第一掌骨间隙是否存在骨间掌侧肌

<正> 本文报告在25例手标本中,18例在拇收肌与第一骨间背侧肌掌侧面的掌深筋膜间的拇收肌后间隙出现“额外独立肌束”。按该肌束起始部位不同可分为二类:1.第一掌骨型:肌束起始于第一掌骨尺侧面。2.第二掌骨型:肌束分别起始于第二掌骨底掌侧面和起始于第二掌骨底掌侧面和     

手骨间掌侧肌数目的观察

解剖、观察25例成人手的第1掌骨间隙,发现具有额外肌束者18例(72%),分析认为位于此间隙内、止于拇指近侧节指骨的额外肌束属于拇收肌的扩展部分,不宜命名新的“骨间掌侧肌”。     

人鱼际肌的肌内神经分支分布和肌梭密度研究

目的探索鱼际肌肌肌内神经分支和肌梭密度的分布。方法采用改良Sihler’s肌内神经染色法和HE染色法进行解剖学研究。结果鱼际肌的神经常从肌起端深面入肌,神经入肌后在拇短展肌、拇对掌肌、拇收肌横头内与肌长轴垂直走向,拇收肌斜头和拇短屈肌内沿肌长轴平行走形。80%～82.5%的拇短屈肌和拇指对掌肌接受正中神经和尺神经的双重支配。拇短屈肌浅头和深头、拇收肌横头和斜头有独立的神经支配,可分出神经肌肉亚部。4块肌内神经分支分布密集区多在肌的中部与近端,可见"Y"、"O"、"H"或"U"型等不同的神经吻合形式。鱼际肌肌梭密度高达16.19～27.14个/g,高低顺序为拇指对掌肌拇短屈肌拇短展肌拇收肌。结论鱼际肌肌内神经吻合丰富,肌梭密度高,除拇对掌肌外,其余肌块可作整肌或半肌移植的供体。     

模拟足拇展肌与拇收肌移位吻接术生物力学性质实验研究

研究了正常拇展肌、拇收肌拉伸力学性质和模拟拇外翻拇展肌，拇收肌移位吻接术后拇展肌和拇收肌的力学性质。取10个足标本，解剖后暴露拇展肌与拇收肌，将标本固定于电子万能试验机底座上，由钢丝绳吊钩沿拇收肌、拇展肌纵行方向钩住、钢丝绳上端固定于试验机上夹头上，驱动机器，对标本施加拉应力，直至拇收肌或拇展肌断裂，得出拉伸最大载荷、应力、应变等数据。对断裂后的拇收肌和拇展肌模拟临床手术进行移位吻接，10个拇展肌标本做了腱与腱移位吻接，另取10个拇收肌标本做了腱与腱吻接，10个拇收肌标本做了腱与骨膜吻接。分别对吻接后的标本进行拉伸实验，分别得出了吻接术后各组的拉伸最大载荷、应力、应变等数据和曲线。 以多项式，用最小二乘法得出了各组标本的应力-变关系表达式及应力应变曲线。实验结果表明，拇收肌的应力与拇展肌接近。拇收肌应变大于拇展肌。模拟临床手术拇展肌腱与腱吻合拉伸强度大于拇收肌腱与腱吻合。应变小于拇收肌腱与腱吻合，拇收肌移位腱与骨膜吻接强度低于腱与腱吻合，二者应变较接近。得出了一些重要结论。对实验结果进行分析讨论。     

拇,趾短岂应用解剖及去神经游离移植的临床应用

目的：旨在为拇、趾短伸肌去神经子移植修复腭裂、腭咽闭合不全，面瘫等提供形态学莽莽：（１）对２２只足标本的拇、趾短伸肌的形态变异及神经支配进行解剖观察；（２）在１０９ 以神经刺激仪确认拇、趾短伸肌的神经，并测肌的长度，体积及重量。结果：（１）拇、趾短伸肌与长腱舍并机会分别为５５．７％、６２．８％；趾短伸出腱至第５趾的占７６．９％；（２）肌的神经支配三类型比率分别是２４．４％、３２．８％、４２．７％：     

