基于典型相关分析和小波变换的眼龟伪迹去除

目的针对脑电信号中眼电伪迹去除尚存在的问题，提出一种基于典型相关分析与小波变换的（wavelet—enhanced canonical correlation analysis，wCCA）自动去除眼电伪迹的算法。方法首先，充分利用脑电信号和眼电伪迹的空间分布特征，将基于典型相关分析的盲源分离算法分别应用于左右脑区的混合信号中，从而保证典型相关分析分解得到的第一个典型相关变量（即左右脑区之间的最公共成分），就是眼电伪迹分量。然后为了恢复泄漏在该伪迹分量中的脑电成分，对伪迹分量进行小波阈值滤波，将高于某一阈值的小波系数置零，而保留低于阈值的系数。结果与其他三种基于盲源分离去除眼电伪迹的方法相比较，该方法在有效地自动去除眼电伪迹的同时，很好地保留了潜在的脑电信号，去除效果明显优于其他三种方法。结论由于该算法简单，处理速度较快，因此应用于实时的脑机接口系统中更具优越性，为后续脑电信号的特征提取和分类分析提供了良好的基础。     

基于变分模态分解的眼电伪迹去除

脑电信号可以反映人体大脑活动状态,精确地将脑内信息传递向外界,对脑科学研究具有重要的意义。在实际情况中,脑电信号采集的同时会带有一些噪声,而眼电伪迹的存在会严重干扰脑电信号。本研究尝试了一种基于变分模态分解的眼电伪迹去除方法。通过变分模态分解将采集到的脑电信号分解成K组模态分量;根据眼电伪迹的频率特点,选择出眼电伪迹所对应的模态分量,并将其去除后重新构建剩余的模态分量。结果表明通过对实验数据的处理,变分模态分解可以有效地将眼电伪迹去除,并维持脑电信号的特征。     

欠定盲源分离和共空间模式特征的脑电信号分类研究

眼电伪迹和噪声是导致脑电信号低信噪比的重要原因,会降低运动想象任务的分类性能。提出一种改进的基于少通道数的分块欠定盲源分离的滤波方法,通过分块的思想把非平稳的脑电信号变为近平稳的分块信号,利用二阶欠定混合矩阵盲识别方法估计混合分离矩阵,然后通过基于最小均方误差的波速形成器提取源信号,接着通过得分准则自动去除噪声信号并重构信号,最后提取共空间模式特征进行分类。想象运动的真实脑电信号实验仿真结果表明,分块欠定盲源分离方法能很好地恢复源信号并能有效地去除眼电等伪迹和噪声,共空间模式特征则提高了想象任务识别率。     

一种基于皮层成像的自动眼电伪迹去除方法

脑电信号十分微弱,并且特别容易受到眼电的干扰.这些干扰给阅读和分析脑电信号带来了很大的困难,因此自动消除眼电对脑电的干扰一直是研究人员重视的问题.本研究提出一种基于皮层成像的自动眼电伪迹去除方法,对于已经完成滤波的脑电数据段,通过设立阈值的方法识别伪迹,利用基于相关系数的眼电伪迹识别算法标记眼电伪迹数据段,然后通过结合脑电信号时空信息的、基于皮层成像技术的眼电伪迹处理方法(CAST),处理已经标记好的眼电伪迹数据段,并通过真实的事件相关电位数据验证了方法的有效性.验证结果表明,此方法能够实现眼电伪迹的自动识别和去除,去除伪迹后的信号与原始无眼电伪迹的标准信号之间的相关系数为0.953 7±0.042 3.     

