偏好市场下制造 /再制造系统最优生产决策

从消费者对再制造产品和新产品有着不同的需求偏好入手, 引入市场需求偏好函数, 构建单一垄断生产商利润最大化的带约束生产决策模型, 探讨偏好市场下的两期和无限期的最优产量 -价格决策策略.此外, 通过对再制造经济优化模型的数据模拟, 分析消费者偏好系数对生产商利润、成本节约、产品价格的影响, 为生产商的生产决策, 以及政府如何影响消费者偏好决策提供指导建议     

考虑顾客偏好的双渠道闭环供应链定价与协调决策

在双渠道闭环供应链背景下,基于消费者对传统零售渠道和网络直销渠道需求偏好的不一致,考虑渠道之间的竞争,研究了双渠道闭环供应链的定价及协调决策。首先,在分散化决策模式下分别建立了制造商领导的Stackelberg博弈、制造商和零售商Bertrand竞争博弈模型,得到了不同决策模式下的均衡解,并分析了消费者偏好程度、再制造成本节约等参数对节点企业定价决策和利润的影响。然后,以集中化决策下的均衡结果为基准,运用一种简单的价格机制和利润分享机制相联合实现了双渠道闭环供应链的完美协调。最后,通过数值模拟仿真分析了消费者偏好系数对节点企业利润及渠道总利润的影响。     

基于旧件质量和“以旧换再”补贴的分级定价研究

以旧换再补贴政策已经在我国试点施行，相关原型新品和再制品的市场购买行为和企业定价决策受此影响。根据传统销售和售后渠道以及消费者持有旧件质量的不同细分市场，考虑到消费者的"以旧换再"偏好程度构建了制造商分级定价利润模型并分段优化，得到了"以旧换再"补贴下的最优分级定价决策，面向企业给出了旧件分级再制造的成本条件，面向政府给出了授予企业产品补贴资格的参考依据。考虑到再制造领先企业和一般企业再制造条件的不同，采用算例分析展示了补贴对领先企业及一般企业再制造分级定价决策的影响，并分析了消费者"以旧换再"偏好程度的变化对企业分级再制造决策的影响。结果表明，分级定价可以提高再制造系统的整体利润；换购补贴对促进再制造领先企业与一般企业再制造体系发展的积极作用不同，政府应根据产业及企业特点结合其他举措选择实施补贴的时机和补贴比例。     

规模不经济下互惠偏好对闭环供应链的影响研究

本文考虑闭环供应链成员的互惠偏好行为,在生产规模不经济下分析互惠偏好行为对闭环供应链的影响,构建了包含供应商和规模不经济生产商的闭环供应链模型,分别探讨了无互惠偏好情形以及双向互惠偏好情形。研究发现,规模不经济会降低回收率和系统利润;系统成员的互惠偏好行为总会提高对方的利润,而降低自身的利润;供应商的互惠偏好总会提高系统利润,渠道效率和消费者剩余,而生产商互惠偏好产生的影响还取决于供应商的互惠态度;仅生产商具互惠偏好时,系统总利润不变;一定条件下,互惠偏好行为会对环境造成影响,但是,该行为能够有效提高整个社会的总福利。     

再制造不确定的MR闭环供应链系统建模与仿真研究

为了探讨再制造逆向物流对供应链成员企业以及系统整体的影响,利用控制理论对原产品生产商和下游零售商组成的MR两级闭环供应链系统进行研究,建立随机再制造环境下的系统动态模型,探讨分散决策下生产商与下游零售商之间的闭环供应链运作问题。通过计算机仿真研究MR系统的动态行为和运行规律,分析再制造战略对原产品生产商和下游零售商生产运作的影响,探讨逆向物流的不确定性、回收率以及提前期因素对MR系统经济收益的影响。研究结果表明,当原产品生产商从事废旧产品回收再制造时,其新产品生产环节会因逆向物流的不确定性出现明显波动,这种负面影响会波及到下游零售商,但是相对生产商本身而言,再制造对下游零售商的影响较轻微。从经济层面看,提高产品回收率、降低再制造环节的不确定性可以达到改善系统绩效的目的,尽可能保持新产品生产过程与再制造过程的同步有助于提升成员企业以及系统的总利润。     