人拇长屈肌和拇长伸肌的肌纤维型构成及年龄差异

采用尸检取材（死后２４ｈ内）共１７例，用肌球蛋白ＡＴＰ酶染色法，研究了不同年龄组拇长屈肌和拇长伸肌的肌纤维型构成。结果表明，各年龄组肌纤维型比例明显不同，Ⅰ型纤维比例在少儿组较高，中青年组较低，到老年组又见增高。方差分析表明，年龄组之间存在显著差异。此外，在中青年组和老年组，拇长伸肌的Ⅰ型纤维比例显著高于拇长屈肌；而在少儿组，两肌之间无明显差异。本文讨论了肌纤维型构成与肌功能适应的关系。     

拇展肌与拇收肌移位吻接术前、后黏弹性实验研究

研究了正常拇展肌、拇收肌拉伸黏弹性力学性质和模拟拇外翻拇展肌、拇收肌移位吻接术后拇展肌和拇收肌的拉伸黏弹性力学性质.取20个足标本,解剖后暴露拇展肌与拇收肌,得出拉伸应力松弛、蠕变等数据.对断裂后的拇收肌和拇展肌模拟临床手术进行移位吻接,对10个拇展肌和10个拇收肌标本做腱与腱吻接,另各取10个拇收肌、拇展肌标本做了腱与骨膜吻接.对吻接后的标本进行拉伸实验,得出了吻接术后各组拉伸应力松弛、蠕变曲线.以回归分析的方法处理实验数据,得出了归一化应力松弛、蠕变曲线及归一化应力松弛函数和归一换化蠕变函数.     

手肌的肌纤维型分布

取５例（男４，女１）２１－３７岁死后１２ｈ内的人尸两侧手肌共１９０块，用肌球蛋白ＡＴＰ酶法，系统研究了手部各肌的肌纤维型分布。结果表明，人类手肌Ｉ型（慢缩）纤维的平均百分率４４％－６７％。从总体看，手肌中慢缩纤维（总平均为５５．８％）略占优势。其中外侧群Ｉ型纤维占６１．５％，中间群占５１．９％，内侧群占５７．６％。内、外侧群的慢缩纤维均高于中间群，并存在显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）。在     

正中神经在肘部及前臂上段卡压综合征的解剖基础

目的：探讨正中神经在肘部及前臂上段卡压综合征的解剖学基础。方法；在50例上肢标本上解剖观察正中神经受压的解剖因素。结果：肱二头肌腱膜与正中神经的关系；非覆盖型80％（40侧），部分覆盖型12％（6侧）和全覆盖型4侧（8％）。64％（32侧）反转筋膜斜过正中神经前方。18．6％（8侧）旋前圆肌肱骨头肌内有明显腱束，94％（47侧）尺骨头浅面有增厚腱膜。指浅屈肌起始两头间的形态结构：88％（44侧）联合腱弓型，4％（2侧）纤维弓，8％（4侧）指浅屈肌腱束。结论：正中神经通过前臂上段及肘部时，肱二头肌腱膜，旋前圆肌肱骨头的反转筋膜和肌内腱束，尺骨头浅面的腱膜，指浅屈肌起始部的联合腱弓和纤维弓等可能是导致其受压的解剖学因素。     

拇短屈肌形态特点及其神经支配

目的：进一步弄清拇短屈肌的神经支配，为临床有关神经损伤的诊治提供应用解剖学形态基础。方法：对３０只成人手标本拇短屈肌形态和神经支配进行了观测。结果：拇短屈肌浅头受正中神经返支支配，拇短屈肌深头受尺神经深支支配。尺神经深支的拇短屈肌深头肌支出现率占８６．７％，肌内平均支数为２．０±０．７支，有１０％的拇短屈肌深头肌支既支配拇短屈肌深头，又支配拇短屈肌浅头，并有一交通支与正中神经相连。结论：１０％的拇短屈肌具有双重性神经支配。因此，当正中神经损伤，部分病例的鱼际肌中个别肌肉可不出现瘫痪。     

