膳食、体力活动与慢性病关系的研究

目的分析膳食、体力活动与慢性病的关系。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查中,随机抽取的天津市3673名样本人群数据,分析膳食结构和慢性病患病率以及膳食、体力活动与超重肥胖、高血压、糖尿病和血脂异常的相对危险度。结果天津市标化超重率为38.9%,肥胖率为26.8%,高血压患病率为30.7%,血脂异常患病率为32.2%,糖尿病患病率为3.7%。膳食结构中存在的主要问题为蔬菜、水果摄入不足,油、盐摄入量超标。膳食脂肪供能比≥30%和看电视≥3h/d是危险因素,超重肥胖、高血压、糖尿病和血脂异常的OR值分别为2.04(95%CI:1.53～3.04),2.00(95%CI:1.13～3.57),2.22(95%CI:1.66～2.98),1.64(95%CI:1.18～2.31);1.89(95%CI:1.32～2.70),1.79(95%CI:1.48～2.16),1.47(95%CI:1.33～1.78)和1.45(95%CI:1.28～1.65);体育锻炼≥30min/d是保护因素,其OR值分别为0.42(95%CI:0.28～0.68),0.60(95%CI:0.40～0.89),0.50(95%CI:0.35～0.80),0.61(95%CI:0.44～0.93);每天摄入蔬菜、水果≥500g可以预防肥胖和血脂异常,OR为0.60(95%CI:0.40～0.89)和0.47(95%CI:0.30～0.72)。结论天津调查对象的膳食结构、体力活动等行为因素与高血压等慢性病有很强的联系,应加强合理膳食、适当运动的健康促进,预防和控制慢性病。     

河南省新乡县农村居民脑卒中流行现况及影响因素分析

目的 了解河南省新乡县农村地区成年常住居民脑卒中流行现况及其影响因素。方法 于2017年4月—2017年6月采用整群抽样方法,随机抽取河南省新乡县朗公庙、七里营2个乡镇17个农村村落的成年常住居民(≥18岁)10 691人进行脑卒中及相关因素的问卷调查、体格检查与实验室检测。结果 本次调查共纳入资料完整对象10 455人进行分析,河南省新乡县农村地区脑卒中粗患病率为6.60%,年龄标准化患病率为5.05%;其中40岁以上人群脑卒中粗患病率为6.58%,标准化患病率为2.89%;男性、女性的性别粗患病率分别为8.39%和5.35%,标准化患病率分别为3.63%和2.39%。在脑卒中常见慢性共患病中,高血压共病率最高,为55.94%,糖尿病共病率最低,为14.64%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥50岁(50～59岁:OR = 3.968, 95%CI: 2.654～5.933; 60～69岁:OR = 8.694, 95%CI: 5.906～12.798; ≥70岁:OR = 8.854, 95%CI: 5.855～13.390)、职业为农民(OR = 1.821, 95%CI:1.174～2.824)、高血压(OR = 2.151, 95%CI: 1.816～2.547)、血脂异常(OR = 2.434, 95%CI: 1.950～3.038)、糖尿病(OR = 1.393, 95%CI: 1.091～1.778)、冠心病(OR = 1.385, 95%CI: 1.117～1.718)可能是脑卒中患病的危险因素(P＜0.05);女性(OR = 0.542, 95%CI: 0.455～0.646)、有适度(OR = 0.668, 95%CI: 0.544～0.819)/剧烈运动(OR = 0.696, 95%CI: 0.571～0.849)可能是脑卒中患病的保护因素(P＜0.05)。结论 河南省新乡县农村地区成年常住居民脑卒中患病率较高,男性、≥50岁、农民、无适度/剧烈运动者、合并高血压、血脂异常、冠心病和糖尿病者仍是脑卒中防治的重点人群。     

