油茶皂素抑菌效果研究

用溶剂法提取油茶枯饼中的皂素 ,以油茶皂素为材料对大肠杆菌 ,桔青霉 ,黑曲霉 ,金黄色葡萄球菌 ,和 117产朊假丝酵母进行了抑菌试验。结果表明 :均有抑制作用 ,其中对大肠杆菌和黑曲霉抑制作用较强 ,对金黄色葡萄球菌无抑制作用。对有效菌的最小抑制浓度在 0 .6 2 5 %以下     

油茶果及其副产品的氨基酸分析

本文对油茶果壳、茶籽壳、茶籽仁、茶枯饼、浸提茶皂素后的茶枯饼及发酵茶枯饼中的氨基酸进行了分析。结果表明，它们含有包括７种必需氨基酸在内的１７种氨基酸。氨基酸总含量的次序为：发酵茶枯饼（３８．１９％）＞茶籽仁（２０．５２％）＞茶枯饼（９．９０％）＞浸提茶枯饼（８．８９％）＞茶籽壳（２．６５％）＞油茶果壳（２．２１％）。在氨基酸含量和配比上，发酵茶枯饼与豆饼十分接近。在发酵茶枯饼中，１７种氨基酸含量、７种必需氨基酸含量和限制性氨基酸含量都比发酵前的茶枯饼中的含量分别提高２．８６倍、１．８６倍和１倍以上。     

利用银杏叶制备酵母饲料添加剂的优良菌筛选及其培养条件

通过比较不同酵母菌在以银杏叶为主要发酵原料中的增殖能力,获得了一株具有较强抗银杏叶抑制物的产阮假丝酵母。研究了培养条件对产阮假丝酵母增殖的影响,分析了在较佳培养条件下发酵产物中主要营养成分和活性成分的变化。结果表明,该菌株较适宜的增殖条件为,底物含水率为60%,料层厚度为2~4cm,最佳初始pH值为4.5~5.0,发酵温度为28~30℃。发酵后总黄酮含量略有下降,但每克产品中活性酵母细胞数达到40亿个,粗蛋白含量、总氨基酸、必需氨基酸分别提高了70.23%、40.77%和14.73%。     

油茶饼粕固态发酵后养分变化

【目的】为比较油茶饼粕在不同菌种、湿度、温度下固态发酵后养分变化。【方法】以毛霉Mucor roxianus、哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum和黑曲霉Aspergillus Niger 3种霉菌为发酵菌种材料,在已脱茶皂素的油茶饼粕中固态发酵试验,分析在不同温度(20℃、30℃、40℃)和含水量(40%、50%、60%、70%)下油茶饼粕固态发酵后养分变化。【结果】3种菌发酵处理后,饼粕中速效养分含量优于对照。黑曲霉、毛霉有利于饼粕中有效氮的保留与增加,接种黑曲霉后在20℃、含水量60%条件下发酵后,其有效氮含量比发酵前高74.31%;在有效磷含量上,温度水平间差异不显著,但是菌种、含水量水平间差异极显著,增幅幅度较大的是接种毛霉和木霉处理,毛霉在温度30℃、含水量为50%时有效磷含量为最高,达1 386.93 mg/kg,比发酵前增加68.73%,其次为木霉在20℃、含水量为70%组合以及木霉在20℃、含水量为60%组合,有效磷含量分别为1 361.83和1 243.85 mg/kg,比发酵前增加65.67%和51.32%;经3种菌种发酵后,油茶饼粕有效钾含量均比发酵前高,其中,提高幅度较大的是接种木霉和黑曲霉处理,黑曲霉+温度30℃+含水量60%组合有效钾含量最高,达8 509.40 mg/kg,比发酵前和对照分别高27.35%和28.61%。【结论】3种菌发酵效果优于油茶饼粕自然发酵,其中发酵温度设置为30℃、含水量为40%或50%时有利于油茶饼粕固态发酵,而试验中的3种菌种以黑曲霉较优。     

混菌戊糖己糖发酵产乙醇的研究

比较研究休哈塔假丝酵母单菌发酵、休哈塔假丝酵母和酿酒酵母两步发酵、休哈塔假丝酵母和酿酒酵母同步发酵3种发酵模式下对混合糖(葡萄糖和木糖)的利用情况,结果显示2种酵母同步发酵能够有效解除葡萄糖的抑制,加快木糖利用速率。采用Plackett-Burman实验、最陡爬坡实验和中心组合设计,对2种酵母混菌利用戊糖己糖发酵生产乙醇的培养基进行优化,得到最优培养基条件:硫酸铵9.09 g/L、磷酸二氢钾8.96 g/L、氯化钙0.34 g/L,在此条件下发酵得到乙醇产量为21.71 g/L,较优化前(19.85 g/L)提高了9.4%;混菌在优化后的培养基下进行发酵,酵母浊度OD由12.12增长到了21.87,木糖利用率由优化前的82%增长到优化后的93%。     

