湖南省家庭暴力的流行病学调查总体报告

  目的  追踪比较湖南省工业地区夫妻暴力发生状况十年间的变化。  方法  分别于2001 — 2002年（2002年组）和2011 — 2012年（2012年组）,由相同的调查员采用相同的家庭暴力调查问卷,对湖南省工业地区夫妻暴力发生状况进行调查。  结果  两组施暴者中男性分别占85.7 %和69.2 %,受虐者中女性分别占87.0 %和69.1 %,2组施暴者和受虐者的性别差异均有统计学意义（χ² = 50.125、19.550,P = 0.000）;两组夫妻暴力发生的首位诱发因素均为子女教育问题（41.1 % vs 51.9 %）,最常见的暴力形式都是羞辱和谩骂（90.5 % vs 93.2 %）,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;2012年受虐者受到精神损伤和身体损伤的比例分别为35.3 %和15.0 %,明显高于2002年组的16.8 %和4.2 %,差异均有统计学意义（χ² = 9.481、6.897,P < 0.01）;2组施暴者认可夫妻暴力的比例分别为69.4 %和50.8 %,受虐者认可夫妻暴力的比例分别为54.3 %和35.3 %,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.012 5）。  结论  夫妻暴力仍以男性施暴为主,精神暴力是夫妻暴力最常见的形式,子女教育问题仍是诱发夫妻暴力的首要因素,受虐者受到较十年前更多的精神损伤和身体损伤,施暴者和受虐者对夫妻暴力的态度十年来无明显变化。     

辽宁省城乡居民跌倒致伤的流行病学调查

目的 了解辽宁省城乡居民跌倒及其导致损伤的发生水平与分布特征。方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法，对辽宁省内3市3县共18583名居民过去一年中的跌倒情况进行回顾性调查。结果城乡居民跌倒发生标化率为3．51％，农村（3．80％）高于城市（3．26％），男性（4．06％）高于女性（2．91％），65岁以上老人（6．66％）和0—14岁儿童（5．46％）跌倒发生率最高。跌倒导致的主要损伤为扭伤和劳损（34，27％）、泼表伤（28．34％）、开放性伤（21．96％）和骨折（13，06％），65岁以上老人骨折发生率最高，跌倒导致的各种损伤发生率存在巨大的季节差异，冬季最低，夏秋季最高。结论 儿童和老年人足跌倒发生的高危人群，应采取有效的预防措施，控制跌倒造成的健康危害。     

通江县农村居民伤害流行病学调查

目的：为了解农村居民伤害发生现况及,方法：采用整群抽样方法,对四川省通江县某乡1059名农村居民一年中伤害发生情况进行调查。结果：伤发生率为58．36％,8．88％的农村居民一年中发生两次以上伤害,男性伤害发生率（59．53％）高于女性（57．09％）,但差异不显著（P＜0．25）,不同年龄,不同职业及文化程度,不同经济收入水平伤害发生率差异非常显著（P＜0．005）,12种受伤类型的前3种为跌伤（16．34％）,钝锐器伤（15．86％）,碰伤（10．86％）占伤害总例数的73．79％,伤害致残率3．78‰,死亡率为1．89‰,潜在寿命损失年数（YPLL）为43,并对受伤原因,场所及形式,部位、程度伤后处理等问题进行了分析,结论：应针对伤害发生的原因,采取有效措施减少农村居民伤害的发生。     

湖南省不同人群丙型肝炎流行病学调查分析

湖南省不同人群丙型肝炎流行病学调查分析袁庆辉，李虹，丁胜非，伍孝敬，陈大宝，罗树斌（湖南省卫生防疫站４１０００５）为了解湖南省丙型肝炎在不同人群中的流行情况，我们于１９９２年对健康人群、献血员、肝病患者及有血液透析、输血史的病人进行丙型肝炎病毒血清学...     