无偏好市场下制造/再制造系统最优生产决策

尽管再制造可以重新获得产品的附加价值,但是再制造产品和新产品具有一定的替代性,厂商在各期应该采用何种生产策略?本文选取单一制造厂商,首先讨论无偏好市场下两期再制造最优生产策略,建立厂商利润最大化的经济优化模型;然后给出了再制造成本节约临界值,以便厂商在不同的再制造成本区域内采取合适的价格和产量决策策略;进而将模型拓展,研究无限期的最优产量和定价策略。由于不同产品的再制造成本节约s的比例并不相同,本文通过优化所得的结论进行数据模拟,研究产品回收率和降级率对s*的影响,s对厂商的产量、定价决策及利润的影响,进而分析降级率对产量和价格的影响,为厂商制定产品设计、生产和回收决策提供依据。     

基于政府补贴的制造企业生产战略决策研究北大核心CSCDCSSCI

政府环境规制是推进再制造产业发展的重要政策。针对制造企业再制造生产战略实施动力不足的现实国情,设计政府直接补贴制造企业与直接补贴消费者两种不同的激励契约。考虑消费者对再制造产品的偏好程度,基于两种不同补贴方式分别建立政府与制造企业博弈的双层规划模型。比较分析两种补贴方式下政府补贴力度分别对制造企业实施再制造生产战略的影响,讨论各参数变化对制造企业决策和收益的影响。研究表明:政府加大对制造企业的补贴力度,将降低再制造产品市场价格,加大对消费者补贴力度,将提高再制造产品市场价格;政府两种不同的补贴激励机制均增加再制造产品市场占有率,提高制造企业收益。研究结论对再制造产业发展初期政府环境规制的制定和制造企业的运营决策具有现实指导意义。     

考虑奢侈与环保偏好的再制造品最优定价策略

把奢侈、环保偏好消费者考虑到再制造品市场需求中,研究了奢侈与环保消费者构成市场的再制造品最优定价策略,发现奢侈与环保偏好消费者比例不同的市场再制造品最优定价存在差异,并且差异价格随着消费者比例不同有所不同;同时发现在价格歧视的边界上,即奢侈消费者与绿色消费者比例存在某种特定关系时,差异价格可以获得相同的利润,却可以得到不同再制造品数量,这为制造商在利润不受损下,实现社会环保目标、提升绿色形象创造了一条路径。然后根据上述的不同的市场结构特征,建议制造商采取相应价格歧视策略,并通过算例验证了上述的结论。     

考虑顾客策略行为和产品质量的闭环供应链决策模型

策略型的顾客对于不同质量的产品以及不同时间的产品会有不同的估值和支付意愿,企业在进行决策时应当考虑顾客的策略性行为。建立了由一个制造商(即原始设备制造商)和一个独立的再制造商以及一组策略型顾客组成的闭环供应链模型,利用动态博弈理论分析了当由独立的再制造商负责回收旧产品并进行再制造时顾客策略行为和再制造品的质量水平对闭环供应链的产品价格、利润、消费者剩余的影响。研究结果表明,当顾客的策略程度增加时,制造商的利润减少,再制造商的利润和消费者剩余增加。当再制造品的质量水平增加时,制造商的利润降低,再制造商的利润先增加后降低,消费者剩余增加。     

关税、权力结构与消费者偏好下的绿色供应链决策研究

考虑关税、供应链权力结构以及消费者绿色偏好，分别构建制造商主导和零售商主导的两级跨国绿色供应链模型，比较分析关税、权力结构和消费者绿色偏好对绿色供应链决策的影响。研究发现，关税的征收会降低产品绿色度，减少供应链成员及供应链利润。但是消费者绿色偏好的增加可以抵消关税带来的部分负面影响。制造商主导的权力结构相比零售商主导的权力结构更不利于产品绿色度的提高。供应链企业利润受到关税税率水平、供应链权力结构以及产品绿色成本系数的综合影响，供应链主导地位不能一直为主导者带来更多的利润。最后，数值算例比较分析了消费者不同绿色偏好情景下的供应链决策和利润差异。     

考虑消费者网购体验滞后的产品定价研究

随着电子商务技术的发展，网络购物越来越便利。与此同时，网络购物带来的产品体验滞后也导致了消费者对产品的认知不确定性。而这种不确定性正在成为消费者策略性退货行为的主要原因，如消费者同时购买多件具有横向差异的产品，在收到货物后经亲身体验后保留一件而将其他产品退货。本文通过构建Hotelling模型，探讨了企业在考虑此种影响情况下的最优定价策略，分析得出：当消费者的退货成本增加时，企业最优定价也随之增加；消费者对产品的先验效用差异化越小，企业的最优定价也越低。同时发现，若某种产品无消费者单独购买，企业的最优定价会随消费者偏好的增加而增加；而当两种产品均有消费者单独购买且消费者退货成本较大时，企业的最优定价不但不会随消费者偏好的增加而提高，反而会随消费者偏好增加而减少。此外，本文给出了消费者策略性退货行为存在的临界条件，当消费者的退货成本高于这一临界条件时消费者的策略退货行为将消失。     

