浅谈如何提高地面气象测报质量

根据多年地面测报工作的体会,总结了一些工作经验,根据测报工作的几个重要环节,提出了地面测报工作中一些疑难问题的处理方法和地面数据维护方法。     

从嘉兴市的实践论雷击风险评估工作的推进

雷击风险评估是认识和评价雷击风险的有效方法,也是雷击风险控制和管理的前提及基础,准确的雷击风险评估是雷击风险管理的决策依据。从嘉兴市开展雷击风险评估工作实践出发,分析了开展雷击风险评估的法律法规依据、工作推进及技术人才储备等情况,阐述了《嘉兴市雷击风险评估管理办法》出台的社会背景及过程。介绍了嘉兴市从无到有并全面推广雷击风险评估工作的一些工作方法,实践证明这些方法行之有效,取得了丰硕的成果,同时,也提出了当前雷击风险评估工作中存在的问题。     

浅析地面测报工作

根据地面测报的工作经验,指出关于测报工作中的重要环节,详细阐述了地面测报工作中一些问题的处理方式和数据的维护方法。     

新时期加强高校办公室工作人员综合素质的思考

高等教育体制改革不断深入的新形势对高校办公室工作提出了新的更高的要求,只有在管理观念、工作机制、工作方法等方面不断努力创新,提高办公室工作人员的综合素质,才能切实做好办公室工作。     

CTL-713C型天气雷达发射机故障检修方法

通过分析CTL-713C型天气雷达发射机各组成部分工作原理,得出发射机工作信号流程示意图,提出了发射机故障诊断方法和原则,对发射机几种常见的故障现象及检修方法进行了分类,并通过实例分析对发射机故障诊断方法和原则进行了检验.     

气象信息服务客观方法探讨

减少气象信息服务工作的主观性,增强客观性是提高气象信息服务质量的有效办法。基于此,从规范气象信息服务工作行为和建立制作服务产品的客观方法入手,对气象信息服务客观方法进行了探讨。     

做好防雷减灾工作之我见

从六个方面的防雷减灾工作入手,重点介绍提高防雷工作重要性的认识、做好防雷的宣传工作、注意工作方式方法、争取相关部门的支持、树立良好形象、加强自身建设的的工作的思路与做法。     

做好气象短信客户服务工作的技巧分析

通过总结客户服务工作中行之有效的经验,详细分析与探讨了气象短信客户服务工作应具备的基本技能和技巧,并提出了工作中出现的特殊状况和问题的解决方法。     

基层气象科普工作的现状与改进建议

根据近年来广东省新闻宣传情况调查,分析基层台站在当前气象科普工作中的现状和面临的问题,提出新形势下气象科普工作的意义,从气象科普工作管理、队伍建设、工作方法、措施等方面对加强基层气象科普宣传工作提出建议。     

实现地面测报连续250班无错情的措施

通过对验收地面测报“250班无错”过程中发现观测工作较容易出错的地方,以及地面测报日常工作中容易出错的细节进行分析和总结,探讨测报员日常工作中如何养成良好的工作习惯、注重工作细节、避免工作出错的方法.发现测报员在日常工作中长期坚持加强工作责任感,认真仔细、尽心尽责地完成每一项工作,对待每一个数据,不放过任何细节问题,虚...     

Dominant cloud microphysical processes of a torrential rainfall event in Sichuan,China

