腈纶粉尘对工人健康影响的调查

为探讨腈纶粉尘对作业工人健康的影响,对某腈纶厂的毛条车间进行了劳动卫生学调查。该车间粉尘浓度为4.22(0.10~24.07)mg/m3,主要对接触人员上呼吸道和皮肤有刺激作用,同时导致肺通气功能受到明显损伤,部分工人胸部X线表现异常;提示车间环境中腈纶粉尘的时间加权平均容许浓度超过2 mg/m3、短时间接触容许浓度超过4 mg/m3时不能充分保护工人健康。     

隧道工矽肺危险度评价模型

目的：建立隧道工矽肺危险度评价模型，预测矽肺发病规律。方法：调查有关工程局5482名接尘工人的接尘史、隧道粉尘资料和矽肺病人的诊断日期；应用Kaplan-Meier方法初步估计累积患病率善于累积接尘量的曲线；应用样条函数方法拟合曲线。结果：建立了矽肺的危险度评价模型；提出矽尘作业30年不发生矽肺的粉尘最高容许浓度建议值0.21mg/m^3；在平均粉尘浓度20.47mg/m^3下工作30年，矽肺累积患病率预计为11．1％；接尘工龄30年，累积患病率控制为0.5%时，容许浓度为1.14mg/m^3；累积患病率控制为1％时，容许浓度为2.06mg/m^3。结论：建立的模型具有实用价值，得到的结果可以为行政管理部门制定规章制度、保护工人的健康提供决策依据。     

车间空气中氰氨化钙（石灰氮）卫生标准的研制

目的：研究制订车间空气中氰氨化钙（石灰氮）的卫生标准,方法：研究建立了粉尘中氰氨化钙的测定方法,对生产场所作了空气浓度监测,并对接触工人的健康状况作了横断面调查。结果：空气中氰氨化钙平均浓度低于3．71mg/m^3情况下长期接触,经内科,皮肤科,五官科检查,除了普遍存在“醉酒反应”外,未发现与接触氰氨化钙有关的损害。结论“建议氰氨化钙的最高容许浓度为3mg/m^3,8h时间加权平均浓度也是3mg/m^3.     

含酶洗衣粉粉尘对工人健康的影响

目的：评价含酶洗衣粉粉尘对工人健康的影响。方法：对上海某含酶洗衣粉厂车间空气中粉尘及其酶浓度和工人健康状况进行调查。用大容量采样器采集空气样品，称重法测定洗衣粉粉尘含量，酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA法）分析酶含量；用问卷调查、肺功能测定、皮肤点刺试验（skin prick test,SPT)评价工人健康效应。结果：空气总尘平均浓度为3.97mg/m^3，酶平均含量为1.37ng/m^3。含酶洗衣粉粉尘可引起皮肤、粘膜的刺激症状，并对肺通气功能产生一定影响，其中酶可引起工人过敏反应。结论：接触一定浓度的含酶洗衣粉粉尘对工人的健康有不良影响，有必要制订车间空气中洗衣粉粉尘及酶含量的职业接触限值和职业接触指南。     

正己烷对作业工人健康的影响

目的 制定卫生标准。方法 调查256家使用正己烷企业；对4家重点企业个体接触浓度测定和179名接触者体检；分析140例中毒资料。结果 中毒接触浓度在180mg/m^3以上的样品占93．02％；个体接触平均浓度＞100mg/m^3的高浓度组有2人肌电图轻微周围神经损害，＜100mg/m^3的低浓度组未发现对健康不良影响。结论 建议车间空气正己烷最大容许浓度（MAC）为180mg/m^3，时间加权平均值（TWA）为100mg/m^3。     

三氯硫磷车间卫生学调查

目的：为了研制车间空气中三氯硫磷的卫生标准。方法：对三氯硫磷生产车间进行了调查考核,在三氯硫磷车间采样共110个,对59名接触工人和60名对照组工人进行体验。结果：车间空气中三氯硫磷浓度范围0．086－2．147mg/m^3,两年平均浓度0．477mg/m^3。与对照组相比,作业工人鼻炎、咽喉炎发生率明显增高,结合我国国情,参照国外卫生标准,建议车间空气中三氯硫磷的最高容许浓度和时间加权平均浓度分别为0．5mg/m^3和0．3mg/m^3。     

车间空气中乙酰甲胺磷卫生标准研究

目的 研制车间空气中乙酰甲胺磷的国家卫生标准。方法 乙酰甲胺磷动物毒性试验及接触工人的职业流行病学调查。结果 乙酰甲胺磷大鼠经口LD50为823mg/kg。致突变性试验、致畸试验及迟发性神经毒性试验均为阴性。车间空气中乙酰甲胺磷浓度测定大多数在0．5mg/m^3以下。未发现接触工人有中毒症状。结论 建议车间空气中乙酰甲胺磷的最高容许浓度为0．5mg/m^3,其时间加权平均容许浓度为0．3mg/m^3。     

