表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯在皮肤光老化炎症反应中的研究进展

皮肤在吸收过量紫外线后引起的红肿、晒斑、皱纹等一系列现象被称为皮肤光老化。表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)作为茶叶中生物效应最强的组分,除了具有抗氧化、抗突变和抑制肿瘤形成和迁移的作用外,在抗炎方面也有着显著作用。研究表明在紫外线引起的皮肤炎症反应中EGCG可以通过直接(清除炎症小体和炎症标记物)和间接(抑制NF-κB、TNF-α、Notch等炎症信号转导通路)的方式保护皮肤细胞免受炎症损伤;此外EGCG还可以通过抑制诱导型一氧化氮合酶基因(iNOS)的表达和NO的生成,减轻NO引起的炎症反应。     

Probiotics: The scientific evidence in the context of inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) generally comprises Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and their main characteristic is the intestinal mucosa inflammation. Although its origin is not yet fully known, there is growing evidence related to genetics, intestinal microbiota composition, and the immune system factors such as precursors for the initiation and progression of intestinal conditions. The use of certain probiotic microorganisms has been touted as a possible and promising therapeutic approach in reducing the risk of inflammatory bowel disease, specifically ulcerative colitis. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the benefits of probiotics, indicating that some bacterial strains are able to positively modulate the intestinal microbiota and the immune system, and to produce metabolites with anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this paper is to bring together the various results and information, based on scientific evidence, that are related to probiotics and inflammatory bowel disease, emphasizing the possible mechanisms involved in this action.     

Diosgenin attenuates inflammatory changes in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages

Obese adipose tissues are characterized by the enhanced infiltration of macrophages. It is considered that the paracrine loop involving monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and the free fatty acid between adipocytes and macrophages establishes a vicious cycle that aggravates inflammatory changes and insulin resistance in obese adipose tissues. Diosgenin, a saponin aglycon found in a variety of plants, has anti‐inflammatory properties. In the present study, we examined the effect of diosgenin on the inflammatory changes in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages. A coculture of 3T3‐L1 adipocytes and RAW 264 macrophages markedly enhanced the production of tumor necrosis factor‐α, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, and nitric oxide compared with the sum of their single cultures; however, treatment with diosgenin inhibited the production of these proinflammatory mediators. Diosgenin also suppressed the inflammation in RAW 264 macrophages that was induced by the conditioned medium derived from 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, diosgenin inhibited the conditioned medium‐induced degradation of inhibitor κB and the phosphorylation of c‐jun N‐terminal kinase in macrophages. These results indicate that diosgenin exhibits anti‐inflammatory properties in the interaction of adipocytes and macrophages by inhibiting the inflammatory signals in macrophages. Diosgenin may be useful for ameliorating the inflammatory changes in obese adipose tissues.     

The role of dietary polyphenols in the moderation of the inflammatory response in early stage colorectal cancer

Current focus in colorectal cancer (CRC) management is on reducing overall mortality by increasing the number of early-stage cancers diagnosed and treated with curative intent. Despite the success of screening programs in down-staging CRC, interval cancer rates are substantial and other strategies are desirable. Sporadic CRC is largely associated with lifestyle factors including diet. Polyphenols are phytochemicals ingested as part of a normal diet, which are abundant in plant foods including fruits/berries and vegetables. These may exert their anti-carcinogenic effects via the modulation of inflammatory pathways. Key signal transduction pathways are fundamental to the association of inflammation and disease progression including those mediated by NF-κB and STAT, PI3K and COX. Our aim was to examine the evidence for the effect of dietary polyphenols intake on tumor and host inflammatory responses to determine if polyphenols may be effective as part of a dietary intervention. There is good epidemiological evidence of a reduction in CRC risk from case-control and cohort studies assessing polyphenol intake. It would be premature to suggest a major public health intervention to promote their consumption; however, dietary change is safe and feasible, emphasizing the need for further investigation of polyphenols and CRC risk.     