High-resolution numerical simulation data of a rainstorm triggering debris flow in Sichuan Province of China simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model were used to study the dominant cloud microphysical processes of the torrential rainfall. The results showed that: (1) In the strong precipitation period, particle sizes of all hydrometeors increased, and mean-mass diameters of graupel increased the most significantly, as compared with those in the weak precipitation period; (2) The terminal velocity of raindrops was the strongest among all hydrometeors, followed by graupel’s, which was much smaller than that of raindrops. Differences between various hydrometeors’ terminal velocities in the strong precipitation period were larger than those in the weak precipitation period, which favored relative motion, collection interaction and transformation between the particles. Absolute terminal velocity values of raindrops and graupel were significantly greater than those of air upward velocity, and the stronger the precipitation was, the greater the differences between them were; (3) The orders of magnitudes of the various hydrometeors’ sources and sinks in the strong precipitation period were larger than those in the weak precipitation period, causing a difference in the intensity of precipitation. Water vapor, cloud water, raindrops, graupel and their exchange processes played a major role in the production of the torrential rainfall, and there were two main processes via which raindrops were generated: abundant water vapor condensed into cloud water and, on the one hand, accretion of cloud water by rain water formed rain water, while on the other hand, accretion of cloud water by graupel formed graupel, and then the melting of graupel formed rain water.     

内蒙古地区沙尘和霾自动观测数据的可靠性和修正方法研究*

2014年,中国气象局将地面人工观测业务调整为自动仪器观测的方式,这一改变明显提高了工作效率,但对观测结果,特别是视程障碍类观测产生了一定的影响。为了完善内蒙古地区霾和沙尘天气判别标准,获得准确可信的气象资料,本文选取了2001-2019年内蒙古12个站点逐三小时的气象观测资料,从时空分布特征和判别方法研究了内蒙古地区沙尘和霾自动气象观测数据的可靠性和判别标准的适用性。结合PM2.5和PM10两个空气质量指数,通过修正错误记录,将沙尘中误判的霾和无天气、霾中误判的沙尘、雾和无天气等分离出来。对比结果来看,修正前,霾和沙尘分别占总频次的95%和5%；修正后,霾、沙尘、雾和无天气分别占总频次的55%、17%、1%、27%。对比呼和浩特单站一次沙尘和一次霾天气过程中气象要素和空气质量指数的连续变化可以看出,相对湿度与PM2.5的相关性均达到了0.5以上。沙尘期,能见度与PM10负相关,PM2.5和PM10相关性较差；而霾期,能见度与PM2.5和PM10的相关性较差,PM2.5和PM10相关性达到了0.8以上,即不同相对湿度环境下影响能见度的因素不同。     

Changes of precipitation and extremes and the possible effect of urbanization in the Beijing metropolitan region during 1960–2012 based on homogenized observations

Daily precipitation series at 15 stations in the Beijing metropolitan region (BMR) during 1960-2012 were homogenized using the multiple analysis of series for homogenization method, with additional adjustments based on analysis of empirical cumulative density function (ECDF) regarding climate extremes. The cumulative density functions of daily precipitation series, the trends of annual and seasonal precipitation, and summer extreme events during 1960-2012 in the original and final adjusted series at Beijing station were comparatively analyzed to show the necessity and efficiency of the new method. Results indicate that the ECDF adjustments can improve the homogeneity of high-order moments of daily series and the estimation of climate trends in extremes. The linear trends of the regional-mean annual and seasonal (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) precipitation series are -10.16, 4.97, -20.04, 5.02, and -0.11 mm (10 yr)-1, respectively. The trends over the BMR increase consistently for spring/autumn and decrease for the whole year/summer; however, the trends for winter decrease in southern parts and increase in northern parts. Urbanization affects local trends of precipitation amount, frequency, and intensity and their geographical patterns. For the urban-influenced sites, urbanization tends to slow down the magnitude of decrease in the precipitation and extreme amount series by approximately -10.4% and -6.0%, respectively; enhance the magnitude of decrease in precipitation frequency series by approximately 5.7%; reduce that of extremes by approximately -8.9%; and promote the decreasing trends in the summer intensity series of both precipitation and extremes by approximately 6.8% and 51.5%, respectively.     