玉米芯水解液发酵生产木糖醇的研究

假丝酵母（Candida sp.)菌株经驯化后显著地提高了对水解液中发酵抑制物质的耐受力，从而增加了木糖利用率和木糖醇得率，玉米芯水解液经过石灰中和后，在30℃下采用台化后的假丝酵母菌株直接发酵生产木糖醇，对发酵条件进行了优化，优化结果为：接种量10%（体积比），种子龄17h，氮源组成：1.5g/L的酵母浸膏，2.5g/L的胰蛋白胨，250mL三角瓶装液120mL，初始pH值5.5。在此条件下，木糖的利用率达79.8%，木糖醇得率达62.4%^，该方法大大降低了预处理的成本，显示了良好的应用前景。     

不同菌种对油橄榄叶发酵饲料的影响

以黑曲霉、白地霉、米曲霉、绿色木霉、产朊假丝酵母和热带假丝酵母为固态发酵菌种,考察单菌及混合菌种对油橄榄叶发酵饲料中纤维素酶活(β-葡萄糖苷酶活、羧甲基纤维素酶活及滤纸酶活),蛋白质及总单宁含量的影响。结果表明,单菌发酵效率最高的菌种为黑曲霉,发酵3天时纤维素酶活最高,β-葡萄糖苷酶活10.53 U/m L、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)酶活10.61 U/m L、滤纸(FPA)酶活4.02U/m L,发酵5天时蛋白质最高达14.61%,发酵7天总单宁降解率最高达84.14%;混菌发酵效率最高的为黑曲霉与产朊假丝酵母的组合,其最佳比例为1∶1(体积比),发酵时间5天,纤维素酶活最高,β-葡萄糖苷酶活12.45 U/m L、CMC酶活12.59 U/m L及FPA酶活5.51 U/m L,发酵7天时蛋白质最高可达18.63%,总单宁降解率最高为86.49%。     

速生杨二步超低酸水解液发酵制取燃料乙醇的研究

以速生杨二步超低酸水解方法获得的水解液为原料,在28℃、100 r/min等发酵条件下,选择热带假丝酵母(C.2.637)和酿酒酵母(S.2.699)分别对第一步和第二步水解液进行了发酵制取燃料乙醇的研究,并考查了Ca(OH)2中和、过中和、活性炭吸附等预处理方法及菌种预适应驯化对乙醇转化率的影响。结果表明:热带假丝酵母能够更好地利用第一步水解液生成菌体,适合生产单细胞蛋白;菌种驯化后发酵速度和乙醇转化率均有提高,尤其是以酿酒酵母发酵第二步水解液,乙醇转化率由14.45%增至39.37%;Ca(OH)2过中和的方法处理后的水解液,乙醇转化率有所增加;以五碳糖为主同时含有六碳糖的速生杨第一步水解液,假丝酵母发酵产乙醇的效果好于酿酒酵母。     

叶面肥对油茶优良无性系幼苗生长的影响

通过对盆栽油茶幼苗喷施几种叶面肥试验,分析了其对1年生油茶幼苗苗高、地径、比叶重、叶绿素含量及叶绿素a/b的影响.结果表明:不同叶面肥对油茶幼苗生长的影响各不相同.1.5%尿素能显著提高幼苗的苗高;0.1%磷酸二氢钾+0.2%硼肥能显著促进地径增长;0.15%红A硼能显著提高油茶叶片的叶绿素含量与比叶重;不同配方叶面肥均能显著提高油茶叶片比叶重.叶面肥的合理选择及施用能促进油茶幼苗的生长,在油茶优质苗木生产中具有广阔的市场前景.     

洋葱挥发油的抗真菌作用及其机理

采用砂堡培养基液体稀释培养法和薄层色谱分析法研究了洋葱挥发油抗真菌效果及机理,以期发现天然抗真菌药物,开发洋葱资源．结果表明,洋葱挥发油提取物对酿酒酵母、白假丝酵母、新生(?)球菌、黑曲霉、黄曲霉、红曲霉、青霉等真菌的生长有较强的抑制作用;其最低抑菌浓度酿酒酵母和白假丝酵母为0．25％,新生隐球菌为0．50％．薄层色谱分析表明:洋葱挥发油处理后的白假丝酵母的羊毛固醇、麦角固醇的含量降低,而角鲨烯的含量增高,说明洋葱挥发油可能抑制白假丝酵母麦角固醇的早期合成．     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.