高密市2家木制家具加工车间职业危害调查

[目的]了解木制家具加工车间作业点木尘浓度及其对生产工人健康的影响。[方法]2003年9月，对高密市2家木制家具制造企业加工车间进行了调查。[结果]各工序木尘浓度为3．06～5．44mg／m^3，各点木尘平均浓度为3．58～4．82mg／m^3；接触木尘的工人呼吸道和眼睛刺激症状与肺部刺激症状罹患率均高于对照组。[结论]各工序木尘浓度均未超过国家最高容许浓度，木尘对呼吸道黏膜和眼睛仍然有一定的刺激作用。     

铁路隧道施工现场粉尘容许浓度的估算

为估算铁路隧道作业现场的最高容许浓度提供参考依据，利用肺内粉尘存留量反推法（检测一法）和以累积接尘时间为权重调整的阈限值法（检测二法）估算铁路隧道粉尘作业的粉尘容许浓度，结果表明，预期接尘工龄为30年，控制患病率分别为0．5％，和1％水平的隧道施工现场粉尘容许浓度的估计值，检测一法：0．8，1．2mg/m^3，检测二法：2．0，4．0mg/m^3。     

车间空气中异稻瘟净卫生标准探讨

本文报道了异稻瘟净农药的毒性，大鼠经口LD50雌性为524.8mg/kg，雄性为692mg/kg；雌性大鼠经皮LD50为2625mg/kg；小鼠经口染毒的蓄积系数＞5。Ames试验TA100和TA98菌株及小鼠骨髓多染红细胞微核试验均为阴性。车间空气中异稻瘟净的最高浓度为0.94mg/m^3，95％浓度0.186mg/m^3，在这样的环境下生产对工人健康未发现不良有作用，建议车间空气中最高容许浓度为1.0mg/m^3（皮）。     

聊城市某化工企业职业病危害现状分析与评价

目的了解聊城市某化工企业在生产过程中存在的职业病危害因素及其危害程度,评价职业病危害防护措施及其效果,确定职业病危害关键控制点,以保护工人的身体健康。方法对该化工企业职业病危害作业现场进行调查、采样检测及分析。结果氯气、粉尘和噪声是该厂主要的职业病危害因素。检测发现氯气浓度为〈0.04-1.68 mg/m3,部分岗位氯气最高浓度超过国家卫生标准要求。粉尘时间加权平均浓度（0.8-2.7mg/m3）、粉尘短时间接触浓度（2.3-3.7 mg/m3）和噪声强度[〈85 dB（A）]均符合国家卫生标准要求。结论该化工企业工作场所中氯气浓度超标,会对工人健康造成影响。应采取有效防护措施,改善工作环境,防止发生职业中毒事故。     

2013年上海市奉贤区铸造企业作业场所空气中矽尘浓度检测结果

目的了解上海市奉贤区铸造企业在生产环境中所产生矽尘的职业危害和分布规律,为改善作业环境,保护作业人员健康,提供科学依据。方法对产生矽尘企业进行职业卫生学调查,按国家有关标准和规范对作业工人进行个体采样,并检测生产环境空气中的时间加权平均浓度（CTWA）。结果对63名作业工人进行个体采样,男性55人,女性8人;年龄最小为23岁,最大58岁,平均年龄40.4岁。矽尘浓度范围0.2~9.0 mg/m3,平均浓度为（2.27±1.95）mg/m3,中位数为1.60 mg/m3。矽尘浓度检测合格率为23.8%。各工种在空气中矽尘浓度检测合格率差异无统计学意义（χ2=6.226,P〉0.05）。不同接尘工龄矽尘浓度检测合格率差异有统计学意义（χ2=9.078,P〈0.05）。结论应重点加强对35~49岁组和接尘工龄1~9 a组职业卫生健康监护,进一步加强生产工艺改革和通风排毒防护措施、改善作业环境,有效控制矽肺职业病的发生。     

Occupational exposure to organic dust associated with municipal waste collection and management

The aim of the study was to assess the occupational exposure of workers employed in the municipal waste collection and management industry. Air samples were collected in the workers' breathing zone; two samples were collected parallely. The assessment concerned exposure to organic dust, endotoxins, bacteria and fungi. The questionnaire data showed that workers found themselves in good or very good health. They also regarded noise, dustiness, odor, physical effort and changeable atmospheric conditions as the most strenuous factors. The highest dust concentrations were observed on the sites of waste collection (mean, 7.7 mg/m3) and composting (mean, 4.6 mg/m3). Samples collected on the composting site contained the largest amount of endotoxins (mean concentration, 76 ng/m3). This was followed by sorting facility (61 ng/m3) and waste collection area (36 ng/n3). Gram-negative rods (primarily intestinal) were found in all samples collected at workposts, which justified the adoption of the air concentrations of endotoxins as a criterion for assessing their hygienic conditions. Taking MAC for total suspended dust (4.0 mg/m3) and the concentration of 10 ng/m3 for endotoxin as the criteria for the exposure evaluation, it must be considered that waste collectors and composting site workers are working in poor hygienic conditions. Workers employed at the most hazardous workposts did not use personal protective equipment (glasses, antirespirators), thus infringing a fundamental condition for limiting health hazards (Directive 2000/54/EC).     

