基于路径规划和深度强化学习的机器人避障导航研究

针对移动机器人的长距离避障导航问题,提出结合深度强化学习(Deep Reinforcement Learning, DRL)和路径规划(Path Planning, PL)的避障导航算法。该方法通过快速扩展随机树(Rapidly Exploring Random Tree, RRT)算法在长距离的路径上进行规划,根据生成的路径节点,将长距离路径划分为若干短距离,而在短距离的导航问题上利用深度强化学习的算法,训练一个具有环境感知和智能决策能力的端到端避障导航模型。仿真实验表明,相较于仅用DRL的避障导航,该方法使移动机器人的长距离避障导航性能有了大幅度提升,解决了DRL在长距离避障导航任务上的局限性问题。     

面向无人艇的T-DQN智能避障算法研究

无人艇(Unmanned surface vehicle, USV)作为一种具有广泛应用前景的无人系统,其自主决策能力尤为关键.由于水面运动环境较为开阔,传统避障决策算法难以在量化规则下自主规划最优路线,而一般强化学习方法在大范围复杂环境下难以快速收敛.针对这些问题,提出一种基于阈值的深度Q网络避障算法(Threshold deep Q network, T-DQN),在深度Q网络(Deep Q network, DQN)基础上增加长短期记忆网络(Long short-term memory, LSTM)来保存训练信息,并设定经验回放池阈值加速算法的收敛.通过在不同尺度的栅格环境中进行实验仿真,实验结果表明, T-DQN算法能快速地收敛到最优路径,其整体收敛步数相比Q-learning算法和DQN算法,分别减少69.1%和24.8%,引入的阈值筛选机制使整体收敛步数降低41.1%.在Unity 3D强化学习仿真平台,验证了复杂地图场景下的避障任务完成情况,实验结果表明,该算法能实现无人艇的精细化避障和智能安全行驶.     

一种二阶TD Error快速Q(λ)算法

Q(λ)学习算法是一种结合值迭代与随机逼近的思想的基于模型无关的多步离策略强化学习算法.针对经典的Q(λ)学习算法执行效率低、收敛速度慢的问题,从TD Error的角度出发,给出n阶TD Error的概念,并将n阶TD Error用于经典的Q(λ)学习算法,提出一种二阶TD Error快速Q(λ)学习算法——SOE-FQ(λ)算法.该算法利用二阶TD Error修正Q值函数,并通过资格迹将TD Error传播至整个状态动作空间,加快算法的收敛速度.在此基础之上,分析算法的收敛性及收敛效率,在仅考虑一步更新的情况下,算法所要执行的迭代次数T主要指数依赖于1/1-γ、1/ε.将SOE-FQ(λ)算法用于Random Walk和Mountain Car问题,实验结果表明,算法具有较快的收敛速度和较好的收敛精度.     

人工情感Q学习的互联电网自动发电控制算法

对互联电网中自动发电控制AGC中控制策略进行改进,设计了人工智能中的人工心理学和人工智能中的机器学习结合的控制策略.分别对Q学习算法和Q(λ)学习算法进行改进,设计了具有人工情感的智能体.提出了人工情感Q学习算法和人工情感Q(λ)学习算法.且将人工情感分别作用于Q学习算法和Q(λ)学习算法中的输出动作、学习率和奖励函数.最后在IEEE标准两区域和南方电网四区域的互联电网Simulink模型中进行数值仿真.绘制并统计了控制性能指标、区域控制误差和频率偏差的值.从仿真结果看,所提人工情感Q学习算法和人工情感Q(λ)学习算法控制效果优于原有Q学习算法、Q(λ)学习算法、R(λ)算法、Sarsa算法、Sarsa(λ)算法和PID控制算法,该数值仿真结果验证了所提算法的可行性和有效性.     

人群环境中基于深度强化学习的移动机器人避障算法

为了控制移动机器人在人群密集的复杂环境中高效友好地完成避障任务,本文提出了一种人群环境中基于深度强化学习的移动机器人避障算法。首先,针对深度强化学习算法中值函数网络学习能力不足的情况,基于行人交互（crowd interaction）对值函数网络做了改进,通过行人角度网格（angel pedestrian grid）对行人之间的交互信息进行提取,并通过注意力机制（attention mechanism）提取单个行人的时序特征,学习得到当前状态与历史轨迹状态的相对重要性以及对机器人避障策略的联合影响,为之后多层感知机的学习提供先验知识;其次,依据行人空间行为（human spatial behavior）设计强化学习的奖励函数,并对机器人角度变化过大的状态进行惩罚,实现了舒适避障的要求;最后,通过仿真实验验证了人群环境中基于深度强化学习的移动机器人避障算法在人群密集的复杂环境中的可行性与有效性。     