湖南省戊型肝炎血清流行病学调查

按照《全国病毒性肝炎调查方案》在长沙东区等六个全国疾病监测点，采用不等比例多阶段整群系统随机抽样的方法确定调查对象，采集血清标本检测统一ＨＥＶ，结果，六个调查点人抗－ＨＥＶＩｇＧ平均阳性率为１５．２１％，其中，城市和农村人群阳性率分别为１６．１７％和１４．７４％；不同年龄人群阳性率以２５岁以上者为高；不同职业人群阳性率以工人最高。采用二项式分布检验法分析显示戊肝抗体阳性呈明显的家庭聚集现象。     

湖南省病毒性肝炎流行病学调查分析

为了解各型病毒性肝炎在我省的流行情况，按照全国第二次病毒性肝炎流行病学调查方案，在我省参加全国疾病监测的6个点内共抽查2934人，结果抗-HAV、HBV、抗-HCV、抗-HDV和抗-HEV阳性率分别为73.6%、76.86%、4.23%、1.32%和15.15%。病毒性肝炎现患病率为0.48%.并对各型肝炎流行特征和流行因素进行了分析.为制订防治规划提供了科学依据。     

湖南省正常人群丙型肝炎流行病学调查与分析

湖南省正常人群丙型肝炎流行病学调查与分析李伟，袁庆辉，罗述斌，陈大保，丁胜非，王缓，郭授衡，苏爱湘，刘文，张慧敏（湖南省卫生防疫站４１０００５）为了解我省丙型肝炎（ＨＣ）的流行现况，为制订ＨＣ的防治策略及考核预防效果提供科学依据，我们于１９９２年４月...     

湖南省2007年狂犬病流行病学调查分析

目的调查分析湖南省2007年狂犬病的疫情动态和流行规律,为制定综合性的防控措施提供科学依据。方法收集全省狂犬病疫情及患者调查等监测资料,进行描述性流行病学调查分析。结果全省报告334例,发病率为0．52／10万。发病呈散发,以农民为主,男性高于女性,0～9岁组及50-69岁组病例较多;发病潜伏期中位数77d,临床全部表现为狂躁型;暴露后处理伤口者占31．94％,9．61％注射了狂犬疫苗,3．6％联合应用了抗狂犬免疫球蛋白或血清。结论暴露后正确处置率低和养犬数量多、管理措施不到位是狂犬病高发的主要原因。     

中国农村地区已婚妇女家庭暴力发生情况及其相关知识调查

目的 了解中国农村地区已婚妇女家庭暴力发生情况及相关知识。方法 2004年11月至2005年1月，在吉林、安徽省和重庆市的人口基金项目县，采用多阶段容量比例抽样方法随机抽取25个乡镇，对3998名18岁及以上的已婚妇女进行问卷调查。结果 调查地区家庭暴力发生非常普遍，一生中总暴力、心理暴力、躯体暴力和性暴力的发生比例分别为64．8％、58．1％、29．7％和16．7％；调查前12个月中总暴力、心理暴力、躯体暴力和性暴力的发生比例分别为42．6％、37．2％、14．0％和7．7％。不同种类家庭暴力常常同时存在，将近1／3的妇女同时遭受2种或3种家庭暴力的伤害。调查妇女对家庭暴力的认识较差，75．2％的调查妇女对家庭暴力不了解，很多遭受过家庭暴力伤害的妇女对家庭暴力也一无所知，尤其是对心理暴力的知晓情况更差。结论 中国农村地区家庭暴力发生非常普遍，尤其是心理暴力，但已婚妇女对家庭暴力的了解还比较欠缺，需要引起有关部门的重视。     

癫痫流行病学研究进展

癫痫是一组反复发作的神经元异常放电所致的暂时性中枢神经系统功能失常的慢性疾病。癫痫流行病学调查可以了解该病的发病率、患病率、死亡率、自然史以及相关的危险因素,从而为病因学研究提供线索,为预防和控制癫痫,制定相应的公共卫生防控策略提供依据。但是,长期以来,由于对癫痫缺乏统一的定义,在诊断上缺乏一致的标准,导致不同的研究结果之间缺乏可比性。20世纪70年代后期,世界卫生组织(WHO)和美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)设计出了     

'Health's a difficult beast': the interrelationships between domestic violence, women's health and the health sector. An Australian case study

This paper reports on the Australian component of a five nation study undertaken in Australia, Canada, Thailand, Bangladesh and Afghanistan examining policy networks that address women's health and domestic violence. It examines the relationship between health and domestic violence in Western Australia and analyses the secondary role assumed by health. The study adopted a qualitative research paradigm and semi-structured interviews. Snowball sampling was used to identify relevant and significant stakeholders and resulted in a final sample of 30 individuals representing three key areas: the 'health policy community', the 'domestic violence prevention community' and 'other interested stakeholders', that is, those who have an interest in, but who are not involved in, domestic violence prevention work. Results suggest that the secondary positioning of health is associated with the historical 'championing' of the issue in the women's movement; limited linkages between the health policy community and the domestic violence prevention community and within the health policy community itself; the 'fit' between domestic violence and the Western Australian Health Department mandate; and the mis-match between domestic violence and the medical model. The conclusion indicates a need for collaboration based on effective links across the domestic violence community and the health policy community.     