2003至2008年某矿务集团煤工尘肺发病情况分析

目的 分析某煤矿2003至2008年尘肺病检出情况,探讨该矿尘肺发病特点,为尘肺病的防治提供科学依据.方法 收集1949年以来井下粉尘监测数据及2003至2008年的健康监护资料和尘肺诊断资料,分析尘肺发病情况,根据不同年代的粉尘接触水平结合工种和工龄推算安全总粉尘累积剂量.结果 2003至2008年该矿务集团在岗工人职业性健康监护率呈逐年提高趋势,共新检出煤工尘肺病例296例,总检出率为0.57%,平均年检出率为0.32%;Ⅰ期煤工尘肺268例,占全部病例的90.59%,87.20%(258例)的煤工尘肺患者为采掘工;新发病例的接尘工龄最短为3年,最长38年;每年总粉尘累积剂量为86.1～4926.0mg/m3.用百分位数法(第99%百分位数)推算煤矿井下工人每年安全总粉尘累积剂量为120.6 mg/m3.结论 尘肺病防治的重点工种是采掘工,在现有工作条件下井下采掘作业工龄不应超过13年.

Abstract：

Objective Analyzed associations among the incidence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis from 2003 to 2008, jobs, exposure years and cumulative total dust exposure levels(CTE ) and found the current characteristics of the mine incidence of pneumoconiosis disease. Methods collected the health care information of the new diagnosed pneumoconiosis of underground mine workers from 2003 to 2008 and the dust monitoring data of underground mine from 1949 and estimated the personnel cumulative total dust exposure levels (CTE); analyzed the incidence features of the new diagnosed pneumoconiosis. Results The rates of health surveillance of workers were gradually improved from 2003 to 2008 and 296 new coal workers pneumoconiosis were diagnosed. The total incidence was 0.57%, and the average annual rate was 0.32%. Among the new diagnosed cases, phase I accounted for 90.5% and the 87.2% from coal mine drillers. The shortest exposure period was 3 years and the longest was 38 years, and the cumulative total dose of dust was varied between 86. 1 and 4926 mg/m3 per year. The total dust accumulated limited dose was calculated by the percentile method to prevent 99% of miners from pneumoconiosis, which was 120.6 mg/m3 per year, so we suggested that the exposure years should be shorter than 13 years under the current working conditions. Conclusions Preventive coal workers' pneumoconiosis should be focused on mine drillers and their limited exposure years should be within 13 years.     

Exposure to and acute effects of medium-density fiber board dust

The goals of this study were (1) to investigate workers' exposure to medium-density fiber (MDF) dust (inhalable dust, particle size),formaldehyde, and volatile organic compounds; (2) to study the possible inflammatory nasal reactions caused by exposure to MDF board dust; and (3) to determine the occurrence of irritative symptoms among exposed workers. Nasal lavage fluid was analyzed for cytokines and nitric oxide/nitrite. and inflammatory cells were counted. The time-weighted average of MDF dust was 1.4 mg/m3 in the workers' breathing zones. MDF board dust was composed mainly of particles exceeding 10 microm in diameter. The MDF board dust released formaldehyde in concentration of about 1000 microg/g when extracted with water for 6 hours at 37 degrees C. The cell counts and cytokine levels of the nasal lavage fluid samples did not show statistically significant differences between the workers exposed to MDF board dust and those exposed to other wood dusts. Nevertheless, two MDF-exposed workers had a considerable increase in the proportion of eosinophils and cytokine levels. Several workers exposed to MDF and wood dusts experienced nasal, eye, and skin symptoms at the end of a work shift. Both exposed groups had significantly more nasal symptoms, although the median dust level was only 1.2 mg/m3, considerably less than the occupational exposure limit for wood dust in Finland. Nasal symptoms were more frequent among workers exposed to MDF board dust and did not correlate with smoking. Our results suggest that the occupational exposure limit of 5 mg/m3 is probably too high for MDF board dust.     

