K418与42CrMo异种金属激光焊的关键问题

研究了额定功率为3 kW的Nd:YAG激光焊焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪分析了接头组织和成分.结果表明:由于K418与42CrMo热物理性参数的差异,焊缝靠近42CrMo侧易出现未熔合;在扫描电镜下焊缝区观察到裂纹,裂纹处的能谱分析表明:Mo,Al,Nb,Ti元素聚集.由于深熔焊焊接过程匙孔的不稳定和保护气流量大小等因素的影响,焊缝中易形成气孔.为了获得优良的焊接接头力学性能,需要优化焊接工艺参数,抑制焊缝区的未熔合、裂纹和气孔的形成.     

ZTC4钛合金氩弧焊补焊工艺及组织性能研究

针对ZTC4钛合金铸件中出现的裂纹、夹杂等铸造缺陷,对其进行氩弧焊补焊工艺及接头组织性能评价研究。研究发现,补焊后的试板未发现气孔、裂纹等缺陷,焊缝组织由大量针状α′和β相组成;采用焊前预热和焊后热处理能最大程度地减小焊接残余拉应力,防止焊接裂纹的产生;预热焊接+热处理接头的室温拉伸性能最好,与母材相当,室温冲击性能超过母材。     

7N01铝合金脉冲MIG焊与直流CMT焊多次补焊试验

高速列车用7N01铝合金有较大热裂纹倾向,而补焊时该问题更突出.分别采用脉冲MIG焊和低热输入直流CMT焊对4 mm厚7N01铝合金对接接头进行1次、2次、3次补焊,分析了补焊焊接接头的宏观成形、微观组织和硬度.结果表明,脉冲MIG补焊时下塌量和熔宽均大于直流CMT补焊,脉冲MIG补焊焊道与先焊焊缝微观组织界面明显,先焊焊缝晶粒粗大且晶界发生重熔,熔合区变宽,而直流CMT补焊焊道界面不明显,焊缝微观组织晶粒细小,熔合区无明显变化;脉冲MIG焊3次补焊后软化现象较直流CMT补焊严重.采用直流CMT焊进行7N01铝合金补焊,可有效降低热裂纹倾向并缓解接头性能下降.     

铸造模具钢的焊后热处理及组织与性能研究

研究了焊接电流对淬回火态铸造模具钢焊接接头成形和力学性能的影响,并对比分析了焊态和回火态焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,焊接电流为90～110 A时,焊接过程中不会出现断弧或者飞溅现象,焊缝中也未见明显夹渣等缺陷存在,焊缝成形性较好;500℃/2 h回火处理对焊接接头焊缝区和淬火区组织有明显改善,而对母材和回火区组织影响较小,回火态焊接接头淬火区组织为回火马氏体,焊缝区为回火马氏体+铁素体+少量残余奥氏体;焊后进行回火处理可以明显提高焊接接头的抗拉强度,但是断裂位置并不会发生改变;焊接电流为90～110 A时,焊态和回火态焊接接头的抗拉强度都要高于焊接电流为110～140 A时的焊接接头,且其回火态焊接接头的抗拉强度达到铸造模具钢母材的81.4%。     

ZM6铸造镁合金氩弧焊补焊特性与接头组织及性能

大尺寸、复杂结构的ZM6镁合金铸件极易出现裂纹、疏松、气孔和夹杂等铸造缺陷，开发高质量补焊修复技术将有助于推动其更广泛的应用。利用钨极氩弧焊（TIG）补焊技术，针对不同尺寸的圆形坡口，采用优化的焊前预热措施、焊接工艺参数和焊后热处理工艺，对ZM6铸造镁合金TIG补焊焊缝成形、接头组织特征和力学性能进行分析。研究结果表明，针对直径10～40 mm的坡口，采用焊前200℃预热1 h和160 A焊接电流，可以获得无裂纹、无气孔、无未熔合缺陷的补焊接头。补焊接头焊缝区晶粒细化，晶粒尺寸为30～40μm；热影响区宽度较窄，但晶粒发生长大，团簇状析出相明显减少，因此热影响区硬度最低。随着坡口尺寸增大，焊缝区和热影响区的硬度均发生下降，试样拉伸强度降低。拉伸试样主要断裂于热影响区，平均抗拉强度和延伸率达母材的93.7%和95.1%。     

12Cr1MoV钢硬度超标焊缝的组织性能研究及原因分析

通过力学性能测试、金相组织检验及扫描电子显微镜观察等分析了某火力发电机组12Cr1MoV钢硬度超标焊缝的显微组织和力学性能。试验研究结果表明:12Cr1MoV钢硬度超标焊缝的强度高、塑性低、冲击韧性较差;焊缝硬度超标是由于焊后热处理恒温温度不足所致;焊缝硬度超标会使该材料焊接接头产生再热裂纹的倾向增大,容易出现早期开裂失效;采用较小的焊接热输入、有效的焊后热处理、减少接头部位的应力集中是减少12Cr1MoV钢焊接接头再热裂纹的有效措施。     

6082-T6铝合金CMT+P焊与双脉冲MIG焊的接头组织及性能对比分析

对3 mm厚6082-T6铝合金型材采用冷金属过渡+脉冲焊(CMT+P)和双脉冲熔化极气体保护焊(MIG)两种焊接工艺进行了对接接头焊接试验,并对这两种工艺获得的焊接接头的力学性能和微观组织进行了评价。结果表明:采用CMT+P焊接工艺获得的焊接接头的强度优于双脉冲MIG焊接接头的强度; CMT+P焊焊缝软化现象较双脉冲MIG焊有明显改善; CMT+P焊焊缝熔合区比双脉冲MIG焊的焊缝熔合区窄,焊缝区晶粒更细小均匀,在双脉冲MIG焊缝热影响区产生晶间液化裂纹。采用CMT+P焊可以获得更优良的6082-T6铝合金型材焊接接头。     