Palmar interosseous muscle of the human thumb

The adductor pollicis muscle was studied in fifty hands of Japanese adult cadavers of both sexes. The radial portion of the oblique head of the adductor pollicis muscle has carpal and metacarpal origins and an insertion into the wing tendon of the extensor apparatus. This portion was located dorsal to the palmar metacarpophalangeal articular nerve and superficial palmar metacarpal artery. Thus, the radial portion of the oblique head of the adductor pollicis muscle (more strictly, the slips dorsal to the palmar-penetrating twig of the ulnar nerve) is similar to the palmar interosseous muscles, except that its slips cannot be clearly distinguished from each other.     

Homology of the adductor pollicis and contrahentes muscles: a study of monkey hands

The deep palmar muscles in monkey hands were studied. The contrahentes muscles mainly arose from the capitate bone, descended palmar to the deep palmar branch of the ulnar nerve and the palmar metacarpophalangeal nerves, and attached to the proximal phalanges or wing tendons of the second, fourth and fifth fingers. In relation to the deep palmar branch of the ulnar nerve and the palmar metacarpophalangeal nerves, the contrahentes muscles are homologous with the adductor pollicis and flexor indicis radialis muscles. The contrahentes muscles occasionally gave off some accessory slips which blended with the interosseous muscles. These findings suggest that the human adductor pollicis muscle is a well-developed remnant of a contrahens muscle, and that the human interosseous muscles contain some remnant of the contrahentes muscle. In fact, a well-developed remnant of a contrahens muscle was found in the fourth finger of a human hand. It is further considered that the human adductor pollicis muscle contains an element of the interosseous muscle of the thumb.     

The effect of adrenaline on the contraction of human muscle

1. Infusions of adrenaline in physiological amounts alter human muscle contractions evoked by nerve stimulation.2. Adrenaline shortens the duration of the slow calf muscle twitch, but has no effect on the fast twitch of adductor pollicis.3. Adrenaline decreases unfused tetanic tension and increases the oscillation of tension in 10/sec tetani of calf muscle and adductor pollicis. The usual rise of tension and decrease in oscillation in unfused tetani (;ramp' phenomenon) is abolished.4. Adrenaline has no effect on maximal tetanic tension or maximal rate of rise of tension in a fused tetanus of adductor pollicis.5. The effects of adrenaline on human muscle are due to stimulation of beta-adrenotropic receptors, for they are abolished by the beta-adrenotropic antagonist DL-propranolol (but not by D-propranolol), and are mimicked by isoprenaline but not by noradrenaline.6. The effect of adrenaline on adductor pollicis is abolished by local beta-blockade of one arm with intra-arterial DL-propranolol, indicating that the responsible beta-receptors lie peripherally.7. The changes in muscle contraction observed cannot be explained by altered muscle temperature, for this falls during adrenaline infusion; nor are they due to an action on neuromuscular transmission, for these small doses of adrenaline do not affect the muscle action potential. The evidence points to a direct action of adrenaline on muscle.     

足部相关肌肉、肌腱组织材料弹性模量的测定

背景：目前,几乎所有足部三维有限元模型的材料参数均来自国外研究,尚未见有关国人组织材料参数的测量与报道。 目的：对国人足部的相关肌肉、肌腱材料做测量,获得初步的参数数据。 方法：解剖成年女性左小腿足新鲜标本拇长屈肌及其肌腱、拇短屈肌内外侧头、拇长伸肌及其肌腱、拇收肌横头及斜头、拇展肌,分别测量和计算各试样的截面积和位于夹具之间的长度并记录数值,将标本加载载荷,1个测样反复测量4次,采集强度极限、最大载荷等数据,以及载荷-位移曲线。根据胡克定律,计算各标本的弹性模量。 结果与结论：共得到了包括拇长伸肌、拇长屈肌、拇收肌、拇展肌横头和斜头、拇短屈肌内外侧头、拇长屈肌腱、拇长伸肌腱9个样本的相关测量数据,主要包括长度、宽度、厚度、横截面积、最大载荷、强度极限和弹性模量。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