适应气候变化政策机制的国际经验与启示

中国高度重视适应气候变化工作,实行减缓与适应并重的应对气候变化原则,已出台适应气候变化相关的战略、规划等一系列政策文件。但总体来看,中国适应气候变化政策与行动尚处于起步阶段,面临着法规制度缺位、监测评估不足、组织协调机制不完善等挑战,适应气候变化政策的类型、数量和力度都明显弱于减缓。为完善中国适应气候变化政策与机制的框架设计,文中梳理了相关研究、《联合国气候变化框架公约》下的适应气候变化国际机制及主要国家经验,提出了一套完整闭环的适应气候变化核心决策流程及关键支撑机制,并重点从开展法制建设、制定适应战略（计划）、建立监测评估机制、构建协调机制和完善资金机制等五方面,归纳了主要国家的经验与启示,最终研究提出完善我国适应气候变化政策与机制框架设计的建议,包括加快建立和完善适应气候变化法制建设、加快构建国家适应气候变化的政策体系、加快完善国家适应气候变化的机制设计、加强适应气候变化支撑能力建设、推动适应气候变化的国际合作等。     

基于Fragstats4的景观格局指数与地表温度的相关性——以石家庄市为例

以石家庄市城市景观为研究对象,选取1987年、2004年和2019年Landsat遥感影像数据,采用监督分类方法将研究区分为绿地、水体、不透水地表和未利用地四类景观,采用单窗算法和劈窗算法反演地表温度(LST)。从景观生态学角度出发,利用Fragstats4.2计算4种类型的景观格局指数,并对景观粒度和移动窗口的尺度选择进行探讨分析;利用ArcGIS空间分析方法和统计分析方法,分析4种类型的景观格局指数与LST的相关性。结果表明:1987—2019年绿地斑块类型面积(CA)、最大斑块面积指数(LPI)和聚集度指数(AI)逐渐下降,不透水地表CA、LPI和AI逐渐增加,随着城市化进程的加快,绿地面积逐渐减少和裂化,绿地景观优势在不断下降,不透水地表面积在逐渐增加和聚合,不透水地表景观优势在不断加强,逐渐形成优势景观。斑块百分比指数(PLAND)、LPI和AI与LST表现出一致的极显著相关关系,绿地和水体为负相关,不透水地表和未利用地为正相关;斑块破碎化指数(SPLIT)则相反,绿地和水体为正相关,不透水地表和未利用地为负相关。LST与PLAND和LPI的相关系数明显高于LST与AI和SPLIT的相关系数,说明一个优势景观对地表温度的影响效果明显大于几个比较分散或破碎的景观。     

Legume dreams: The contested futures of sustainable plant-based food systems in Europe

With the intensification of agriculture, the simplification of crop rotations, and the rise in demand for meat, dairy and cereal products, legume production and consumption are at an historic low in Europe. But as the environmental consequences of agriculture (biodiversity loss, high greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution) and the health outcomes of modern diets (heart disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity) become better known, so great and varied hopes are being expressed about the future role of legumes in the food system. This paper catalogues and scrutinises these hopes, mapping the promissory narratives now orbiting around legumes. It identifies six food futures, each of which is made possible through the greater use of legumes in various production, processing, marketing and consumption contexts. These promissory narratives are theorised as contrasting responses to three major areas of contestation in the food systems literature. Namely i) the sustainability of livestock management, ii) the role of technology in different visions of the ‘good diet’, and iii) the merits of different models for how to make agricultural management more sustainable. It identifies the promiscuity of legumes – in terms of the range of food futures they permit – before distilling three points of consensus amongst advocates of the potential of legumes. These points of consensus relate to their nitrogen fixing capacity, their high protein content, and their long-standing historical role in the context of European food and farming. This map of legume dreams serves to guide deliberations amongst researchers, policymakers and industry stakeholders about the futures of plant-based food in Europe.     

