葡萄采后生理及贮藏保鲜技术研究进展

从呼吸作用、激素调节、褐变机理、脱粒机理等方面分别论述了近年来国内外葡萄采后生理研究的进展。并从冷藏、气调贮藏、保鲜剂应用、臭氧处理等几个方面对葡萄贮藏保鲜技术进行了分析和讨论，总结了几年来葡萄贮藏保鲜技术的研究现状和发展方向。     

影响葡萄贮藏效果的关键技术环节

近年来，随着葡萄贮藏保鲜技术的开发应用，我国的葡萄保鲜业发展非常迅速，为广大果农带来了可观的经济效益。但因为种种原因，有些贮藏效果仍不能令人满意。根据多年的调查和体会，笔者认为有几个关键技术环节直接影响葡萄的贮藏效果。     

渭南地区红地球葡萄双重杀菌贮藏保鲜技术

首次在红地球葡萄贮藏上应用"脉冲渗透双重杀菌贮藏保鲜技术",同时研发与集成了葡萄采前管理、脉冲杀菌、采后预冷、入库及精准温度控制、化学保鲜等综合技术,使葡萄的贮藏保鲜期由45～60 d延长到140～175 d,在红地球葡萄贮藏保鲜配套技术上取得了重大突破,对延长陕西关中地区葡萄贮藏保鲜期、实现葡萄错季销售、满足市场需求、增加果农收入具有现实意义。     

冰温贮藏技术在葡萄保鲜中的应用

冰温贮藏技术因其在果蔬贮藏中优良的性能成为近年来关注的热点,越来越多的学者将其应用到葡萄保鲜中。文中介绍了冰温贮藏结合其它保鲜技术在葡萄保鲜中的应用,并展望了冰温贮藏葡萄技术的未来发展前景。     

葡萄贮藏保鲜技术的推广与应用

葡萄贮藏保鲜技术的推广与应用董凤香（辽宁省北宁市果树工作总站１２１３００）李喜宏（天津市农产品保鲜研究中心北宁是辽宁省重要的商品果生产基地县之一，盛产梨、苹果和葡萄等。改革开放以来，葡萄发展很快，有时销路不畅，积压浪费严重。我们从１９８７年开始，对葡...     

葡萄保鲜技术研究进展

综述了近年来葡萄贮藏的主要技术现状和研究状况,包括冷藏、气调贮藏、保鲜剂应用、臭氧处理等方面,提出了葡萄贮藏保鲜技术的研究方向。     

国内外葡萄贮藏保鲜技术及山西省葡萄产业化贮藏技术进展

主要介绍了国内外葡萄保鲜技术研究进展,以及山西省葡萄产业化贮藏技术现状、优势和存在的问题,并针对性地提出了解决问题的对策、急需的保鲜技术与发展方向,为山西省葡萄贮藏产业发展提供参考。     

葡萄采后保鲜技术的研究进展

葡萄属于浆果类,是最不耐贮藏的水果之一。本文总结了影响葡萄保鲜的因素,如葡萄的种类、贮藏环境、预冷状况以及微生物作用等;总结了葡萄采后常用的三种保鲜技术,并分析了各自的优缺点。其中物理保鲜技术包括辐射保鲜、气调保鲜、臭氧保鲜、冷藏保鲜和低温高湿保鲜,化学保鲜技术分为利用二氧化硫、过氧化钙、二氧化氯、1-MCP化学物质保鲜,生物保鲜技术包括微生物保鲜和天然提取物保鲜;最后,文章指出了葡萄采后保鲜技术的发展方向。     

大粒鲜食葡萄贮藏保鲜试验

近年来，辽宁省北宁市大面积发展大粒鲜食葡萄，葡萄产量迅速提高，为解决其贮藏保鲜技术问题，我们于１９９２—１９９５年开展了贮藏保鲜试验，与此同时，在生产中推广应用，１９９６年秋季贮藏葡萄１５００万ｋｇ，１９９７年５月上市，增加经济效益３０００万元，现将...     

巨玫瑰葡萄保鲜50天技术研究

我国葡萄生产以鲜食葡萄为主,2005年我国葡萄总产量达569.8万t,由于葡萄采收集中,市场售价2～3元/kg。贮藏保鲜50天后烂果率小于5%,内部品质变化较小,市场售价可达6～8元/kg,能显著提高经济效益。目前,四川大力发展葡萄新品种巨玫瑰。植酸和山梨酸混合用于葡萄贮藏保鲜未见报道,进行该贮藏技术研究具有十分重要的意义。植酸,化学名环己六醇六磷酸酯,又名肌醇六磷酸酯,易溶于水、乙醇,遇高温则分解为肌醇和磷脂。植酸作为保鲜剂,能够封闭蔬菜、水果等食品表皮的     