The thenar muscles

Examination of the thenar muscles in 30 anatomical preparations of the hand have shown that the abductor pollicis brevis, the opponens pollicis, and the adductor pollicis muscles are made up of several muscle bellies. The number and insertions of these bellies are varied. Both heads of flexor pollicis brevis do not originate from any particular muscle belly. The superficial head of this muscle always inserted into the head of the thumb metacarpal, either completely, or, some of the fibres of the dorsal aponeurosis of the thumb were attached to the base of the proximal phalanx. Furthermore the anatomy of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle was related to the presence of a tendinous slip from abductor pollicis longus. These variations could have an influence on proprioception in the thumb ray.     

Evidence for a fatigue-induced reflex inhibition of motoneuron firing rates

1. In previous studies on the adductor pollicis and biceps brachii muscles we suggested that motoneuron firing rates are inhibited by a reflex from the muscle during fatigue, since: the firing rates decline during a sustained maximal voluntary contraction (MVC); recovery of MVC firing rates is prevented if the fatigued state of the muscle is preserved for 3 min by local occlusion of its blood supply; and full recovery occurs during this time once the blood supply to the peripheral muscle is restored. These findings were confirmed in the present study for quadriceps contractions. 2. These results do not necessarily imply an inhibitory reflex. The lower firing rates recorded from the muscle fibers during an MVC following 3 min of postfatigue ischemia may have been caused by either reduced subject effort (decreased muscle activation by the CNS) or impaired peripheral impulse transmission under these conditions. The present experiments, carried out on the quadriceps and adductor pollicis muscles, were designed to test this alternative explanation. 3. For both muscles, MVC contractions were sustained for 40 s with a blood pressure cuff inflated to 200 mmHg. This was followed by 3 min ischemic rest and a second 20-s MVC before cuff release. Three minutes after the blood supply to the muscle was restored a third 20-s MVC was made. Single shocks were delivered to the muscle throughout to record twitches from the relaxed muscle (Tr) before and after each MVC, and any twitches super-imposed on the voluntary contractions (Ts). The degree to which the muscle could be activated by voluntary effort was assessed from the ratio [1 - Ts/Tr]. For adductor pollicis, changes in the amplitude of the evoked M-waves were also measured. 4. Spike frequencies were only recorded during quadriceps experiments. These declined by 30% during the initial 40-s MVC. No recovery was seen in the second MVC following 3 min ischemic rest, but full recovery occurred within 3 min of cuff release. 5. Failure to retain full muscle activation was frequently seen in all three MVCs. However, for many well-motivated subjects twitch occlusion showed no reduction in the degree to which either the adductor pollicis or quadriceps muscles could be activated voluntarily during the MVC executed after 3 min of ischemic rest compared with that performed 3 min after the blood supply had been restored.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Electromyographic basis of inaccurate movement; its dependence upon the mode of muscle contraction

Summary The electromyographic basis of inaccurate performance was investigated in two rapid precision-grip skills controlled by concentric and eccentric muscle contractions respectively. Surface electromyograms, recorded from the first dorsal interosseous (DI), adductor pollicis (AP) and abductor pollicis brevis, were utilised to identify changes in the timing and intensity of muscle activation which may be responsible for inaccurate performance. The results showed that when fast precision-grip skills were controlled by concentric DI and AP muscle contractions, variations in the intensity of muscle contraction were responsible for inaccurate performance. However, when these skills were controlled by eccentric DI and AP muscle contractions, inaccurate performance resulted from variations in the timing of muscle activation. It was concluded that the nature of the deficiency in the patterns of muscle activation resulting in inaccurate performance was dependent upon the type of muscle contraction used in the skill.