单胃动物小肽吸收利用的研究进展

随着人们对蛋白质消化吸收及代谢规律研究的深入，蛋白质消化吸收理论不断得到完善。早在1865年，Kollinker和Muller就提出，蛋白质在肠道的消化最终成为游离氨基酸。现在营养学氨基酸平衡理论，便是以这个假设为基础的。而关于小肽可能被直接吸收的假设，早在100多年前就被提及，但一直因缺乏直接证据而受到忽视。直到Newey和smvth首先提出了令人信服的小肽可被完整吸收的论据，小肽的营养和吸收才逐渐被人们所重视。在近几十年的研究中，人们发现，蛋白质在动物消化道中消化酶作用下的水解产物大部分为2或3个氨基酸残基的小肽，它们是以完整形式被吸收并进人循环系统而被组织利用的。动物营养学家也发现，动物对饲料中各种氨基酸的利用程度并不完全受单一限制性氨基酸的影响，当动物采食按理想氨基酸模式配制的纯合日粮或低蛋白氨基酸平衡的日粮时，动物并不能获得最佳生产性能，因此，一些学者提出，动物要获得最佳的生产性能，日粮中必须有一定数量的完整蛋白质和小肽的观点。基于以上2个发现，人们提出了小肽的营养学说。     

与肽有关的基本理论及在养猪生产中的应用

过去的观点认为,动物采食饲料中的蛋白质,在消化道内蛋白酶和肽酶的作用下,降解为游离氨基酸（FAA）后,才能被动物直接吸收利用。后来发现,喂给氨基酸日粮或低蛋白平衡氨基酸日粮,动物并不能达到最佳生产性能。现在已经弄清,蛋白质在动物消化道的消化酶作用下所产生的水解产物大部分为2或3个氨基酸残基的小肽（SP）,它们是以完整形式被吸收进入循环系统,被组织利用的。因此,一些学者提出,动物要获得最佳生产性能,日粮中必须有一定数量的完整蛋白质和SP的观点。基于以上发现,人们提出了SP的营养学说。     

小肽吸收机制及在动物生产中的应用

传统的经典蛋白质营养理论即氨基酸营养理论认为,动物采食的日粮蛋白质在消化道内经蛋白酶和肽酶作用降解为小肽和游离氨基酸,游离氨基酸可被动物直接利用,而小肽只有进一步降解为游离氨基酸才能被利用。但在后来的一些研究中发现,用纯合日粮或低蛋白质平衡氨基酸日粮饲喂动物,并不能达到最佳生产性能。Agao等(1953)首先观察到肠道能完整地吸收转运双甘肽。Neway等(1960)的研究为小肽能被完整吸收提供了证据。Hara等(1984)在小肠黏膜上发现了小肽载体。Garder(1984)研究也表明,大量小肽能直接被吸收,进入体循环。Webba(1989)研究表明,蛋白…     

肽的吸收、营养及开发动态

<正>动物对饲料中各种氨基酸的利用程度并不完全受单一限制性氨基酸水平的影响,也不完全遵循"木桶理论",而且,即使喂给动物按理想氨基酸模型配制的混合日粮或低蛋白平衡日粮,也不能获得最佳生产性能。因而,有些学者提出了完整蛋白质或其降解产生的小肽也能被动物直接吸收的观点,这样小肽营养的研究才开始受到重视。     

小肽营养研究进展

经典营养学认为 ,动物采食的日粮蛋白质在消化道内经蛋白酶和肽酶的作用降解为小肽和游离氨基酸 ,游离氨基酸可以被动物直接吸收利用 ,而小肽只有进一步降解成游离氨基酸才能被利用 ,理想蛋白质、可利用氨基酸等系列蛋白质营养理论就是在此基础上建立起来的。后来发现 ,动物对饲料中各种氨基酸的利用程度并不完全受单一限制性氨基酸水平的影响 ,也不完全遵循“木桶理论” ,而且即使喂给动物按理想氨基酸模型配制的纯合日粮或低蛋白平衡日粮 ,也不能获得最佳生产成绩。因而 ,有些学者提出了完整蛋白质或其降解产生的小肽也能被动物直接吸收的…     

小肽对肉兔生长性能的影响

过去人们一直认为蛋白质消化产物的吸收就是游离氨基酸的吸收，后经一些试验发现，使用氨基酸纯合日粮或低蛋白氨基酸平衡日粮，动物并不能达到最佳生产性能。大量研究证实，蛋白质降解产物小肽可直接被吸收利用，且小肽的吸收速度快，耗能低，不易饱和。以小肽形式供给蛋白质，可显著提高动物对蛋白质的利用率。我国蛋白质资源匮乏，尤其是大豆粕的价格居高不下，利用小肽来平衡日粮更显其重要。试验主要研究小肽对肉兔生长性能的影响，以期为科学调配肉兔日粮提供参考。     

动物源小肽在生长猪日粮中的应用

传统动物营养学认为,动物采食的日粮蛋白质在消化道内经蛋白酶和肽酶的作用降解为小肽和游离氨基酸,游离氨基酸可以被动物直接吸收利用,而小肽只有进一步降解成游离氨基酸才能被利用。理想蛋白质和可利用氨基酸等蛋白质营养理论就是在此基础上建立起来的。后来研究发现．动物饲料中各种氨基酸的利用程度并不完全受单一限制性氨基酸水平的影响,     

小肽的营养及研究现状

小肽(small peptide,简称SP),主要指二肽和三肽,由于受Dogma“蛋白质必须水解成游离氨基酸后才能被吸收利用”理论的影响,对它在动物体内的生理意义一直未得到足够的重视。但是人们在生产实践过程中不仅发现以Dogma的蛋白质-氨基酸理论为基础配制的畜禽日粮并不能获得最佳生产性能,而且意识到动物对饲料中各种氨基酸的利用程度并不完全受单一限制性氨基酸水平的影响。近年来,大量的证据表明许多肽类能被完整地吸收,小肽的重要性才为人们所逐渐了解。本文综合国内外学者对小肽的研究,主要介绍小肽在吸收机制、吸收速率的影响因素、血液中小…     

小肽对动物免疫功能的影响

长期以来,人们一直认为动物采食的日粮蛋白质在消化道内降解成小肽和游离氨基酸,游离氨基酸可以被动物直接吸收利用,而小肽只有进一步降解成游离氨基酸才能被利用,后来发现,蛋白质降解产生的小肽也能被动物直接吸收。从此,小肽在动物生产中的应用开始了广泛的研究。众多研究表明,小肽具有促进氨基酸的吸收,     

饲用活性肽的研究与应用现状

1肽吸收理论的提出与发展　传统的代谢模式认为：蛋白质必须降解为游离氨基酸后才能被吸收,人或动物对蛋白的需要就是对必需氨基酸和合成非必需氨基酸的需要.但近几十年的研究表明,不同来源的饲料在氨基酸利用率上存在差异。另外,动物喂以按理想氨基酸模式配制的纯合日粮或低蛋白质氨基酸平衡日粮时不能获得最佳生产性能。因此,学界提出了动物对完整蛋白本身或对有关肽具有特殊吸收利用能力的观点.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.