某木制家具制造企业职业病危害因素的检测与分析

目的了解某木制家具制造企业的职业病危害因素,为制定防护对策提供理论依据。方法依照国家职业卫生标准和规范,通过现场职业卫生学调查,对主要职业病危害因素进行检测与评价。结果手工打磨工位空气中木粉尘浓度较高,时间加权平均浓度波动幅度为9.5～14.0 mg/m3;表面清洁岗位空气中正己烷浓度全部超标,空气样品中检出正己烷短时间接触浓度最大值为675 mg/m3;在板材存放区域与板材加工车间,空气样品中检出甲醛最高浓度为0.65 mg/m3,合格率仅为27.8%;36个作业点噪声强度超过国家职业卫生标准,作业点合格率仅为21.7%。结论木制家具制造业中职业病危害的关键控制因素为木粉尘、正己烷、甲醛、噪声,应合理改善作业环境,加强个人防护,防止职业病发生。     

Respirable crystalline silica dust exposure during concrete finishing (grinding) using hand-held grinders in the construction industry

Studies reporting the findings of exposure to crystalline silica dust during concrete finishing in construction settings are scarce due to the dynamic nature of the activity and the existence of many confounding factors. This study was initiated to explore the issue. A total of 49 personal respirable dust samples were collected during concrete finishing while workers used hand-held grinders. Only 15 (31%) of the grinders were equipped with local exhaust ventilation (LEV) systems. The confounding factors (e.g. wind velocity, wind direction, relative humidity and ambient temperature) were determined. To make the sampling task-specific, air sampling was activated only during actual grinding. Task-specific sampling times during each work shift ranged from 10 to 200 min. The concentration of total respirable particulate ranged from 0.34 to 81 mg/m3, with a mean +/- SD of 18.6 +/- 20.4 mg/m3, and the concentration of crystalline silica in the samples ranged from 0.02 to 7.1 mg/m3, with a mean +/- SD of 1.16 +/- 1.36 mg/m3. LEV on the grinders reduced the silica dust level significantly (P < 0.01) compared to grinders without LEV. Increased wind velocity also reduced the silica dust concentration significantly (P < 0.03). Working upwind reduced the exposure to silica dust compared to working downwind, but the difference was not statistically significant. The time-weighted average concentration of silica dust in 69% of the samples exceeded the current recommended threshold limit value of 0.05 mg/m3, indicating a strong need to devise methods for controlling workers' exposure to crystalline silica dust during concrete finishing activities.     

某市木质家具制造企业木粉尘危害对工人肺通气功能影响的调查

  目的  探讨某市木质家具制造企业木粉尘危害现状及其对工人肺功能的影响。
  方法  选择某市职业健康监管平台中3家木质家具制造企业产生木粉尘的岗位及其生产工人作为研究对象,测定粉尘接触岗位中木粉尘的浓度。调查所有工人的基本情况,并用SinBo肺通气功能仪测定其肺通气功能。
  结果  共检测56个接尘岗位,其中21个岗位（占37.50%）的木粉尘浓度超标。56个接尘岗位木粉尘的平均浓度为（1.76 ± 0.32）mg/m3,其中锣机、车床、开料岗位的木粉尘浓度较高。本次研究共调查接触木粉尘工人411名,肺通气功能正常370名（占90.02%）,有肺通气功能障碍41名（占9.98%）。logistic回归分析结果显示:接尘浓度、工龄每增加一个等级,工人肺通气功能障碍发生风险分别增加3.52、3.42倍（P < 0.05）。吸烟、年龄对工人肺通气功能也有重要影响。
  结论  某市木质家具制造企业木粉尘浓度较高,对工人肺通气功能造成了影响。应加强生产工艺的改革和对木粉尘危害的工程控制,加强对接触较高浓度木粉尘、工龄较长工人的职业健康检查,预防肺部疾病的发生。
     

Evaluation of workers' exposure to total, respirable and silica dust and the related health symptoms in Senjedak stone quarry, Iran

The present research was conducted in a stone quarry of marble located in northeast of Iran. Time weighted average of total dust, respirable dust, and crystalline silica (alpha-quartz) concentration in workers' breathing zone were monitored by using both gravimetric and XRD methods. The results showed that the employees working in hammer drill process had the highest exposure to the total and respirable dust: 107.9 +/- 8.0 mg/m3, 11.2 +/- 0.77 mg/m3 respectively, while the cutting machine workers had the lowest exposure (9.3 +/- 3.0 mg/m3, 1.8 +/- 0.82 mg/m3). The maximum concentration of a-quartz in total and respirable dust were detected equal to 0.670 +/- 8.49 x 10(-2) and 5.7 x 10(-2) +/- 1.6 x 10(-2) mg/m3 respectively, which belonged to the exposure of the workers of hammer drill process. The prevalence of skin and respiratory symptoms were higher in hammer drill workers, however, respiratory symptoms showed no significant prevalence. Regarding the average age of workers (31.6 +/- 1.9 yr) and average of their work history (3.8 +/- 1.0 yr), these results were predictable.