2017年山东省部分地区玉米及其制品中白僵菌素和恩镰孢菌素污染调查

目的 调查山东省部分地区2017年产玉米及其制品中六酯肽类真菌毒素,包括白僵菌素(BEA)和恩镰孢菌素(ENNs)中恩镰孢菌素A(ENA)、恩镰孢菌素A₁(ENA₁)、恩镰孢菌素B(ENB)和恩镰孢菌素B₁(ENB₁)的污染情况。方法 从山东省东部、西部、南部和中部四个地区采集2017年产玉米及其制品158份,样品经乙腈-水(85∶15,V/V)提取、固相萃取柱净化后高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定5种毒素的含量。结果 BEA是158份样品中的主要污染毒素,其阳性率和平均值分别为82.3%(130/158)和65.26 μg/kg,4种ENNs的阳性率和平均值分别为ENA:55.1%(87/158)和0.28 μg/kg,ENA₁:8.2%(13/158)和0.62 μg/kg,ENB:3.8%(6/158)和1.19 μg/kg,ENB₁:56.3%(89/158)和0.13 μg/kg。玉米粒、玉米粉和玉米碴中5种毒素的平均值分别为BEA:46.96、86.45和0.17 μg/kg,ENA:0.13、0.35和0.06 μg/kg,ENA₁:0.14、0.76和0.00 μg/kg,ENB:0.23、2.15和0.00 μg/kg,ENB₁:0.21、0.15和0.08 μg/kg。东部地区样品中BEA的污染最严重,其阳性率和平均值分别为87.0%(87/100)和95.75 μg/kg;除南部地区ENA和ENB₁的阳性率较高(均为91.3%,21/23)外,4种ENNs在其他3个地区阳性率均较低,且4种ENNs在4个地区的平均值均低于BEA。结论 山东省部分地区玉米及其制品可受5种六酯肽类真菌毒素的污染,BEA的污染水平高于4种ENNs的污染水平;毒素污染存在种类和地域差异,建议在山东省开展大范围监测的基础上,重点监测东部沿海地区玉米及其制品中BEA的含量。     

食品中白僵菌素和恩镰孢菌素的污染情况及分析方法研究进展

介绍了食品中白僵菌素(beauvericin,BEA)和包括恩镰孢菌素A(enniatin A,ENA)、恩镰孢菌素A_1(enniatin A_1,ENA_1)、恩镰孢菌素B(enniatin B,ENB)、恩镰孢菌素B_1(enniatin B_1,ENB_1)在内的4种主要的恩镰孢菌素(enniatins,ENNs)的分类、毒性和分析方法,尤其是前处理方式和各方法定量限的研究进展。综述了西班牙、摩洛哥、意大利、日本等部分国家食品中BEA和4种ENNs的污染状况以及这5种毒素与其他主要真菌毒素的协同污染情况。提出了建立针对复杂食品基质中BEA和ENNs测定的高效液相色谱-串联质谱法。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定燕麦粉和小米粉中白僵菌素和恩镰孢菌素

目的 建立一种超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定谷物性食品燕麦粉和小米粉中白僵菌素（beauvericin,BEA）、恩镰孢菌素A（enniatin A,ENA）、恩镰孢菌素A1（enniatin A1,ENA1）、恩镰孢菌素B（enniatin B,ENB）、恩镰孢菌素B1（enniatin B1,ENB1）残留的分析方法。方法 样品采用乙腈-水-甲酸（84:15:1,V/V/V）提取、经过Oasis Prime HLB固相萃取柱净化后,Waters BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm)分离,在正离子模式下,以5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在多反应监测模式下进行定性定量检测分析,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。结果 BEA和4种恩镰孢菌素在各自的线性范围内具有良好的线性关系(r2>0.999),方法检出限为0.02~0.05 μg/kg,定量限为0.05~0.15 μg/kg。按线性范围的最低浓度、中浓度和最高浓度3个水平进行加标回收实验,燕麦粉和小米粉的平均回收率分别是83.6%~105.2%和88.5%~104.2%,相对标准偏差分别为1.3%~8.2%和1.3%~3.2% (n=6)。对北京市采集的10份燕麦粉和10份小米粉样品进行检测,5种化合物均有不同程度检出,其中,ENB和ENB1的检出率为100%。结论 本方法简单快速、准确性好、灵敏度高,可以实现对燕麦粉和小面粉中白僵菌素和恩镰孢菌素进行准确的定性定量。     

玉米及其制品和小麦及其制品中白僵菌素和恩镰孢菌素的高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法的建立