鲜食葡萄化肥施用技术效率测算及空间特征分析

为了定量测算我国鲜食葡萄生产中的化肥施用技术效率并探索其空间特征,首先构建了基于随机前沿分析的化肥施用技术效率测算模型和基于空间自相关的化肥施用技术效率空间特征分析方法,通过葡萄种植户的生产记录获得了连续5年的生产数据,并对不同栽培模式下葡萄生产的化肥施用技术效率进行了实证测算。研究结果显示:2011—2015年我国鲜食葡萄化肥施用技术效率分别为0.332、0.382、0.349、0.361、0.336,年度间变化幅度不大;露地栽培与设施栽培的5年化肥施用技术平均效率分别为0.390、0.313;新疆、山东、四川、云南、湖北等地的露地葡萄和设施葡萄2种栽培方式的化肥施用技术效率都相对较高;全局空间自相关分析通过了显著性检验且全局Moran’s I指数大于0。总体来看,我国鲜食葡萄生产的化肥施用技术效率不高,且近5年来没有明显提高趋势,露地栽培的化肥施用技术效率略高于设施栽培,各地化肥施用技术效率呈现正的空间相关性且呈现区域聚集特征,这启示我们应结合不同种植区和不同栽培模式的实际情况,优化化肥投入、提高化肥施用技术效率。     

Postharvest Quality Maintenance of Table Grapes cv. ’Alphonse Lavallée’ by Exogenous Applications of Salicylic Acid,Oxalic Acid and MAP

Treating the grape with elicitors such as jasmonic, oxalic or salicylic acid can reportedly activate several defense mechanisms, including the accelerated expression of defense genes, enhances in the cell wall composition, and the accumulation of antimicrobial compounds such as phytoalexins. Salicylic acid (SA) and oxalic acid (OA) with or without MAP (Modified Atmosphere Packaging) were tested for their effects on extending storage life of grapes cv. ’Alphonse Lavallée’. After treatments (control, MAP, 5?mM OA, 2?mM SA, SA + MAP, OA + MAP) grapes were stored at 1 °C, 90% R.H. up to 60 days. Overall, all the treatments had significant positive effects on postharvest quality of grapes. SA + MAP was the most effective treatment with the lowest weight loss and decay incidence, the greatest rachis chlorophyll content and berry detachment force at the end of 60?d storage. Effects of SA were also very close to those obtained by the combined treatment. SA alone or SA + MAP treatment may be recommended as an environmental friendly, healthy and sustainable method for extending postharvest quality of grapes up to 60?d, without significant adverse effect on produces. Considering the cost and ease of application, SA alone could be preferred as an effective alternative strategy for traditional chemical treatments.     

Cluster Management to Improve Berry Quality in Young ‘Alborz’ Table Grape in the Intermountain West Region,USA

Cluster management in table grapes is an essential cultural practice for production of high quality table grapes. This issue has not been studied in the Intermountain West region in the United States. Thus, the objective of this project was to study the effects of cluster removal, cluster shortening, and vine girdling on yield and quality attributes of ‘Alborz’ table grape during 2012–14 growing seasons. Vines that did not receive cluster removal and cluster cutting (NoClRemNoClCut) tended to have a higher yield but smaller berry weight than those with other cluster managements every year. Vines receiving cluster removal, cluster shortening, and a trunk girdling (ClRemShort&Gird) regime tended to have larger berries and cluster weight than those with other treatments. However, girdled vines were more susceptible to cold damage. Vines receiving cluster removal and cluster shortening had slightly larger berries, better appearance, and marketability than those without cluster removal and without cluster shortening.     

南方精品葡萄保鲜商品性研究

采用不同保鲜剂低温处理对"甬优1号"精品葡萄保鲜商品性进行研究。结果表明:葡萄经过贮藏后,保鲜剂使精品葡萄保持硬度、弹性、黏合性,以处理6为最佳试验组合;贮藏60 d后,商品性达到同期超市水平。     

不同采收期对"甬优"葡萄保鲜效果的影响

以宁波"甬优"葡萄为试材,研究了不同采收期葡萄冷藏期间主要生理指标和感官指标变化规律的影响。结果表明:不同采收期对"甬优"葡萄保鲜效果影响显著,9月中上旬为最佳采收期。     

四种鲜食葡萄茎段导管长度与形态指标关系

以4个品种鲜食葡萄茎段为试材,利用简易注气法测定了木质部导管长度相关参数,分析了导管长度指标与形态学指标的关系,以期为研究鲜食葡萄导管形态与功能关系提供相关信息。结果表明:4个葡萄品种最大导管长度间差异显著(P<0.05),由大到小分别为"夏黑"(122.69 cm)>"巨玫瑰"(82.17 cm)>"阳光玫瑰"(73.80 cm)>"醉金香"(61.86 cm)。平均导管长度也存在显著差异,从大到小分别为"夏黑"(54.00 cm)>"巨玫瑰"(28.64 cm)>"阳光玫瑰"(24.98 cm)>"醉金香"(17.40 cm)。最大分布导管长度由大到小分别为"夏黑"(27.00 cm)>"巨玫瑰"(14.32 cm)>"阳光玫瑰"(12.49 cm)>"醉金香"(8.70 cm)。不同葡萄品种平均导管长度、最大导管长度与节间距、直径间的关系存在差异,品种间最大导管长度和平均导管长度均与节间距显著正相关,而与茎段直径不相关。品种内和品种间,葡萄茎段最大导管长度与平均导管长度均呈极显著线性相关。     