温州地区已婚妇女家庭暴力的现状及影响因素

目的  调查温州地区已婚妇女遭受家庭暴力行为的发生情况,并探讨其影响因素。 方法  2018年采用多阶段分层抽样方法抽取705名温州地区已婚妇女作为调查对象,通过自填式问卷调查收集其基本信息、近12个月内家庭暴力行为发生情况及相关因素。 结果  约40%的已婚妇女在过去的12个月遭受了至少一次暴力行为,其中心理暴力的年发生率约为33.8%,其次是身体暴力19.1%和性暴力14.9%;在遭受家庭暴力的已婚妇女中,超过半数经历了多重暴力。Logistic回归分析模型分析结果显示,来至农村、结婚时间10年以下和两地分居的已婚妇女遭受家庭暴力的风险性更高,而配偶文化水平高、初婚、婚姻满意度高、婚姻自主、夫妻角色相辅相成的已婚妇女能较好地避免家庭暴力。 结论  已婚妇女遭受暴力发生率较为普遍,应引起重视,采取针对性的综合措施防范妇女家庭暴力的发生。     

The prevalence of domestic violence in volunteers for abortion and contraceptive research studies

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of domestic violence (DV) in research subjects has not been evaluated. In the general population, about 25% of women report DV. We hypothesize that participants in research studies would report similar rates of abuse to women in the general population and that subjects in abortion studies would report higher rates of abuse than women in other gynecologic studies. STUDY DESIGN: We included a modified abuse assessment questionnaire as a routine section of the medical history obtained for 256 women who were enrolling in abortion, contraceptive and other gynecologic research studies. Rates of reported recent or lifetime abuse, defined as physical or sexual violence, were compared for women in each study group by chi(2) analysis and Fisher's Exact Tests. A multivariable analysis with stepwise logistic regression was used to compare study groups. RESULTS: The overall rate of ever-experience DV was 18% for the study population. Lifetime rates of DV were 17%, 15% and 30% in women enrolling in abortion, contraceptive and other gynecologic research studies, respectively (p=.17). Abuse within the last 2 months was reported by 1%, 0% and 0% of women, respectively (p=.50). After controlling for age, race, ethnicity, gravity, parity and marital status, the rates of violence did not vary between study groups. CONCLUSION: We found the rates of DV in women who volunteer for research studies are similar to those reported for women in the general population. Subjects in abortion research studies do not report DV more frequently than women in contraceptive or other gynecologic studies.     

Do changes in spousal employment status lead to domestic violence? Insights from a prospective study in Bangalore,India

The prevalence of physical domestic violence – violence against women perpetrated by husbands – is staggeringly high across the Indian subcontinent. Although gender-based power dynamics are thought to underlie women's vulnerability, relatively little is known about risk and protective factors. This prospective study in southern India examined the association between key economic aspects of gender-based power, namely spousal employment status, and physical domestic violence. In 2005–2006, 744 married women, aged 16–25, residing in low-income communities in Bangalore, India were enrolled in the study. Data were collected at enrollment, 12 and 24 months. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the prospective association between women's employment status, their perceptions of their husband's employment stability, and domestic violence. Women who were unemployed at one visit and began employment by the next visit had an 80% higher odds of violence, as compared to women who maintained their unemployed status. Similarly, women whose husbands had stable employment at one visit and newly had difficulty with employment had 1.7 times the odds of violence, as compared to women whose husbands maintained their stable employment. To our knowledge, this study is the first from a developing country to confirm that changes in spousal employment status are associated with subsequent changes in violence risk. It points to the complex challenges of violence prevention, including the need for interventions among men and gender-transformative approaches to promote gender-equitable attitudes, practices and norms among men and women.     

