基于计算机仿真的合金元素对工具钢碳化物析出行为的影响

使用Thermo-Calc软件热力学平衡计算的方法,研究了Cr、W、Mo、V合金元素对高碳合金工具钢中碳化物析出形为的影响规律。结果表明,钢基体中析出的碳化物类型主要为M23C6、M6C、M7C3和MC,四种碳化物析出温度高低顺序为:MCM6CM7C3M23C6。随Cr含量增加,M23C6、M7C3析出温度升高,M6C、MC析出温度基本不变,各温度下碳化物含量则呈线性增多的趋势。随W含量增加,M23C6、MC析出温度基本不变,M6C、M7C3析出温度升高;W对M23C6、MC含量影响很小,而M6C、M7C3含量则呈线性增多。随Mo含量增加,M23C6、MC、M7C3析出温度基本不变,M6C析出温度升高;各温度下M23C6、MC含量略有减少,M6C含量则线性增加,M7C3析出含量则明显减少。随V含量增加,M23C6、M7C3析出温度降低,M6C析出温度基本不变,MC析出温度升高;在各温度下,M23C6、M7C3碳化物析出量线性降低,而M6C、MC含量则线性增加。     

合金元素对SKD61钢中析出相热力学的影响

采用Thermo-calc热力学计算软件,对SKD61钢在400～1600℃存在的平衡相进行了热力学计算,探讨了不同合金元素含量对回火析出相析出行为的影响,在此基础上设计出热处理工艺,并对热处理试样中的析出相经电解腐蚀后进行扫描电镜(SEM)和EDS研究。计算结果表明:SKD61钢中平衡析出相主要为MC、M7C3、M6C和M23C6,试样回火后的稳定析出相为MC和M23C6,合金元素V、C对MC相和M23C6相影响最大。SKD61钢热处理后的结果显示,该模具钢较合适的淬火温度区间为(1040±20)℃,回火温度的确定应以不出现粗大的M23C6碳化物相为宜。     

基于Thermo-Calc的马氏体耐热不锈钢析出相分析

基于Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件,研究了600℃、650℃时马氏体耐热不锈钢中Cr、W、Mo合金元素含量变化对析出相的影响。计算结果表明:钢中析出相主要为M_(23)C_6、金属间化合物Laves相和σ相。温度和合金元素Cr、W、Mo含量变化对M_(23)C_6碳化物析出影响较小,对Laves相和σ相的析出影响较大,W、Mo含量在一定范围内变化时会析出CHI相。随Cr含量增加,Laves相析出量先保持不变,但当σ相开始析出后线性减少。温度和W含量变化对σ相析出量影响较大。随Mo含量增加,Laves相析出量线性增加;600℃时当σ相开始析出后,Laves相析出量缓慢增加;650℃时无σ相析出,但当CHI相大量析出后,Laves相析出量急剧减少。     

热加工过程中Ni基变形高温合金析出相的演变规律

变形高温合金在热加工过程中的相析出行为是影响合金抗拉强度的重要因素之一。本实验对GH4738合金在热加工过程中不同阶段的 MC,M23C6,γ′相三种析出相进行跟踪研究。析出相在热加工过程中不同阶段的表现：（1）合金坯料中的主要析出相为初生MC碳化物和初生γ′相。（2）合金经热变形后,初生MC碳化物发生部分分解并析出纳米级晶内次生MC碳化物和少量晶界次生M23C6碳化物,同时析出次生γ′相。（3）合金经热处理后,初生MC碳化物进一步分解直至完全溶解,进而纳米级晶内次生MC碳化物转变为大量酒瓶状晶内次级M23C6碳化物,同时γ′相接近于完全析出,但γ′相会有小幅度的长大。     

铁基和镍基高温合金的相变规律与机理

评述了中国科学院金属研究所高温合金和金属间化合物研究组50年来对铁基和镍基高温合金相变的主要研究结果:包括凝固过程中发生的相变,如L→γ+Laves,L→γ+γ',L→γ+M3B2;沉淀反应,过饱和y固溶体中析出GCP相、碳化物和硼化物、硅化物、TCP;γ'相中的沉淀析出和MC碳化物的分解反应.     

Custom 450不锈钢平衡析出相的热力学计算

Custom 450是一种应用广泛的马氏体时效不锈钢,在工业生产中,冶炼方法和合金元素的批次差异会对其性能产生明显影响。通过Thermo-Calc热力学软件研究了不同温度下该钢的平衡相组成类型和含量,并结合室温力学性能测试,分析C、N、Nb含量的影响。结果表明：Custom 450试验钢的平衡相有α、γ、σ、NbNi3、FCC-Cu、M23C6、Nb（C,N）和少量的Z-CrNbN、Laves相和χ相;随时效温度升高,材料抗拉强度和屈服强度降低,伴随着析出相类型转变和总质量分数的减少;C、N含量提高,使合金中平衡析出的碳化物及碳氮化物质量分数增加,金属间化合物平衡量减少;Nb含量的提高对总的碳化物及碳氮化物质量分数影响较小,而会促进金属间化合物质量分数的提高。     

轧辊用新型高速钢特征温度下碳化物的析出动力学

采用示差扫描量热仪(DSC)测量了轧辊用新型高速钢材料不同类型碳化物的析出温度,并采用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)观察其典型形貌和测定其相结构.在各特征温度下,分别对轧辊用新型高速钢保温15、20、25和30 min后快冷,采用金相统计软件对碳化物的体积分数进行了统计.结果表明:轧辊用高速钢在1300℃的温度快冷后,保温25 min时MC相的体积分数有最大值;1220 ℃快冷后MC和M2C相的体积分数均在保温20 min时有最大值;1150℃快冷后MC的体积分数一直增加,M2C的体积分数在保温20 min时有最大值,25 min时有最小值,而M6C的体积分数先增加后减少,保温20 min时有最大值.     

镍基高温合金长期时效处理中碳化物的析出行为

对长期时效处理后的Inconcl 751合金析出的碳化物组织进行了观察，结果表明：合金在700℃时析出的碳化物类型为M23C6，在850℃时析出的碳化物类型为MC；在长期时效中，合金存在不同类型碳化物之间的转变．较低温度时向M23C6型碳化物转变，较高温度时向MC型碳化物转变。     

K40S合金高温时效过程中二次碳化物的沉淀析出行为

研究了K40S合金在950℃时效100h后二次碳化物M23C6,M6C的沉淀析出行为,结果表明,元素间的直接反应是合金中二次碳化物M23C6。M6C的沉淀析出机制,初生碳化物M7C3作为碳源,其蜕变分解促进反应时间的进行。同时,二次碳物M6C的沉淀析出还与铸态组织中W的富集有关,其所需的金属原子M主要来源于铸态合金W的富集区。     

AL6XN奥氏体钢的时效析出研究

采用电子显微术对AL6XN奥氏体不锈钢在500～750℃经过最长3600 h时效后的析出进行研究。结果显示,试验钢在500～550℃没有析出物产生;在600℃时效后,奥氏体晶界析出碳化物。当温度升高到650～750℃,大量的析出物出现在奥氏体晶界以及晶粒内部,通过选区电子衍射及能谱分析表明AL6XN奥氏体钢的析出物为σ与Laves相的金属间化合物。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.