基于独立分量分析的脑电中眼电伪迹消除

利用独立分最分析的方法对脑电中眼电伪迹成分进行剔除。针对扩腮熵最大算法能够同时分离超高斯和亚高斯信号的特点，将脑电信号分解成独立分量，利用伪迹脑地形图的特征，将伪迹分最分离，得到不含伪迹的脑电信号。实验结果表明。该算法具有较强的稳健性和实用性。     

基于独立成分分析的非侵入式脑-机接口眼电伪迹自动去除算法EI北大核心CSCD

非侵入式脑-机接口已经逐步成为当前研究的热点,在精神障碍检测、生理监测等多方面都有所应用。但是非侵入式脑-机接口所需的脑电信号容易受到眼电伪迹污染,会严重影响对脑电信号的解码分析。对此,本文提出了一种结合频率滤波器的改进型独立成分分析算法,以相关系数和峰度双重阈值为依据自动识别伪迹组件;利用眼电与脑电频率的差异,通过频率滤波器去除伪迹组件中的眼电信息,从而保留更多脑电信息。在公开数据集和本实验室数据上的实验结果表明,本文算法可以有效提升眼电伪迹去除效果,同时改善脑电信息损失,这有助于非侵入式脑-机接口的推广。     

脑电信号的分形截距特征分析及在癫痫检测中的应用

脑电信号的非线性特征会随癫痫发作而改变,脑电信号的特征分析和检测对癫痫的诊断和治疗具有重要意义。提出对癫痫脑电信号进行毯子维和分形截距的特征分析,并将分形截距应用于癫痫脑电信号的检测。首先提取脑电信号的分形截距和毯子维特征,并对两种特征的均值和方差进行比较,最后使用支持向量机分类器,实现脑电信号的分类检测。发现癫痫发作时脑电信号的分形截距显著高于发作间期,而脑电信号的毯子维在发作前后变化规律则不明显。将分形截距作为分类特征,能有效地区分癫痫脑电与间歇期脑电,具有较强的癫痫脑电检测性能,分类检测的准确率达到96%以上。     

基于小波奇异点检测和阈值去噪的眨眼伪迹去除方法

目的眨眼伪迹是脑电中一种常见且影响严重的伪迹。本论文提出一种基于小波奇异点检测和阈值去噪的眨眼伪迹去除方法,无需眼电参考信号,做到自动去除单导脑电信号中的眨眼伪迹。方法首先利用小波奇异点检测特性以检测眨眼伪迹的峰值位置,然后只对眨眼伪迹区域进行小波阈值去噪。结果实验结果表明,本方法能够有效检测眨眼伪迹,避免了普通方法去噪时对非眨眼区域的影响。结论本方法使用的阈值和阈值函数优于典型的阈值和软、硬阈值函数,有效地去除了脑电中的眨眼伪迹。     

一种用于家庭睡眠监护的脑电预处理算法

目的:睡眠是人体重要的生理活动,对睡眠进行合理的分期,是研究睡眠质量诊断,睡眠疾病的基础。脑电是描述睡眠过程中最显著和最直观的信号,但是由于脑电信号本身比较微弱,心电干扰会随机地出现在脑电信号中,本文的主要目的就是基于手机的家庭睡眠分析的需要,设计一种简单的心电抑制算法。方法:通过参考心电信号的R波检测,提取R峰位置,作为脑电信号中的心电干扰的参考点,建立模板来替换脑电信号中的心电伪迹。结果:从处理后的脑电信号的时域图和频谱图可以看出,心电伪迹得到了有效抑制。结论:将原始脑电信号的各频带能量分布和自适应算法以及本文所提出的算法滤除心电伪迹后的能量分布加以比较,可见抑制心电干扰后,睡眠各期的分段谱特征差异性加大,从而更有利于后面的睡眠各期的自动分类。     

高频成分在思维作业脑电信号分类中的应用

采用独立分量分析(ICA)去除脑电伪迹,AR模型提取信号特征、BP神经网络用于模式识别,对2~5种思维作业脑电信号进行了分类研究。研究结果的重要发现是:对于经过ICA去伪迹后的EEG信号,当分类特征取自20~100 H z的高频范围时,分类准确率很高,与特征取自整个信号频段的分类结果大致相等,且大大超过利用2~35 H z的低频EEG节律进行的分类。对于这一现象的解释是,不同思维作业过程中,大脑在工频电场作用下产生了不同的节律同化反应,致使EEG信号的高频部分带有更显著的思维调制信息,从而有利于提高分类准确率。这一现象的发现,为脑电节律同化反应提供了新的证据,也为思维脑电的高准确率分类和高精度脑-机接口的实现提供了新的方法。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.