目的建立了玉米及其制品和小麦及其制品中白僵菌素(beauvericin,BEA)、恩镰孢菌素A(enniatin A,ENA)、恩镰孢菌素A_1(enniatin A_1,ENA_1)、恩镰孢菌素B(enniatin B,ENB)和恩镰孢菌素B_1(enniatin B_1,ENB_1)的高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。方法样品经乙腈-水(85∶15,V/V)提取、室温静置、固相萃取柱净化后,以2 mmol/L乙酸铵水-乙腈作为流动相,采用电喷雾电离正离子多反应监测模式进行检测。结果该方法对玉米及其制品和小麦及其制品中BEA和4种恩镰孢菌素(ENNs)的检出限范围分别为0.01~0.12和0.02~0.21μg/kg,定量限范围分别为0.02~0.44和0.05~0.68μg/kg,平均加标回收率范围分别为91.6%~149.7%和100.5%~128.2%,基质抑制或增强效应分别为88.0%~101.5%和55.8%~106.5%,且BEA和4种ENNs在所测基质中线性关系和精密度良好,相关系数均0.99,相对标准偏差均15%。结论所建立的方法操作简便、灵敏度高、准确性好,可用于玉米及其制品和小麦及其制品中BEA和4种ENNs的测定。     

甘肃省2022年市售小麦粉中4种恩镰孢菌素污染情况调查

目的 调查2022年甘肃省市售小麦粉中恩镰孢菌素（ENNs）污染情况。方法 采集甘肃省15个市（州、区）市售小麦粉样品80份,按照《国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》方法检测,对所得数据进行统计学分析。结果 2022年甘肃省市售小麦粉中4种ENNs检出率由高到低依次为ENNB（11/80,13.75%）、ENNB1（9/80,11.25%）、ENNA与ENNA1均为（6/80,7.50%）。甘肃省15个市（州、区）地区小麦粉中除武威、白银和定西的小麦粉样品中未检测出任何一种ENNs外,其余12个地区均至少检测出一种ENNs。结论 2022年甘肃省市售小麦粉中4种ENNs均有检出,但含量低于国内外已报道的研究,证明甘肃省市售小麦粉中ENNs污染程度较低。     

不同基质中蝉花产白僵菌素研究

目的 将蝉花菌种接种于不同基质培养一定时间后,检测培养物中白僵菌素和恩镰孢菌素含量.方法 将一株蝉花菌种分别接种于4种液体培养基和4种固体培养基中,25℃下连续培养1～7周,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蝉花培养物中的白僵菌素和恩镰孢菌素.结果 该株蝉花在4种液体培养基上培养不同时间后,白僵菌素的检出率在42.9%～...     

镰孢菌毒素的主要类型及其收获前后的生物防控方法

镰孢菌毒素是镰孢菌属真菌产生的多种有毒性的次级代谢产物的总称,在自然界中分布极为广泛,是常见的污染粮食和饲料的真菌毒素种类,严重威胁人畜健康.近年来镰孢菌毒素污染粮食和饲料的问题日益严重,已成为普遍关注的食品安全和饲料安全热点问题之一.由于农产品收获后的物理、化学脱毒方法存在着脱毒不彻底、营养成分流失以及化学试剂残留对...     

温度和pH对不同镰刀菌生长及产毒的影响

以从小麦、玉米、大米、大麦等作物中分离得到的12株不同种类的镰刀菌菌株为研究对象,探究不同温度和p H对其生长及产毒的影响。结果表明,镰刀菌在10~35℃和p H3~11范围内均能够生长,最适温度为20~30℃,最适p H为6~8。供试镰刀菌能够产生的毒素主要为A型单端孢霉烯族毒素、B型单端孢霉烯族毒素、伏马毒素和镰刀菌酸,产毒温度为5~40℃,但不同菌株的最适产毒温度存在差异;产毒过程受p H影响较大,过酸(p H3~5)及过碱(p H9~11)的条件下均未检测到任何毒素。总体上看,不同种类镰刀菌产毒类型存在差异,毒素产量受温度和p H影响比生长更大,且大多数菌株的生长与产毒最适条件并不一致。      

小麦产毒病原菌及其毒素防控的研究进展

小麦是全球第二大粮食作物,每年因病害造成小麦严重减产,品质下降。一些病原菌还能够产生真菌毒素,进一步危害小麦及其制品的质量安全,对人畜健康造成巨大危害。由镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病是我国最主要的小麦病害之一,由交链孢引起的小麦黑胚病也备受关注。这2种真菌既能引起小麦病害,又能产生真菌毒素,故称之为产毒病害。镰刀菌产生的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)、伏马菌素等和交链孢产生的交链孢酚(alternariol,AOH)、交链孢酚单甲醚(alternariol monomethyl ether,AME)和细交链格孢酮酸(tenuazonic acid,Te A)等是2类病原菌产生的主要真菌毒素。本文综述了能引起小麦产毒病害的镰刀菌和交链孢的特点、真菌毒素以及病害和毒素的防控技术,尤其是2类病原菌引起的小麦病害和真菌毒素的防控。这将为后期防治小麦产毒病害及控制毒素产生的研究提供有利参考。     

