生物质循环流化床飞灰烧失特性研究

选取2家典型生物质电厂除尘器处的飞灰,通过热重-傅里叶红外光谱联用（TG-FTIR）、X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、能谱（EDS）和X射线衍射（XRD）等分析手段,对飞灰的成分及其在高温下的失重特性进行研究。研究发现,生物质飞灰的高温失重机理较为复杂,在空气中加热时,碱金属氯盐的蒸发从380 ℃开始缓慢进行,600 ℃以下主要进行未燃碳的燃尽与碳酸镁的分解;600~750 ℃主要进行碳酸钙的分解;750 ℃后蒸发速度迅速上升,直至950 ℃完全蒸发;950 ℃以上发生矿物质的玻璃化反应和碱金属硫酸盐的蒸发。鉴于目前电力行业和ATSM对生物质飞灰含碳量的测试结果均不准确,该根据生物质飞灰的烧失机理,提出更加精确的氮气和空气气氛下600 ℃烧失量之差含碳量测试方法。     

生物质灰熔融电容测试实验研究

提出一种利用电容测量生物质灰渣熔融状态的方法,以低熔点的玉米芯灰为样品进行测试,并与X射线荧光分析(XRF)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、热重-差热分析(TG-DSC)结果进行比较。实验结果表明:玉米芯灰样在600~1000℃加热过程中质量的减少主要由灰分中KCl随加热过程挥发所致,并影响灰熔融温度预测结果;灰样烧结温度为800~900℃,电容测试结果为825℃,TG-DSC测试结果为875℃,灰熔点仪测试结果为990℃。电容测量结果与灰样熔融结渣情况一致,电容变化可准确反映灰样相变情况。与常规灰熔点测试和热重分析相比,该方法可实现实时监控测量,并减小测试过程中碱金属元素受热挥发造成的误差。     

秸秆类生物质燃烧特性的研究

利用热重分析仪对江苏宿迁地区的玉米秆、稻秆和麦秆三种生物质的燃烧特性进行了分析，测定了生物质的灰熔点和灰组成，用XRD和TEM表征了生物质灰的物相结构和形貌。研究结果表明，三种生物质的燃烧规律基本一致，燃烧过程可分为四个阶段：干燥过程，热解过程，晶型转变过程和熔融过程；三种生物质中，玉米秆灰熔点最高。灰量最少且碱金属含量最低；生物质灰为形态各异的纳米颗粒。     

生物质燃烧过程中Cl及碱金属K、Na的析出特性

针对生物质高氯、高碱金属含量导致的直接燃烧产生的受热面腐蚀问题,对生物质燃烧过程中Cl、K和Na的析出规律进行研究。使用马弗炉在500~900℃下燃烧麦秆、稻秆、玉米秆、棉花秆和油菜秆5种生物质,对灰样进行XRF和XRD分析,获得上述物质中Cl、K和Na的析出规律。结果表明:在500~600℃下燃烧时,少量Cl和K析出;在600~800℃下燃烧时,大量Cl和K以KCl形式析出;当燃烧温度高于800℃以上,除油菜秆外所有生物质中Cl和K的析出非常缓慢。在500~900℃下燃烧时,生物质灰样中Na含量变化均很小。     

新疆棉杆直燃特性分析

为实现新疆棉杆的生物质能合理利用,以新疆乌苏市皇宫镇的棉杆为典型样本,进行生物质燃烧特性研究。对棉杆样品进行了工业分析和热重分析,对其燃烧产物-灰样进行熔融烧结实验和汞含量分析。利用X射线荧光光谱仪对完全燃烧温度分别为400、600、800℃的灰样的微量元素成分进行分析,并对灰样中重金属汞含量进行测定。研究发现:棉杆的燃烧过程经历了2个失重峰值,当燃烧温度到达800℃时,棉杆的失重率几乎为零;灰样中K元素含量随温度升高而减少;Cl元素含量在燃烧温度为400和600℃时基本一致,当燃烧温度升高到800℃时,Cl几乎全部析出,灰样中的其它元素含量基本没有变化。400℃灰样中金属元素主要以碳酸盐、硅酸盐和氯化物的形式存在;600℃时灰样中形成的化合物较为复杂;800℃灰样中金属元素主要以氧化物的形式存在。棉杆中的汞含量远低于现有电站的燃煤含量,其燃烧的固体产物灰中的汞含量也比煤灰少。     