基于分层深度强化学习的移动机器人导航方法

针对现有基于深度强化学习(deep reinforcement learning, DRL)的分层导航方法在包含长廊、死角等结构的复杂环境下导航效果不佳的问题,提出一种基于option-based分层深度强化学习(hierarchical deep reinforcement learning, HDRL)的移动机器人导航方法.该方法的模型框架分为高层和低层两部分,其中低层的避障和目标驱动控制模型分别实现避障和目标接近两种行为策略,高层的行为选择模型可自动学习稳定、可靠的行为选择策略,从而有效避免对人为设计调控规则的依赖.此外,所提出方法通过对避障控制模型进行优化训练,使学习到的避障策略更加适用于复杂环境下的导航任务.在与现有DRL方法的对比实验中,所提出方法在全部仿真测试环境中均取得最高的导航成功率,同时在其他指标上也具有整体优势,表明所提出方法可有效解决复杂环境下导航效果不佳的问题,且具有较强的泛化能力.此外,真实环境下的测试进一步验证了所提出方法的潜在应用价值.     

基于深度强化学习的舰载机动态避障方法

针对高度异构、动态的航母甲板作业场景中的舰载机避障问题,提出一种结合预测算法和深度强化学习的避障方法.该方法包含场景建模、奖励模型和轨迹预测模型等模块.首先基于智能体状态和动作空间对航母甲板场景进行建模;然后利用最小二乘法对场景中动态障碍物的位置进行实时轨迹预测,并构造了包含路径预测模块的深度强化学习方法——环境预测深度Q网络(PDQN);最后利用该方法实现航母甲板作业场景中的舰载机动态避障.利用Python绘图集Matplotlib进行仿真实验,实验数据结果表明,相比于Q-learning,SARSA等方法,所提方法的准确率提升了15％～25％,路径长度短9％～39％,平均奖励值高30％～100％,收敛速度快1～2倍且训练平稳后准确率的标准差小2％～50％.     

一种多步Q强化学习方法

Q 学习是一种重要的强化学习算法。本文针对 Q 学习和 Q(λ)算法的不足.提出了一种具有多步预见能力的Q学习方法:MQ 方法。首先给出了 MDP 模型.在分析 Q 学习和Q(λ)算法的基础上给出了 MQ 算法的推导过程,并分析了算法的更新策略和 k 值的确定原则。通过悬崖步行仿真试验验证了该算法的有效性。理论分析和数值试验均表明.该算法具有较强的预见能力.同时能降低计算复杂度,是一种有效平衡更新速度和复杂度的强化学习方法。     

一种面向自动驾驶推理任务的工作流调度策略

目前自动驾驶推理任务调度中要解决的关键问题是如何在不同的时间窗内,让实时推理任务满足可容忍时间约束的前提下,在相应的处理设备上被调度执行完成.在不同时间窗内,依据边缘节点的数量变化以及推理任务的不同,设计了一种边缘环境下基于强化学习算法的工作流调度策略.首先,利用推理任务工作流调度算法计算任务的完成时间;其次,采用基于模拟退火的Q学习算法(Q-learning based on simulated annealing,SA-QL)来优化推理任务的完成时间;最后,从可行性、收敛性、有效性和探索性四个角度来体现基于模拟退火的强化学习算法(Reinforement learning based on simulated annealing,SA-RL)和粒子群优化算法(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)的性能差异.实验结果表明,模拟退火的强化学习算法和粒子群优化算法都具有可行性和有效性,单步时序差分算法(TD(0))具有更强的探索性,多步时序差分算法(TD(λ))具有更强的收敛性.     

求解部分可观测马氏决策过程的强化学习算法

针对部分可观测马氏决策过程(POMDP)中，由于感知混淆现象的存在，利用Sarsa等算法得到的无记忆策略可能发生振荡的现象，研究了一种基于记忆的强化学习算法——CPnSarsa(λ)学习算法来解决该问题．它通过重新定义状态，Agent结合观测历史来识别混淆状态．将CPnSarsa(λ)算法应用到一些典型的POMDP，最后得到的是最优或近似最优策略，与以往算法相比，该算法的收敛速度有了很大提高．     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).