Detection of Enteric Viruses from Wastewater and River Water in Botswana

Food and Environmental Virology - Waterborne diseases remain a public health concern in developing countries where many lack access to safe water. Water testing mainly uses bacterial indicators to...     

漓江市区段沿岸餐饮废水对漓江水质影响调查与对策探讨

针对桂林市区段漓江沿岸餐饮店的分布特点及漓江水文特征,选取5个有代表性的采样点,在枯水期进行采样分析.试验结果表明,枯水期漓江的水质不是很好,位于餐饮业分布集中区的采样点受污染较严重.据此提出一些相应的对策.     

南通帝人扩产工程废水排放对长江水环境的影响

以南通帝人扩产工程项目为例,通过建立数学模型,进行水量水质计算,分析了扩产工程废水排放对水环境的影响。结果表明,无论是正常排放工况下,还是非正常排放和事故性排放工况下,在大小潮涨落潮时,扩产后工程废水排入开发区污水厂处理后对上、下游保护目标的影响很小。     

常州市老城区重点生活污染源对北市河的污染负荷研究

以常州市老城区北市河为研究区域,对其汇水区域内的所有重点污染源的污水产生量、污染物性质及排污去向进行了详细调查和监测,利用确定的污染系数计算出各污染源的排污负荷.结果表明,除pH外,常州市的垃圾屋、垃圾转运站、公厕、餐饮等污染源排放的污水中SS、COD、BOD5、氨氮、TN、TP等浓度较高,远远超过了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)及《污水排入城市下水道水质标准》(CJ3082-1999);其中:垃圾转运站的COD最高达51700mg/L,而公厕污水中氨氮和TN分别高达1616mg/L和2044mg/L.各污染源通过雨水管网进入河道的比例较高.排入北市河的年污染负荷源类型中,以餐饮业最多,其次是环卫设施;污染物以COD最高,为125.2t/a;其次是BOD5,为40.53t/a;因此,各污染源的COD和BOD5应为主要控制目标,且应首先对沿河餐饮和环卫设施进行截污治理.     

城市尾水排海过程中微生物及主要致病菌扩散规律

城市污水处理厂产生的尾水中含有大量微生物尤其是致病菌,排海后不仅对周围人群产生危害而且对海洋生态安全构成威胁.本研究以青岛市麦岛污水处理厂为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,研究尾水排海过程中的微生物群落结构,分析尾水中致病菌在排海过程中的动态分布及季节变化规律.结果表明,尾水微生物分布在20~27个菌门,优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),主要分布在44~65个纲,其中优势菌纲主要分布在变形菌门(Proteobacteria);尾水排海过程中的主要致病菌有55种,致病基因与癌症、心血管、免疫系统、传染性、新陈代谢、神经变性等疾病相关,其中,引起人类和动物腹泻、菌血症相关的弓形杆菌属(Arcobacter spp.)、引发院内感染的条件致病菌不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter spp.)及对海产品养殖和捕捞带来威胁的Shewanella hafniensis等占比例较大.     

毒物排放对污水处理厂的风险评价方法和模型

位于城市污水处理厂污水收集系统区域内的工业污染源，必须考虑其突发性或间歇排放的化学物质对污水处理的影响。据此提出了基于生物抑制浓度的风险评估方法，建立的毒物在污水处理厂中的归宿模型，包含了生物降解，挥发曝发溶出和固体吸附４大类型机理，可以用于排放污染物在各处理单元中的浓度及其动态变化过程的预测，从而判断是否对生物处理产生抑制作用以及出水是否超     

Detection and Molecular Characterization of Aichivirus 1 in Wastewater Samples from Uruguay

Aichivirus 1 (AiV-1) is an enteric virus with 30 nm in diameter, belonging to the genus Kobuvirus in the Picornaviridae family being a causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans. The transmission is via the fecal-oral route, through person to person contact, recreation in contaminated waters, or through the consumption of contaminated food or water. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and the molecular characterization of AiV-1 in wastewater from Uruguay. Biweekly collections from March 2011 to February 2012 were performed in the cities of Bella Unión, Salto, Paysandú, and Fray Bentos, northwestern region of Uruguay. A total of 96 samples were collected; viruses were concentrated by ultracentrifugation, and AiV-1 was detected by using a nested PCR with primers directed to a conserved region (3CD junction) of the viral genome. A high frequency of AiV-1 (n = 54) was observed at all the cities analyzed mainly in the colder months of the year. AiV-1 was not evidenced as an appropriate viral fecal indicator since when compared with other previously detected enteric viruses, no correlation was observed. All 13 characterized AiV-1 belonged to the genotype B after the phylogenetic analysis performed with the sequences obtained from the first round PCR amplicon. This study demonstrates that AiV-1 is a frequently detected enteric viruses present in wastewater and excreted by infected persons in the northwestern region of Uruguay.     