不同焊接工艺下2219铝合金TIG焊接头性能分析

针对2219铝合金的对接TIG焊,采用单面两层焊和两面三层焊的工艺方法开展了对比试验,分析了焊接接头形貌和组织性能。研究结果表明,两种工艺方法均可以获得良好的焊缝成形,力学性能满足结构设计要求;两面三层焊比单面两层焊的焊接接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率的平均值分别提高了1. 7%和33. 3%,抗拉强度基本相同,断后伸长率得到了大幅提升;相比于单面两层焊,两面三层焊的背部封底焊接增加了背部焊缝宽度,背部熔合线的形状以及与水平方向的夹角都发生了变化;两种工艺方法的焊接接头各区域组织特点鲜明,相同区域的微观形貌相差不大;在焊缝背部相同位置,两种工艺方法的硬度值曲线走向趋势相同,封底焊增大了过时效软化区的宽度,提高了焊接接头的断后伸长率。     

基于响应面法的HR-2抗氢钢电子束插接焊工艺参数优化

为解决HR-2抗氢钢电子束插接焊有效熔深不足、焊缝处开裂等问题,采用BBD设计试验方案,基于响应面法建立了HR-2抗氢钢电子束插接焊焊接工艺参数(聚焦电流、焊接速度、束流、倾斜角度)与预测响应值(有效熔深、接头抗剪承载力)之间的统计模型.根据有效熔深和接头抗剪承载力的要求优化焊接工艺参数,并通过优化电子束焊接工艺参数来预测电子束插接焊的有效熔深和接头抗剪承载力,实现焊缝截面形貌与接头强度的最佳组合.结果表明,模型拟合度较好,有效熔深预测值比实测值高1.17%,接头抗剪承载力预测值比实测值高2.63%,得到较优的焊接参数为：聚焦电流2.46 A,焊接速度10.00 mm/s,束流8.20 mA,倾斜角度11°.在该参数下的焊缝有效熔深1 347.82 μm,接头抗剪承载力13.525 kN.     

高温合金零件钨极氩弧焊补焊工艺分析

高温合金精铸件的补焊一直是我国航空制造领域的难题。本文主要研究了具有铸造缺陷的高温合金精铸件钨极氩弧焊(TIG)补焊性能,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪等设备,分析了焊接组织与性能,优化了焊接工艺。结果表明:沉淀硬化型高温合金零件补焊时,采取中电流一层焊工艺为宜,并且焊后进行去应力时效处理对防止出现焊接裂纹非常必要。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

The Mirror with Patterns of Auspicious Animals and Grapes——Exquisite cast mirror and the technology of surface tin-enrichment by rubbing-in and infiltration of tin-rich powder

<正>Bronze mirrors were used by the Chinese people before the introduction of the glass mirror.Only after it was replaced by the glass mirror did the bronze mirror gradually retreat from people's lives.Different styles of bronze mirrors were made in different historical periods,particularly in the Warring States Period,the Han and Tang Dynasties,which were the three peaks of the development of bronze mirror arts in ancient China.The casting techniques were exquisite.The surface of the bronze mirror was smooth and bright enough to reflect one's image,and there were scarcely any casting defects on the mirror surface.On the back of the bronze mirror,there were rich depictions of Arts and Humanities,and the ornamentations were also     

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress & Exhibition

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress ＆ Exhibition was held on July 22-24, 2014 at Shanghai New International Expc Centre. This exhibition was the most successful over the years, with over 6890 visitors and 155 exhibitors, and the exhibition area increased by 30% from 9,500 square meters in 2012 to 12340 square meters. Die casting enterprises from a total of 24 countries and regions, including China mainland, Chinese Taiwan and Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Germany, India, Thailand, Malaysia, the United States, Russia, Australia, Iran, Ukraine, Brazil, Colombia, Singapore, Austria, Canada, Croatia, France, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vietnam, attended the congress and exhibition.     

Introduction of the Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology

正The Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology was set up in 1996.The researches of institute concentrate on electro-hydraulic(pneumatic)servo/proportional control and hydromechatronics.The Institute is committed to research and development of electro-hydraulic control of high-end technical equipment in ferrous metallurgy refining produc-     

RARE METALS Volume Contents

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Antimony Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

Antimony induced crystallization of PVD (physics vapor deposition) amorphous silicon can be observed on sapphire substrates. Very large crystalline regions up to several tens of micrometers can be formed. The Si diffraction patterns of the area of crystallization can be observed with TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Only a few and much smaller crystals of the order of 1μm were formed when the antimony layer was deposited by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) compared with a layer formed by thermal evaporation. The use of high vacuum is essential in order to observe any Sb induced crystallization at all. In addition it is necessary to take measures to limit the evaporation of the antimony.     

A CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE RULE UNDER THE ALTERNATIVE OF CORROSION OR CYCLIC LOADING

Fatigue damage increases with the applied loading cycles in a cumulative manner and the material deteriorates with the corrosion time. A cumulative fatigue damage rule under the alternative of corrosion or cyclic loading was proposed. The specimens of aluminum alloy LY12-CZ soaked in corrosive liquid for different times were tested under the constant amplitude cyclic loading to obtain S-N curves. The test was carried out to verify the proposed cumulative fatigue damage rule under the different combinations among corrosion time, loading level, and the cycle numbers. It was shown that the predicted residual fatigue lives showed a good agreement with the experimental results and the proposed rule was simple and can be easily adopted.