膳食多酚改善炎症性肠病的作用机制研究进展

文章概述了膳食多酚通过调节氧化应激、保护肠黏膜屏障、调节肠道菌群及代谢物改善炎症性肠病的作用机制,重点阐述了膳食多酚对炎症性肠病炎症信号通路的调节作用,并展望了膳食多酚在炎症性肠病等疾病营养干预领域的研究方向。     

Mathematical model of the acute inflammatory response to Escherichia coli in intramammary challenge

We constructed a mathematical model of the early response to Escherichia coli infection of the mammary gland and explored the roles and interactions between inflammatory cells and bacteria. The model incorporates 3 equations that describe the interactions among bacteria, milk somatic cells, and blood leukocyte densities. These 3 equations were fitted to cell densities observed during acute inflammatory responses in unvaccinated and vaccinated heifers inoculated with 10⁴ or 10⁶ cfu of E. coli. The rates computed for the cellular transit from the storage sites to the blood and from the blood to the milk were lower in cows receiving 10⁴ cfu but increased at approximately 6 × 10⁻⁶ and 30 × 10⁻⁶ μL/cfu per h in nonvaccinated or vaccinated cows inoculated with 10⁶ cfu, respectively. The cellular rates of bacterial killing were highest in unvaccinated cows (∼400 × 10⁻⁶ μL/cell per h) when compared with vaccinated cows (200 to 300 × 10⁻⁶ μL/cell per h). A critical density of milk somatic cells at which bacteria density is constant was computed from the model at 2 × 10⁶ cells/mL, and a one-way sensitivity analysis revealed that the changes in milk cellular densities were mostly sensitive to variations in the rate of bacterial killing and in the rate of production of inflammatory cells.     

Availability of blueberry phenolics for microbial metabolism in the colon and the potential inflammatory implications

Blueberries are a rich source of phenylpropanoid-derived phytochemicals, widely studied for their potential health benefits. Of particular interest for colonic health are the lower molecular weight phenolic acids and their derivatives, as these are the predominant phenolic compounds detected in the colon. Blueberries contained a wide variety of phenolic acids, the majority of which (3371.14 +/- 422.30 mg/kg compared to 205.06 +/- 45.34 mg/kg for the free phenolic acids) were attached to other plant cell-wall components and therefore, likely to become available in the colon. Cytokine-induced stimulation of the inflammatory pathways in colon cells was four-fold up-regulated in the presence of the free phenolic acid fraction. Incubation of the bound phenolic acids with human faecal slurries resulted in qualitative and quantitative differences in the phenolic compounds recovered. The metabolites obtained by incubation with faecal slurries from one volunteer significantly decreased (1.67 +/- 0.69 ng/cm(3)) prostanoid production, whereas an increase (10.78 +/- 5.54 ng/cm(3)) was obtained with faecal slurries from another volunteer. These results suggest that any potential protective effect of blueberry phenolics as anti-inflammatory agents in the colon is a likely result of microbial metabolism. Studies addressing a wide-range of well-characterised human volunteers will be required before such health claims can be fully established.     

Meloxicam affects the inflammatory responses of bovine mammary epithelial cells

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used as supportive therapy with antimicrobial treatments for mastitis in cows to alleviate pain of the inflamed mammary gland. They act mainly by inhibition of cyclooxygenases. Meloxicam (MEL) is a drug designed for cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity, which is upregulated upon inflammation, acting as a key enzyme for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Although some studies in dairy cows showed positive results in recovery from mastitis when MEL was added to the treatments, direct effects of MEL on the immune system of mastitic cows are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of MEL on the immune response of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MEC) with or without simultaneous immune stimulation by pathogen-associated molecular patterns of common mastitis pathogens. Mammary epithelial cells from 4 cows were isolated and cultured. To evaluate dose effects of MEL, MEC were challenged with or without 0.2 µg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS; serotype O26:B6 from Escherichia coli) with addition of increasing concentrations of MEL (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 mg/mL). The addition of MEL prevented the increase of mRNA expression of key inflammatory factors in LPS-challenged MEC in a dose-dependent manner. To investigate the effects of MEL on pathogen-specific immune responses of MEC, treatments included challenges with LPS from E. coli and lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus with or without 1.5 mg/mL MEL for 3, 6, and 24 h. Meloxicam prevented the increase of mRNA abundance of key inflammatory mediators in response to LPS and lipoteichoic acid, such as tumor necrosis factor, serum amyloid A, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and the chemokines IL-8 and CXC chemokine ligands 3 and 5. The prostaglandin E₂ synthesis in challenged and nonchallenged cells was reduced by MEL within 24 h. Furthermore, MEL reduced the viability and consequently the total RNA yield of the cells. However, mRNA abundance of apoptosis-related enzymes was not affected by any treatment. Meloxicam had clear dose-dependent effects on the immune response of MEC to pathogen-associated molecular patterns of common mastitis pathogens by preventing increased expression of important factors involved in inflammation. This nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug also has detrimental effects on cell viability. How these effects would influence the elimination of pathogens from an infected mammary gland during mastitis therapy with meloxicam needs to be further investigated.     