Detection,Quantification, and Microbial Risk Assessment of Group A Rotavirus in Rivers from Uruguay

Food and Environmental Virology - The aim of this study was to detect, quantify, and assess the risk of infection and illness for Group A Rotavirus (RVA) in the watersheds of the Santa Lucia and...     

元谋糖厂,纸厂废水污灌后果分析

对元谋土壤理化性状，污灌作物，废水中污染物的对比分析表明，糖厂，纸厂废水用于元谋干热区污灌呵给土壤补充养份，增加稻米，但会使淀粉含量略有下降，并且废水中的Ｃｌ＾－和Ｎａ＾＋会使某蔗，红薯口感不佳，污灌基本不存在Ａｓ、Ｈｇ、酚等有害物质影响。     

油田外排污水处理技术及研究进展

随着我国油田的不断开发,油田相继进人高含水开采期,采出液的综合含水率达到9000以上,大量多余油田污水不断产生,因此做好油田污水处理是当务之急.本文针对油田污水的产生及特点.介绍了油田外排污水的主要处理技术,综述了目前油田外排污水处理技术的研究和应用进展,以及亟待解决的问题,并对今后油田外排污水处理技术的发展提出了展望...     

微生物燃料电池处理废水时的产电性能研究

设计了一个经典的双室微生物燃料电池,并考察了其在接种厌氧污泥条件下对葡萄糖模拟废水的产电性能。试验主要考察了电池系统在不同的电极材料及不同COD浓度下的产电性能及废水处理效率。结果表明,该电池在初始COD为1000mg/L,以石墨为电极的运行条件下产电性能最好,最大电流密度为4.4mA/m2。在不同的COD浓度下,该系统对废水中COD的去处率都稳定在70%。另外实验还考察了好氧污泥代替空气作为电子受体后电池系统的产电性能及废水处理效率。在该条件下,微生物燃料电池的产电性能得到了显著的提高,输出电流密度约为17.3mA/m2,同时其对废水中的COD去除率达到了82%。     

硫酸厂SO_2事故排放对人体健康危害的评价

根据某大型磷酸-磷铵企业40万t/a硫酸厂SO2不同转化率下的事故排放影响预测结果,进行了人体健康影响评价。结果表明,只要转化率不低于95%,将不会明显地对周围人体健康造成慢性危害。转化率低于95%,将在一定范围对人体健康产生不同程度的影响;66%的转化率,ld以上的接触时间可使支气管炎患者的一般症状恶化。     

创新环境执法:以生物监控敏感项目排水毒性

编者按 江苏省某敏感化工项目曾因超标排污引发跨地区厂群纠纷被责令停产整改.省环保厅创新执法思路,采用生物监测塘强化管理与监督,探索用鱼作为检测评价废水毒性的指示生物,结果表明该项目整改后排水的毒性很低,证实了用生物监测塘强化环境执法的科学性和有效性.该措施可推广应用于全国类似情况,强化对敏感污染源排放的监督和对饮用水源地安全的监控.本文总结了江苏省应用生物监测强化环境执法的具体做法,以供各相关单位借鉴.     

乌拉圭河纸浆厂案的评论与启示

乌拉圭和阿根廷围绕界河沿岸建立大型纸浆厂引发的争议,因涉及到世界银行、南方共同市场等国际机构,以及关系环境保护与经济发展等问题而备受关注。争议围绕乌拉圭单方面修建和运行纸浆厂是否违反了边界水利用条约而展开。国际法院分析了界水利用与环境保护、跨界环境污     