搜索引擎用户对商品搜索结果的点击行为研究

探索消费者利用搜索引擎进行商品搜索时对于搜索出来的结果条目的点击行为。基于启发式和系统式信息处理模式理论,构建一个研究模型,即消费者对商品的熟悉程度会影响其在搜索结果中的点击位置,通过设计和实施两个实验室实验,以有上网经验的在校大学生为实验对象,对提出的模型和假说进行检验。研究结果表明,对于不同产品的搜索结果,消费者对于搜索结果的点击位置有显著差异。具体地说,对于消费者熟悉的那些产品,他们更多地点击靠近中间位置的选项,而对于消费者不太熟悉的商品,他们更多地点击搜索结果中比较靠前的选项。     

Product Positioning Using a Self‐Organizing Map and the Rings of Influence

In this article, we propose a new product positioning method based on the neural network methodology of a self‐organizing map. The method incorporates the concept of rings of influence, where a firm evaluates individual consumers and decides on the intensity to pursue a consumer, based on the probability that this consumer will purchase a competing product. The method has several advantages over earlier work. First, no limitations are imposed on the number of competing products and second, the method can position multiple products in multiple market segments. Using simulations, we compare the new product positioning method with a quasi‐Newton method and find that the new method always approaches the best solution obtained by the quasi‐Newton method. The quasi‐Newton method, however, is dependent on the initial positions of the new products, with the majority of cases ending in a local optimum. Furthermore, the computational time required by the quasi‐Newton method increases exponentially, while the time required by the new method is small and remains almost unchanged, when the number of new products positioned increases. We also compute the expected utility that a firm will provide consumers by offering its products. We show that as the intensity with which a firm pursues consumers increases, the new method results in near‐optimal solutions in terms of market share, but with higher expected utility provided to consumers when compared to that obtained by a quasi‐Newton method. Thus, the new method can serve as a managerial decision‐making tool to compare the short‐term market share objective with the long‐term expected utility that a firm will provide to consumers, when it positions its products and intensifies its effort to attract consumers away from competition.     

合约回收制对闭环供应链影响分析

为了提高再制造闭环供应链的运作效率,文章设计了新的回收方式——合约回收制,并研究了这种回收方式对消费者、企业和整体供应链的影响。在新产品和再造品同时存在的混合市场前提下,文章主要讨论了制造商(M模式)、经销商(R模式)和第三方回收商(3P模式)各自为回收再造主体时,合约回收制对产品定价、回收率、行业规模等因素的影响。研究结果表明:(1)消费者受益于合约回收制;(2)合约回收制壮大了闭环供应链的规模;(3)回收率与再造品评价成正比,与新产品评价成反比,其中R模式和3P模式中回收率因合约回收制而提高;(4)制造商均受益于合约回收制,但经销商和第三方需满足部分条件才可获益。     

Pricing of flexible products

The pricing of flexible products is a new price discrimination practice that can enable firms to increase revenues under capacity considerations. A flexible product is defined as a good or service with at least one product attribute not fully specified at the time of the purchase, leaving the seller with at least two alternatives for the final product design and the ability to assign consumers to one of these alternatives at a later date. Flexible products enable sellers to better utilized capacity, as well as, to segment consumers and price discriminate according to different levels of flexibility. We empirically analyze consumer purchase behavior for flexible products based on a large field study of a low-cost airline. At this low-cost airline, consumers can select the level of flexibility of the flexible product. We identify the drivers of purchase behavior by analyzing the impact of consumers?? flexibility and search behavior and the price discount of the flexible ticket. Further, we estimate the revenue and profit effects of flexible products.     