广西家庭暴力干预政策制定与执行过程分析

目的：分析广西家庭暴力干预政策制定和执行过程中,以妇联为代表的社会组织的参与方式、过程以及存在的问题。方法：采用目的抽样法选择被访者,即政策过程的关键知情者,进行个人深入访谈。结果：针对妇女的家庭暴力是一个严重的社会问题,为遏制其蔓延,国家和广西地方政府都出台了相应的政策法规,并开展了一系列相应的社会行动。在家庭暴力干预政策制定和执行过程中,以妇联为代表的社会组织发挥了不可替代的作用。但是,目前在政策执行过程中仍存在政府主导不力和社会组织参与不足的问题。结论：家庭暴力干预政策的完善和执行力的提高应主要在四个方面有所改进,包括完善政策制定与执行、增强多部门的协作、进一步发挥妇联的作用以及调动全社会的广泛参与。     

武汉市社区妇女家庭暴力与创伤后应激障碍的相关性研究

目的 了解武汉市社区妇女家庭暴力的流行特征,分析家庭暴力与创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的关系,为提高女性心理健康水平提供依据。方法 采用横断面研究方法,以在武汉市某社区卫生服务中心进行妇科检查的女性作为研究对象,调查其一般特征、社会支持、伤害情况、家庭暴力及PTSD流行情况。采用 χ²检验、t检验、Cochran-Armitage趋势检验分析PTSD组与健康组间差异,logistic回归分析PTSD与家庭暴力的关系。结果 家庭暴力终身发生率为29.36%,心理暴力、身体暴力和性暴力的发生率分别为28.28%、6.60%和3.55%;PTSD的总患病率为4.73%。遭受家庭暴力的女性患PTSD的风险是未遭受暴力女性的2.11倍（OR=2.11,95%CI：1.04～4.29）;同时遭受身体与心理暴力的女性发生PTSD的风险是未受暴力女性的5.06倍（OR=5.06,95%CI：1.91～13.42）。结论 家庭暴力与PTSD存在较强的相关性,对遭受家庭暴力的妇女应进行心理疏导,降低PTSD的发生风险。     

Individualized performance feedback to increase prenatal domestic violence screening

Objectives: Universal domestic violence (DV) screening once per trimester of pregnancy is recommended but rarely accomplished. Clinical leaders in this setting sought to improve adherence with this protocol. This prospective study used medical record audit and individualized performance feedback with peer comparison (IPF) to improve DV screening among first and second year obstetrics and gynecology (ob/gyn) residents. Methods: The setting is a northeastern, urban, hospital-based, prenatal clinic serving low-income women. Most patients are Latina (75%); 11% are black and 9% are white. Few begin care in the first trimester (8.5%). We gave all residents DV training. Next we gave IPF–four reports at seven-week intervals. We reviewed medical record notes on patient visits corresponding to the first medical encounter and week 16 and week 28 of pregnancy. We used this data to compare screening immediately before IPF and following each IPF report. Results: Screening increased steadily over time, from 60% of appropriate visits before IPF to 91% after the fourth report (Chi Square 28.4, p < .001). Adjusting for key factors, the odds of screening after the last IPF report were seven and a half times greater than the odds of screening before IPF (Odds Ratio: 7.6; 95% Confidence Interval: 3.0, 19.0). Conclusions: IPF was associated with increased DV screening among first and second year ob/gyn residents in this setting. Increased screening improved compliance with the clinic protocol and increased opportunities for patient disclosure, education, and treatment, critical public health objectives.     

常州市农村地区人群高血压流行病学调查

目的了解常州市农村地区人群高血压患病率及其影响因素,为评价该地区高血压的流行现状、采取相应的预防措施提供依据.方法采用整群抽样方法,对常州市农村地区8 683名常住居民进行流行病学调查和相关指标检查.结果常州市农村地区高血压总患病率为31.56%,其中男性为33.83%,女性为29.81%,男女患病率均随年龄增长而升高.不同性别、文化程度及经济收入人群高血压的患病率有显著性差异.性别、年龄、文化程度、是否过量饮酒、是否经常吃肉类、水果、豆制品,以及冠心病、脑卒中、糖尿病史、高血压家族史、脑卒中家族史、体力活动、体质指数等是高血压发病的主要影响因素.结论应对高血压重点人群采取有效的干预措施,以降低其发病率.