Typhoon Track,Intensity, and Structure: From Theory to Prediction

To improve understanding of essential aspects that influence forecasting of tropical cyclones (TCs), the National Key Research and Development Program, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China conducted a five-year project titled “Key Dynamic and Thermodynamic Processes and Prediction for the Evolution of Typhoon Intensity and Structure” (KPPT). Through this project, new understandings of TC intensification, including outer rainband-driven secondary eyewall formation and the roles of boundary layer dynamics and vertical wind shear, and improvements to TC data assimilation with integrated algorithms and adaptive localizations are achieved. To promote a breakthrough in TC intensity and structure forecasting, a new paradigm for TC evolution dynamics (i.e., the correlations, interactions, and error propagation among the triangle of TC track, intensity, and structure) is proposed; and an era of dynamic-constrained, big-data driven, and strongly coupled data assimilation at the subkilometer scale and seamless prediction is expected.     

气溶胶对陆生植物生长的影响研究进展

陆生植物生长过程受太阳辐射、热量、水分、土壤等多重因素的影响,气溶胶粒子通过对太阳辐射的散射和吸收,并作为云凝结核和冰核,改变云的物理特性及生命期对上述环境因子产生影响,进而影响植物的生长。气溶胶的直接影响主要表现为气溶胶覆盖植物叶片,影响植物的呼吸作用、气孔导度及对阳光的利用率等;间接影响主要表现在气溶胶可降低入射太阳辐射量并降低光合作用及净初级生产力,但同时又会增加散射辐射量,增加植物可利用光合有效辐射,产生相互矛盾的结果;气溶胶还通过影响降水和气温,进一步影响植物对光、水、热的利用等方面。气溶胶对植物的生长影响以间接影响为主,直接影响较少。其次,各种大气气溶胶对植物的伤害作用超过大气气溶胶对植物生长促进作用。在人为气溶胶中,硫酸盐、黑碳及粉尘对植物生长以抑制作用为主,而氮化物中氮沉降既可以促进植物生长,含氮气溶胶形成的酸雨及光化学烟雾又会抑制植物生长。自然气溶胶中,火山气溶胶对植物生长产生的影响差异较大,沙尘总体对植物产生不利影响,而生物气溶胶及宇宙尘埃的影响研究还较少。     

丹东地区沿海和山区降雪气候特征

利用丹东地区4个观测站1955—2010年逐年10月至翌年4月逐日降水量、天气现象、雪深等资料,对丹东地区南部沿海和北部山区降雪气候特征进行了分析,结果表明:丹东地区沿海和山区降雪初日、终日及初终日间隔日数、年降雪日数、年降雪量、降水相态、日最大降雪量、日最大积雪深度等平均特征不同。与山区相比,沿海降雪初期较晚,终期较早,初、终日间日数较短,年降雪日数和年降雪量相对较少。在丹东地区1955—2010年降雪时段平均气温升高趋势显著背景下,丹东地区降雪初期推迟、终期提前、初终日间隔日数缩短;降雪日数减少,其中雨夹雪日数所占百分比显著增多;降雪量减少,其中主要是纯雪量减少;日最大降雪量和积雪深度呈减小趋势;沿海和山区变化幅度不同。     

内蒙古半干旱草原能量物质交换的微气象方法估算

根据1998年5～8月和1999年8月在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位试验站进行微气象观测的资料,作者分析了该地区能量平衡及其各分量的基本特征.结果表明:(1)净辐射通量的转化形式有明显的季节性变化,5～6月份,净辐射能大部分用于感热交换,而后期则多用于潜热交换,5～8月份的日波文比值分别为1.26,1.42,0 41和0.20.(2)观测期间,波文比的日变化特征表现为,早晚变化大不稳定,而白天则相对稳定.(3)用涡度相关方法观测的感热和潜热通量之和与同期的净辐射相比较,前者的结果偏小1 5%左右,两种方法观测到的潜热通量的差异达平均35%左右.(4)半干旱草原CO2通量有明显的日变化,在生长旺期,白天CO2通量强度可达到1.5 mg s-1m-2以上,但在生长后期,1998年和1999年8月份的白天CO2通量强度分别为0.38 mg s-1m-2和0.2 mg s-1m-2左右;其差异与草地土壤水分和植物长势有关.