Changes in endogenous ABA level in relation to the dormancy cycle in grapevines grown in a hot climate

Summary

In warm-winter regions, the need for artificial means to compensate for the lack of natural chilling becomes a dominant factor for maintaining economic production of table grapes. However, in the absence of a reliable method of predicting the time of natural bud break, the application of the dormancy breaking agent hydrogen cyanamide (HC) entails the risk of serious bud damage if the application is mistimed. In several studies in temperate regions, concentrations of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) were found to increase as the grape buds entered dormancy, and to decrease during winter months towards dormancy release. To assess the possibility of using bud ABA content as a marker for the stage of bud dormancy in grapevines grown in hot regions, we evaluated the dormancy depth of grape buds in the course of the dormancy cycle and monitored their endogenous ABA content in cv. Perlette vines grown in the Jordan Valley. The endogenous ABA content was highest at maximum dormancy. However, the decline in ABA content was not correlated with dormancy release. The involvement of ABA in dormancy induction and maintenance is discussed.     

葡萄果实组织结构与耐贮性的关系

 通过对‘巨峰’、‘红地球’、‘秋红’、‘秋黑’葡萄果实解剖结构和超微结构的比较, 探讨葡萄果实品种间耐贮性差异的生理学原因。结果表明: 葡萄的耐贮性与果皮和果肉的组织结构有密切关系。耐贮性好的品种其角质层及表皮组织均比较厚, 表皮细胞排列整齐而致密, 且与亚表皮细胞的结合紧密,其果肉组织排列也比较紧密, 且果肉细胞大小均匀。不同葡萄品种之间, 表面蜡质超微结构相差很大, 蜡质层较厚、蜡质分布均匀而致密的品种对SO₂ 抗性较强; 相反, 蜡质层薄、蜡质排列疏松、蜡层之间空隙较大的品种对SO₂ 较为敏感。     

Application timing and concentration of abscisic acid affect the quality of ‘Redglobe’ grapes

Summary

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA), the concentration of which increases in grape berry skins at the onset of maturation (veraison), appears to be involved in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation. Preliminary tests suggested that exogenous applications of ABA could improve grape berry colour, but its high cost precluded the development of commercial applications. Recently, a lower-cost ABA production method was developed, which led to the evaluation of different concentrations of ABA, applied at or around veraison, on the quality of ‘Redglobe’ grapes. In two of three years of tests, several ABA treatments enhanced the anthocyanin content of grape skins. ABA, applied at approx. 300 mg l^–1 at veraison, may be required to reliably increase pigmentation, and improve the colour of ‘Redglobe’ grapes. Although the total anthocyanin content was increased by ABA treatment, anthocyanin composition was not affected. Applications of ABA had few effects on fruit size or composition, although they did cause fruit softening, which is undesirable. A secondary objective of this study was to determine how the anthocyanin content of berry skins affected berry colour characteristics. Strong curvilinear relationships between anthocyanin content and lightness and hue showed that these colour characteristics were saturated by anthocyanin contents over 0.02 mg cm^–2 of skin. These data suggest that colour measurements may be needed to evaluate the effect of cultural practices on colour in table grapes.     

Endogenous cytokinin levels of table grape vines during spring budburst as influenced by hydrogen cyanamide application and pruning

Cytokinins play an important role in budburst, flowering and fruit set in table grapes. Rest-breaking treatments with hydrogen cyanamide and pruning practices modify budburst and reproductive development in table grapes, especially in regions with low and often inadequate winter chilling. The effect of these treatments on the xylem sap and bud Zeatin riboside (ZR) content was determined during late winter and budburst in ‘Sultanina’, ‘Sunred Seedless’, and ‘Alphonse Lavalleé’ canes in a total of nine trials conducted between 1997 and 2001. Bud ZR levels of hydrogen cyanamide treated ‘Sultanina’ canes showed an earlier and increased cytokinin peak, in particular in the distal buds. Large ZR peaks before budburst and noticeable differences between distal and proximal buds were absent on non-sprayed canes. The xylary ZR content of long pruned ‘Sultanina’, ‘Sunred Seedless’, and ‘Alphonse Lavaleé’ canes showed a significantly higher and earlier cytokinin peak than in short pruned spurs. By contrast, the bud ZR content tended to be higher in spurs than canes. Pruning and rest-breaking treatments enhanced budburst and increased endogenous cytokinins in these experiments. Long pruning in ‘Sultanina’ and ‘Sunred Seedless’ (both parthenocarpic) is necessary for acceptable fruit set and yields. Possibly, in longer canes more cytokinin is available for reproductive development. ‘Alphonse Lavaleé’ (seeded) is sufficiently fruitful and produces adequate yields following spur pruning.