珠江三角洲典型集约化猪场废水污染特征及风险评价

根据2009年3月~2011年11月废水水质调查监测数据,运用《畜禽场环境质量评价准则》中单项污染指数、综合污染指数等方法,研究珠江三角洲典型集约化猪场厌氧发酵处理过程中各工艺阶段废水污染特征,并对其潜在生态风险进行综合评价.监测结果表明,所有监测值中,除pH和重金属外,其它污染因子含量普遍超过排放及农田灌溉水质标准,猪粪水中主要污染因子为粪大肠菌群(FC)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)和生化需氧量(BOD),其平均质量浓度分别为1.98×109个·L-1、158.61 mg·L-1、5 608.68 mg·L-1和1 984.34 mg·L-1,猪场沼液中主要污染因子为粪大肠菌群、总磷、氨氮(NH+4-N)和悬浮物(SS),其平均质量浓度分别为8.10×106个·L-1、81.76 mg·L-1、476.24 mg·L-1和464.58 mg·L-1.生态风险评价表明,高值区主要出现在固液分离后的高浓度废水,其分布呈现从分离后废水>冲栏废水>沼液递减的趋势特征,其综合污染指数分别为11.41、6.91、5.27,均达到重度污染级.因此,分离前后猪场废水属高浓度、高风险废水,绝对不可直接排放和农田灌溉,经厌氧处理后的猪场沼液中粪大肠菌群、总磷、氨氮和悬浮物是潜在的强生态风险元素,在长期直接排放或农田灌溉过程中仍存在一定的生态风险,有进一步深度处理的必要性.     

用二氧化氯直接处理印染废水的试验

用二氧化氯直接氧化处理含疏水性染料的印染废水（ＣＯＤ３６０ｍｇ／ｌ，色度２５６倍），经ＰＥ精密过滤器过滤，出水水质为ＣＯＤ６４ｍｇ／ｌ，色度４倍。     

沿江污水处理厂环境影响评价案例分析

对于地处长江边的污水处理厂而言,其建设与运行将直接影响排污口所在江段取水口的水环境安全。结合具体案例(上海通用汽车武汉项目配套基础设施金口污水处理厂的环境影响评价)的分析,认为以长江为尾水排放通道的污水处理厂,其环境影响评价应重点关注厂址选择、尾水排放、污水处理方案优化、风险评价、恶臭评价及污泥的处置等问题,并提出相应的措施和建议,最大程度减少污水处理厂的环境负面影响。     

Viruses Surveillance Under Different Season Scenarios of the Negro River Basin,Amazonia, Brazil

The Negro River is located in the Amazon basin, the largest hydrological catchment in the world. Its water is used for drinking, domestic activities, recreation and transportation and water quality is significantly affected by anthropogenic impacts. The goals of this study were to determine the presence and concentrations of the main viral etiological agents of acute gastroenteritis, such as group A rotavirus (RVA) and genogroup II norovirus (NoV GII), and to assess the use of human adenovirus (HAdV) and JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) as viral indicators of human faecal contamination in the aquatic environment of Manaus under different hydrological scenarios. Water samples were collected along Negro River and in small streams known as igarapés. Viruses were concentrated by an organic flocculation method and detected by quantitative PCR. From 272 samples analysed, HAdV was detected in 91.9 %, followed by JCPyV (69.5 %), RVA (23.9 %) and NoV GII (7.4 %). Viral concentrations ranged from 10² to 10⁶ GC L^?1 and viruses were more likely to be detected during the flood season, with the exception of NoV GII, which was detected only during the dry season. Statistically significant differences on virus concentrations between dry and flood seasons were observed only for RVA. The HAdV data provides a useful complement to faecal indicator bacteria in the monitoring of aquatic environments. Overall results demonstrated that the hydrological cycle of the Negro River in the Amazon Basin affects the dynamics of viruses in aquatic environments and, consequently, the exposure of citizens to these waterborne pathogens.     

海河流域河流生态系统健康评价

随着经济发展,人类活动对河流生态系统的胁迫日益强烈,生态系统健康状况受到严重威胁.本研究以海河流域2010年73个采样点的水质、营养盐和底栖动物指标为例,采用指标体系法,从化学完整性和生物完整性两方面评价了流域内河流生态系统健康.结果表明,海河流域河流生态系统健康状况整体较差,有72.6%的样点处于"极差"健康状态,同时表现出明显的地区集聚效应;河流水质与人类活动强度密切相关;海河流域水体富营养化趋势明显;流域内底栖动物多样性低,清洁物种较少.氨氮、总氮、总磷等营养盐指标是影响河流生态系统健康的关键因子,应从控制上述指标入手,遏制海河流域河流生态系统健康恶化.对于河流生态系统健康评价,多因子的综合评价法优于单因子评价法.     

Reduction of Human Enteric and Indicator Viruses at a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Southern Louisiana,USA

This study assessed wastewater quality through the quantification of four human enteric viruses and the applicability of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) a