Evaluation of enniatins A,A1, B,B1 and beauvericin in Portuguese cereal-based foods

Sixty-one samples of Portuguese cereal-based foods were analysed for the occurrence of emerging mycotoxins called enniatins (A, A1, B and B1) and beauvericin. Samples were extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile/water (85/15, v/v) using an Ultra-Turrax homogeniser, and mycotoxins were detected with liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. This method was validated and adequate values of recovery (70–103%) and relative standard deviation (<15%) were obtained. Signal suppression/enhancement was studied and matrix-matched calibration used to minimise this effect, but no additional clean-up step was necessary. The mass spectrometer was operated in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode and with selected transitions for each compound to quantify and to qualify them. Fifty-nine per cent of samples were contaminated. The percentages of enniatins were 53%, 49%, 44% and 16% for A1, B, B1, and A, respectively, and for beauvericin it was 1.6%. For the total samples, the mean contamination was 30, 24, 15, 2.1 and 0.1?ng?g^?1 for enniatins A1, B, B1 and A, and beauvericin, respectively. The wheat-based samples showed higher levels and greater prevalence than any other cereals monitored. These results were used to estimate the daily intake of ENs from wheat-based cereal by the Portuguese population. At the same time, the usefulness of this method in the analysis of other important mycotoxins (aflatoxin B₁, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, fumonisin B₁ and zearalenone) was evaluated.     

Presence and concentrations of the Fusarium-related mycotoxins beauvericin, enniatins and moniliformin in finnish grain samples

Fusarium mycotoxins beauvericin, enniatins (A, A1, B, B1) and moniliformin were analysed in 38 Finnish grain samples (14 wheat, 22 barley, one rye, one oats) harvested in 2001-02. The contaminating Fusarium species were identified with the primer-specific polymerase chain reaction as well as with morphological studies. All the studied mycotoxins were found in the samples. Enniatins B and B1 were detected in all samples, and enniatin A, enniatin A1, beauvericin and moniliformin in 74, 95, 95 and 74% of the samples, respectively. There were higher concentrations of the mycotoxins analysed in 2001 compared with 2002. The highest levels of mycotoxins were detected in samples harvested late in the autumn after a long rainy period. Fusarium avenaceum was the most abundant Fusarium species in Finland during both years (0-29.5%) measured as infected kernels. A significant correlation was found between F. avenaceum contamination level and the concentration levels of enniatins B and B1, as well as moniliformin.     

Determination of Fusarium mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins (A,A1, B,B1) in eggs of laying hens using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)

An existing sample preparation technique used for the determination of ionophoric coccidiostats was modified to permit the analysis of Fusarium mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins in egg samples. The validation results indicated that the sample preparation method developed is well applicable to the determination of the related compounds in eggs. The presence and contamination levels of beauvericin and enniatins A, A1, B and B1 were studied in Finnish egg samples in 2004–2005. The egg sample analyses (112 whole eggs and 367 egg yolk) revealed that the occurrence of beauvericin as well as enniatins B and B1 is very common in Finnish eggs. The contaminations were, however, in most cases in trace-levels (<limit of quantification). Enniatin A and A1 were not found in any of the whole egg samples, and furthermore enniatin B1 was present only in samples from 2004. The general contamination levels of beauvericin and enniatins in whole egg samples were similar in 2004 and 2005. The prevalence and concentration levels of mycotoxins were higher in the market samples (egg yolk) as compared to samples collected in the national residue monitoring programme (whole egg) samples suggesting that there may be bioaccumulation of these mycotoxin contaminants in egg yolk. This is the first study to report the presence of Fusarium mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins in egg samples.     

采收期谷物中真菌毒素产毒菌的筛选鉴定

为筛选东北地区采收期小麦、玉米和水稻中的真菌毒素产毒菌,以酶联免疫吸附测定、超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术和聚合酶链式反应为分析工具,通过真菌分离、液体培养、产毒菌初筛、产毒性定性分析和分离菌的基因序列比对,筛选出产玉米赤霉烯酮、呕吐毒素和伏马毒素的产毒菌6?株,经DNA分析鉴定,分别属于Fusarium asiaticum、F. poae、F. graminearum和F. fujikuroi 4?种真菌。本实验结果为我国针对性的防控粮食中产毒性真菌污染提供了基础性实验数据。