计数、岩石应力与时间的关系。基于此,研究岩石AE的不可逆性特征。同时运用快速傅里叶变换FFT逆变换对Kaiser点AE信号进行消噪,并通过FFT分析消噪后信号的频谱特征,探求岩石主破裂前特征信息。研究结果表明：(1) 两通道中接收到的AE振铃计数整体变化趋势基本相同,所揭示的Kaiser效应和Felicity效应规律基本一致;两通道中AE振铃计数特征主要区别在于数量不同;(2) Kaiser点主频分布在46.39～70.80与151.37～166.99 kHz范围内。岩石主破裂前,随轴向应力水平增加,低频通道中Kaiser点主频整体变化趋势由较低频向较高频转移,高频通道中由较高频向较低频转移;(3) 花岗岩Kaiser效应应力上限值为极限强度的65%左右。Kaiser点的主频特征及变化规律,可为岩石的损伤破坏评价提供依据。     

脆性岩石热–水–力耦合断裂的断口分析

 利用自行设计的热–水–力(THM)耦合断裂试验和扫描电镜试验,研究脆性岩石THM耦合断裂的宏微观特征;通过有限元法和新型应力强度因子比断裂准则,判断THM耦合断裂模式,揭示出THM耦合断裂机制。结果表明：红砂岩试件具有3种THM耦合宏观断裂轨迹和对应的3种THM耦合微观断裂特征,即低温、低水压、高围压条件下的断裂轨迹为横向断裂,微观上表现为穿晶的剪切断裂;高温、高水压、低围压条件下的断裂轨迹为纵向断裂,微观上表现为沿晶的拉伸断裂;中等温度、中等水压、中等围压条件的断裂轨迹为双向断裂,微观上表现为含沿晶和穿晶的拉剪复合型断裂。基于有限元法和新型最大应力强度因子比断裂准则判断出的红砂岩试件THM耦合断裂模式与基于宏微观断口分析得到的THM耦合断裂机制完全一致。     

刀具动态作用下节理岩体破坏过程的数值模拟

基于细观损伤力学和动力有限元方法,模拟分析了节理岩体在刀具动态荷载作用下的损伤破裂过程,探讨了节理间距和节理角度的影响。在动力分析模型中,通过考虑黏弹性边界以排除边界应力波反射的影响,提高了计算精度。数值模拟结果表明,节理的存在改变了岩体中应力波的传播模式。一方面,节理面反射的拉伸应力波加剧了节理与刀具间岩体的碎裂;另一方面,软弱节理面破坏吸收了应力波能量,阻碍了应力波向下的传播,减弱了下部岩体的破坏程度。模拟结果还表明,节理间距越小,岩体破坏程度更加明显。倾斜节理的存在使刀具下部的裂纹出现不对称性扩展特征,影响了主裂纹向下扩展的能力,限制了其伸展的空间。节理岩体在刀具动态作用下的破坏过程研究还很少见到,研究结果对于节理岩体动态破坏的机理以及地下工程开挖等实际应用,具有一定的参考价值。     

坚硬顶板水压致裂控制理论与成套技术

煤矿坚硬顶板具有硬度大、整体性好、分层厚度大等特点,导致诸多围岩控制与安全难题。水压致裂可改造顶板岩体结构,控制工作面顶板的冒落;提出坚硬顶板水压致裂控制的理论与成套技术框架。采用真三轴实验系统等研究揭示水压裂缝的扁椭球体典型形态和空间转向扩展形态,给出围压主应力差、排量、层面与原生裂隙等对水压裂缝扩展的影响规律,考虑围岩的应力应变状态与控顶效果,阐明定向压裂临空坚硬悬顶的断顶线位置适当内错煤柱的原理。给出采动岩体水压致裂的时空关系及确定方法。针对裂缝形态的控制要求,提出定向水力割缝致裂等系统的控制致裂方法,在此基础上研制煤矿井下高压(60 MPa)水压致裂的成套装备。针对不同类型工程特点,控制水压主裂缝扩展、翼型裂纹扩展和吸水湿润作用,使顶板及时充分冒落,实现围岩弱化、应力转移、诱导矿压破煤等功能。研发了工作面端头悬顶、切眼及中部坚硬顶板、坚硬顶煤弱化、综放面初采瓦斯、临空巷道冲击地压和大变形等控制成套工艺技术。成套技术与装备已在大同矿区、神东矿区等推广应用。与传统爆破弱化顶板相比,水压致裂弱化顶板管理简单、扰动小、安全性高、工程量少、作用范围大、控制距离远,且经济成本不到其1/10,在深部开采中更具有优势。     