硅和硅铝化合物对生物质结渣影响的机理研究

生物质由于含有较多碱金属,燃烧会导致设备结渣。文章研究了硅和硅铝化合物对生物质结渣影响的机理,结果表明,硅和硅铝化合物会使生物质燃烧时可溶性K倾向于转变为不可溶性的硅酸盐和硅铝酸盐,而该过程反应与纯生物质燃烧过程反应相同。在流化床炉温(815℃)附近时,硅化合物容易使灰中生成低熔点的K的硅酸盐,低温熔融结渣可能性增大,选择其作为结渣抑制剂需要慎重。在层燃炉炉温(1 000℃)附近时,硅铝化合物既可减轻碱金属结渣又使灰不易结渣聚团,是层燃炉优良的结渣抑制剂。     

棉秆在流化床中的燃烧特性

介绍了棉秆的物理、化学特性,30～50 mm棉秆和床料混合物的临界流化速度,以及棉秆热解、燃烧的热重试验结果,重点研究棉秆流化床燃烧时的温度分布,并利用ICP技术对灰组成进行了分析,得出棉秆流化床燃烧时碱金属的析出特性.分析表明,棉秆着火温度低,挥发分析出速度快,部分碱金属流化床燃烧时以挥发态析出,其中钾元素析出比例最大,飞灰中碱金属成分含量较高,对高温对流受热面的沾灰可能性很大.     

富磷添加剂对生物质燃烧中积灰结渣和腐蚀作用的探析

文章探讨了富磷添加剂对生物质燃烧过程中锅炉受热面积灰、结渣和腐蚀的作用机理,分析了其作用效果,考察了燃烧温度、燃烧气氛、生物质种类、Ca/K摩尔比、P/K摩尔比等主要因素对作用效果的影响规律。结果表明,富磷添加剂可以将烟气中的碱金属(主要是钾)和氯元素固定于底灰中,生成高熔点化合物,减轻碱金属熔融结渣和氯腐蚀。同时,添加剂改变了灰的物理和化学性质,使灰松软不易烧结,从而有效减轻了生物质燃烧过程中锅炉受热面的积灰、结渣和腐蚀。     

连续蓄热式生物质气化/燃烧供热系统

生物质能源是一种环境友好的可再生能源,但也存在能量密度低、含水率高、碱金属含量高等缺点,导致其在热利用的过程中存在易结渣、堵灰及腐蚀、热效率不高等问题。本文结合生物质气化、炉内碱金属/硫固定、两级焦油裂解、蓄热式燃烧,以及冷凝热回收等多项先进技术,设计并搭建了连续蓄热式生物质气化/燃烧供热系统。以海洋贝壳类废弃物作为生物质成型燃料的添加剂和生物质焦油裂解过程的催化剂,在实现海洋废弃资源高值化利用的同时,克服了生物质热利用过程中的多项障碍,能够显著提高生物质能热利用效率,同时大幅度降低当前工业及民用供热过程中CO₂、SO_x、NO_x及烟尘的排放,具有良好的经济性与环保性。     

灰分对CFB锅炉燃烧的影响

煤的灰分在燃烧过程中不释放热量,其对CFB锅炉燃烧的影响是多方面的:a)灰分阻碍可燃物与氧的结合,减慢着火速度,降低燃烧温度,燃烧稳定性能变差,熄火温度上升;b)灰分外壳阻隔空气与颗粒内层可燃物的顺利接触,使煤炭颗粒不易燃烬,飞灰、炉渣可燃物含量上升,机械未完全燃烧损失增大,且灰渣物理热损失基本呈正比上升;c)灰分增加,将加剧锅炉受热面和砌筑体的磨损和玷污,使排烟温度升高、排烟损失增加,并增大破碎、输煤、输灰等系统辅机的耗电量。     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.