Fat absorption in patients with inflammatory diseases of the large intestine and diffuse polyposis

Radioisotope method with oral administration of 131I-trioleate glycerin and 131I-oleic acid was used to study the absorption of neutral fats and fatty acids in 123 patients with ulcerative colitis, diffuse polyposis of the large intestine, and in 7 patients with ileostomy. It was found that fat secretion with feces was insignificantly higher than the normal and fluctuated within the range of 6.6-11.7%. Steatorrhea did not play a role in the development of clinical symptoms of the disease, and it might be caused by concomitant disorders in the bacterial flora. Slight disorders revealed in the fat absorption should not be considered as an obstacle to their normal use in the diet.     

Nutritional concerns in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients

In approximately one-fourth of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), disease onset occurs during childhood and adolescence. In addition to gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), children with these conditions often experience one or more nutritional complications of their disease including growth failure, delayed puberty, osteoporosis, anemia, and micronutrient deficiencies. This article provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of selected nutritional complications in pediatric IBD.     

球结膜转位术治疗视网膜脱离术后炎性巩膜坏死

炎性巩膜坏死是视网膜脱离术后罕见且预后较差的严重并发症之一,处理不当可发生眼内炎,最终眼球萎缩或剜出眼球内容物[1,2];我们采用球结膜转位术治疗视网膜脱离术后炎性巩膜坏死1例,获得满意效果,现报道如下。1病例简介患者女,34岁。因左眼视力下降伴鼻上方黑影9d以“左眼孔源     

Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the inflammatory response of bovine endometrial epithelial cells in vitro

Chronic postpartum uterine infection detrimentally affects subsequent fertility. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are used to alleviate pain and treat inflammatory conditions in transition dairy cows with varying success. To screen the efficacy of NSAID in the absence of animal experiments, we have established an in vitro model to study uterine inflammation. Inflammation was induced in cultured bovine endometrial epithelial cells by challenging cells with an inflammation cocktail: lipopolysaccharide and proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Release of the inflammation markers, serum amyloid A (SAA) and α-1-acid glycoprotein (αAGP), was measured by ELISA. Concentration of these markers was used to indicate the effectiveness in dampening inflammation of 5 NSAID: meloxicam, flunixin meglumine, aspirin, ketoprofen, and tolfenamic acid. Three NSAID, meloxicam, flunixin meglumine, and tolfenamic acid, were successful at dampening the release of SAA and αAGP into cell-culture supernatant, and the corresponding treated cells were selected for down-stream mRNA expression analysis. Expression of 192 genes involved in regulation of inflammatory pathways were investigated using Nanostring. Of the genes investigated, 81 were above the mRNA expression-analysis threshold criteria and were included in expression analysis. All SAA genes investigated (SAA2, SAA3, M-SAA3.2) were upregulated in response to the inflammation cocktail, relative to mRNA expression in control cells; however, AGP mRNA expression was below the expression analysis threshold and was, therefore, excluded from analysis. Treatment with NSAID downregulated genes involved in regulating chemokine signaling (e.g., CXCL2, CXCR4, CXCL5, and CXCL16) and genes that regulate the eicosanoid pathway (e.g., LTA4H, PTGS2, PLA2G4A, and PTGDS). Of the 5 NSAID investigated, meloxicam, flunixin meglumine, and tolfenamic acid are recommended for further investigation into treatment of postpartum uterine inflammation. The results from this study confirm the immunomodulatory properties of the endometrial epithelium in response to inflammatory stimuli and suggest that NSAID may be beneficial in alleviating uterine inflammation.