Fracture initiation and propagation in intact rock—A review

The initiation and propagation of failure in intact rock are a matter of fundamental importance in rock engineering. At low confining pressures, tensile fracturing initiates in samples at 40%-60% of the uniaxial compressive strength and as loading continues, and these tensile fractures increase in density, ultimately coalescing and leading to strain localization and macro-scale shear failure of the samples. The Griffith theory of brittle failure provides a simplified model and a useful basis for discussion of this process. The Hoek-Brown failure criterion provides an acceptable estimate of the peak strength for shear failure but a cutoff has been added for tensile conditions. However, neither of these criteria adequately explains the progressive coalition of tensile cracks and the final shearing of the specimens at higher confining stresses. Grain-based numerical models, in which the grain size distributions as well as the physical properties of the component grains of the rock are incorporated, have proved to be very useful in studying these more complex fracture processes.     

利用测井资料预测岩石II型断裂韧性 的方法研究

 根据直缝巴西圆盘(SNBD)试验获取应力强度因子的计算原理,设计组建一套岩石II型断裂韧性测试系统,测定20块取自WG油田岩石试样的II型断裂韧性。基于试验数据,分析II型断裂韧性和围压、抗拉强度的关系,建立利用测井资料预测断裂韧性的模型。利用H341井声波测井、密度测井和伽马测井资料预测水平地应力和抗拉强度,结合建立的断裂韧性模型成功预测II型断裂韧性连续值,并在压裂实践中得到验证。该方法解决了现场压裂作业缺少断裂韧性全井筒连续数据的难题。     

2D-numerical analysis of hydraulic fracturing in heterogeneous geo-materials

A geo-material failure process analysis (F-RFPA2D), considering the coupling of stress distribution, fluid flow, and element damage evolution, is used to investigate the mechanisms of crack initiation and propagation around a 2-D cylindrical cavity in heterogeneous stiff soils during hydraulic fracturing. A large number of numerical analysis on hydraulic fracturing in stiff soil with pre-existing injection cavity have been carried out to study the mechanism of hydraulic fracturing in stiff soil. In addition, the characteristic of acoustic emission (AE) due to hydraulic fractures are studied by numerical simulations. The results provide a better understanding of the crack initiation and propagation mechanisms during hydrofracturing. The simulation software package can be a powerful tool for study of soil behavior during hydraulic fractures.     

A multifunctional rock testing system for rock failure analysis under different stress states: Development and application

The stress state in a rock mass is complex. Stress redistribution around underground excavation may lead to various failure modes, including compressive-shear, tensile-shear, and tensile failures. The ability to perform laboratory tests with these complex stress states is significant for establishing new strength criteria. The present paper introduces a new rock testing system with “tensile-compressive-shear” loading functions. The device includes bi-directional and double-range hydraulic cylinders, auxiliary loading equipment, and roller rows that can perform direct compressive-shear tests, direct tensile tests, and direct tensile-shear tests. The testing system provides maximum vertical and lateral loading forces of 2000 kN and allows testing cubical rock specimens with dimensions of 0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.5 m. The performance of the testing machine was evaluated by testing a rock-like material based on cement mortar under compressive-shear, tensile, and tensile-shear stress states. The failure process and deformation characteristics were monitored during loading using acoustic emission (AE) transient recorder, piezoelectric AE sensors, a high-speed camera, and a thermal infrared camera. The failure mechanism was investigated by analyzing AE counts, AE amplitude, strain, and temperature changes on the rock specimen surface. The test results confirmed that the testing system could successfully simulate the abovementioned stress path. The AE counts and amplitude responses were influenced by different failure modes. The temperature response during the compressive-shear test indicated the development of a high-temperature band on the rock specimen surface. In contrast, a negligible temperature change was observed during the tensile and tensile-shear tests. The newly developed multifunctional rock testing system allows laboratory tests under various failure modes. The monitoring results of multiple variables during rock failure tests provide valuable information on failure characteristics.     