A Sales Forecast Model for Short‐Life‐Cycle Products: New Releases at Blockbuster

We develop, in this article, a sales model for movie and game products at Blockbuster. The model assumes that there are three sales components: the first is from consumers who have already committed to purchasing (or renting) a product (e.g., based on promotion of, or exposure to, the product prior to its launch); the second comes from consumers who are potential buyers of the product; and the third comes from either a networking effect on closely tied (as in a social group) potential buyers from previous buyers (in the case of movie rental and all retail products) or re‐rents (in the case of game rental). In addition, we explicitly formulate into our model dynamic interactions between these sales components, both within and across sales periods. This important feature is motivated by realism, and it significantly contributes to the accuracy of our model. The model is thoroughly tested against sales data for rental and retail products from Blockbuster. Our empirical results show that the model offers excellent fit to actual sales activity. We also demonstrate that the model is capable of delivering reasonable sales forecasts based solely on environmental data (e.g., theatrical sales, studio, genre, MPAA ratings, etc.) and actual first‐period sales. Accurate sales forecasts can lead to significant cost savings. In particular, it can improve the retail operations at Blockbuster by determining appropriate order quantities of products, which is critical in effective inventory management (i.e., it can reduce the extent of over‐stocking and under‐stocking). While our model is developed specifically for product sales at Blockbuster, we believe that with context‐dependent modifications, our modeling approach could also provide a reasonable basis for the study of sales for other short‐Life‐Cycle products.     

O2O在线回收企业再售策略研究

研究了O2O在线回收企业再售策略选择问题。研究发现:当制造商单位产品生产成本和处理商单位产品回收价格较低时,在线回收企业采取全部再售策略;当处理商单位产品回收价格居中时,在线回收企业采取部分再售策略;当处理商单位产品回收价格较高时,采取无再售策略。相对无再售行为的传统第三方回收而言,再售策略下O2O在线回收企业利润较优,故在线回收企业有动力进行再售,并且再售策略下消费者剩余优于传统第三方回收,而制造商利润降低。此外,全部再售策略下在线回收企业废旧品回收量优于传统第三方回收,有助于提升产品利用率,保护环境。     

A free gift card alternative to price discounts in the newsvendor problem

In this paper, we develop a newsvendor model in which the retailer gives “free” gift cards to consumers who purchase a regularly priced product at the end of the selling season instead of discounting the product. The model is developed for a market with patient consumers. We derive the sufficient optimality condition for the retailer's stocking level in the first period and the optimal gift card value in the second period. We also investigate the conditions under which giving gift cards results in higher expected profits than discounting the product. We find that five factors determine the effectiveness of gift cards. The first three factors are consumers' valuation per $1 of gift card, gift card redemption rates, and the average gross margin of the retailer. The last two factors are the degree to which consumers use gift cards to pay for products which they would have purchased from the retailer in the future with cash, and the additional spending above the gift card value consumers make when they redeem the card. The last two factors have a strong interaction. We also find that gift cards can be profitable when patient consumers consistently value each $1 by their redemption probability, even with 100% redemption. Numerical analysis shows that in the presence of patient consumers, increases in the redemption rate may lead to an increase in the expected profit. Similar counter-intuitive behavior of the expected profit occurs with changes in other problem parameters. The analysis also shows that gift cards' profit advantage over discounting increases with the variability of demand. The analysis also indicates that gift cards are most effective for low to medium priced products sold by high margin retailers.     

考虑消费者效用与保鲜的生鲜农产品EOQ模型

针对生鲜农产品新鲜度随时间减小的特点,构造受生鲜农产品新鲜度和零售价格影响的消费者时变效用函数,分析了消费者在不同时刻够买生鲜农产品的效用和数量的变化,并基于此建立了消费者偏好影响需求的生鲜农产品EOQ模型;以提高消费者效用为目的,分析了两种不同保鲜情形下零售商的最优订货决策和最优保鲜投入。研究发现,零售商的最优保鲜投入并不能使消费者效用最大化,满足消费者对生鲜农产品新鲜度的要求必须依靠政府的宏观调控。     

网络商店与社区便利店的商品虚拟展示合作研究

基于消费者效用理论，考虑网络商店在社区便利店内虚拟展示商品，实施商品种类合作的策略，分析了虚拟展示合作对双方决策以及市场均衡和利润的影响。研究结果表明，虚拟展示增加了社区便利店的商品多样性，促进了零售价格的增长，但虚拟展示商品和社区便利店内实物商品的竞争导致社区便利店利润降低，使得社区便利店缺乏主动参与合作的动机。基于纳什讨价还价模型，构建了基于平均主义的利润分成协调机制，实现了社区便利店和网络商店的商品虚拟展示合作，改善了参与双方的利润。