Moment tensor evaluation of acoustic emission sources in salt rock

Various moment tensor methods are applied to acoustic emission (AE) events which were recorded during a series of hydraulic fracturing tests in salt rock. The first two methods are absolute moment tensor methods using peak-to-peak amplitudes and its polarities and full waveforms of compressional and shear waves. The second two methods are relative methods with reference and without reference mechanisms. All methods yield similar source mechanisms with a major double-couple component. A comparison of the macroscopic fracture plane orientation as indicated by AE source locations with the results of FEM stress calculations shows that the macroscopic fracture planes coincide with the direction of the maximum principal stress. On the other hand, the orientation of microcracks as calculated by our moment tensor evaluation does not coincide with the orientation of the macroscopic fracture planes.     

Three-dimensional distinct element modeling of fault reactivation and induced seismicity due to hydraulic fracturing injection and backflow

This paper presents a three-dimensional fully hydro-mechanical coupled distinct element study on fault reactivation and induced seismicity due to hydraulic fracturing injection and subsequent backflow process,based on the geological data in Horn River Basin,Northeast British Columbia,Canada.The modeling results indicate that the maximum magnitude of seismic events appears at the fracturing stage.The increment of fluid volume in the fault determines the cumulative moment and maximum fault slippage,both of which are essentially proportional to the fluid volume.After backflow starts,the fluid near the joint intersection keeps flowing into the critically stressed fault,rather than backflows to the wellbore.Although fault slippage is affected by the changes of both pore pressure and ambient rock stress,their contributions are different at fracturing and backflow stages.At fracturing stage,pore pressure change shows a dominant effect on induced fault slippage.While at backflow stage,because the fault plane is under a critical stress state,any minor disturbance would trigger a fault slippage.The energy analysis indicates that aseismic deformation takes up a majority of the total deformation energy during hydraulic fracturing.A common regularity is found in both fracturing-and backflow-induced seismicity that the cumulative moment and maximum fault slippage are nearly proportional to the injected fluid volume.This study shows some novel insights into interpreting fracturing-and backflowinduced seismicity,and provides useful information for controlling and mitigating seismic hazards due to hydraulic fracturing.     

采动过程金属矿山空区覆岩材料细观破裂特征

采空区覆岩材料的破裂与其应力变化关系密切,采用仿真试验方法,研究了在开采过程中金属矿山采空区覆岩材料在拉应力和剪应力作用下细观破裂特征。声发射是覆岩材料受外力作用发生破裂时释放的能量,其出现的位置和能量的大小间接反映了覆岩材料发生破裂的位置和严重程度。岩石材料发生破裂的主要原因是拉应力和剪应力,剪应力主要集中在采空区四周边角区域,拉应力主要集中在采空区顶板区域。剪应力和拉应力对覆岩材料的细观破裂都造成影响;最大剪应力值为11.4 MPa远比最大拉应力值7.77 MPa大,但拉应力的破坏效果更显著。剪应力是造成覆岩塑性破坏的重要因素,拉应力是覆岩垮落的主导因素。研究结果可为金属矿山安全开采提供一定参考依据。     

Strength criterion for rocks under compressive-tensile stresses and its application

Estimating in-situ stress with hydraulic borehole fracturing involves tensile strength of rock. Several strength criteria with three parameters result in tensile strengths with great differences, although they may describe the relation between strength of rock and confining pressure with low misfits. The exponential criterion provides acceptable magnitudes of tensile strengths for granites and over-estimates that for other rocks, but the criterion with tension cut-off is applicable to all rocks. The breakdown pressure will be lower than the shut-in pressure during hydraulic borehole fracturing, when the maximum horizontal principal stress is 2 times larger than the minor one; and it is not the peak value in the first cycle, but the point where the slope of pressure-time curve begins to decline.     

浅部地层破裂压力预测研究

擅要地层的破裂压力对钻井液密度确定、井身结构设计和水力裂缝起裂形态预测有着重要的指导作用。井壁的破裂压力不仅取决于地应力，还与井眼形态和地层的强度各向异性有关。从地应力与岩石力学参数研究入手，分析井周应力场分布，根据起裂准则，建立了浅层破裂压力预测模型，并在现场得到了成功的应用。