北京市城乡结合部居民心血管疾病危险因素及其与饮食习惯和体力活动的关系

目的 评估北京市城乡结合部居民心血管疾病危险因素流行状况及其与饮食习惯和体力活动的关系.方法 2007年采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法对20 655名18～76岁北京市城乡结合部居民进行横断面调查,通过问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检查收集资料进行分析.结果 北京市城乡结合部居民肥胖、糖尿病、高血压、血脂异常和代谢综合征的标化患病率分别为31.9%,6.1%,33.6%,30.3%和11.6%.嗜咸饮食增加高血压和代谢综合征患病风险,OR值分别为1.72(95%CI:1.29～2.03)和1.48(95%CI:1.16～1.77).嗜甜饮食增加肥胖、糖尿病和代谢综合征患病风险,OR值分别为1.37(95%CI:1.14～1.67)、1.26(95%CI:1.09～1.51)和1.55(95%CI:1.20～1.84).嗜油饮食分别增加肥胖和血脂异常风险,OR值为2.26(95%CI:1.61～2.69)和1.97(95%CI:1.48～2.24).素食饮食和增加体力活动降低肥胖、糖尿病、高血压、血脂异常和代谢综合征的患病风险(P＜0.05).结论 北京市城乡结合部居民具有较高的肥胖、糖尿病、高血压、血脂异常和代谢综合征患病率,健康饮食和体力活动可以降低上述心血管疾病危险因素的患病风险.     

河北省成年居民慢性病流行特征及其相关因素分析

目的了解河北省成年居民慢性病及相关危险因素的流行水平。方法采用多阶段随机抽样,通过问卷、体格测量及血样检测等方法,调查分析河北20个区(县)4200名成人慢性病及相关危险因素与流行水平。结果人群超重率、肥胖率、向心性肥胖率、高血压患病率、血脂异常率、糖尿病患病率分别为35.19%,16.38%,52.98%,38.50%,39.62%,5.81%;标化率分别为30.28%,14.05%,44.32%,27.86%,32.71%,4.00%。以上几种慢性病患病率随年龄增长而升高,55岁以下组男性高于女性,55岁以上组女性高于男性,城市高于农村。河北省男性吸烟率、饮酒率高于女性(P<0.01)。居民参加体育锻炼率为22.86%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,超重是向心性肥胖、高血压、血脂异常和糖尿病的危险因素(OR值和95%CI分别为10.69,6.62～17.26;1.95,1.58～2.40;1.38,1.13～1.69;1.72,1.05～2.81);高血压是超重、向心性肥胖、血脂异常的危险因素(OR值和95%CI分别为1.99,1.60～2.46;1.60,1.33～1.92;1.57,1.35～1.82);血脂异常是超重、向心性肥胖、高血压和糖尿病的危险因素(OR值和95%CI分别为1.40,1.14～1.72;1.56,1.31～1.86;1.58,1.36～1.83;1.66,1.22～2.26)。结论河北省成人慢性病患病率处于全国较高水平,防治处于较低水平。超重、向心性肥胖、高血压、血脂异常是河北省成年居民应重点防治的慢性病,中老年人群是慢性病防治的重点。     

湖北省35～75岁居民高血压、糖尿病、高血脂患病及共病影响因素分析

目的探讨35～75岁居民高血压、糖尿病、高血脂("三高")患病和共病流行现状及主要影响因素,并提出有关对策和建议。方法从2015—2016年国家心血管病高危人群早期筛查与综合干预项目的湖北项目点中,选择具有代表性的6个项目点作为研究现场,以自然村或者社区为基本抽样单位,采用整体随机抽样的方法,抽取35～75岁居民为研究对象,使用项目标准调查表对研究对象进行问卷调查并收集基本信息,并进行体格检查和生化指标的检测。用统计学软件SPSS 20.0进行x~2检验和多因素logistic回归分析。结果本研究共调查35～75岁城乡居民64 151人,男性23 282人,女性40 869人。高血压、糖尿病、高血脂患病率分别为50.9%、 22.2%和49.5%,高血压并糖尿病的患病率为14.3%,高血压并高血脂的患病率为27.6%,糖尿病并高血脂的患病率为13.2%,高血压并糖尿病并高血脂的患病率为8.9%。不同性别人群高血压、糖尿病、高血脂、高血压合并糖尿病以及高血压合并高血脂的患病率差异均有统计学意义(P0.001);不同年龄组人群高血压、高血糖和高血脂的患病率以及共患率差异均有统计学意义(P0.001)。在高血压、糖尿病和高血脂患者中,至少有50%以上的患者合并患有其他二种疾病。高血压、糖尿病、高血脂的患病和共病的多因素logistic回归分析结果均表明,年龄增长、农村地区、超重和肥胖、打鼾均为危险因素(OR1.00),其中肥胖者(BMI28.0)、超重BMI (24.0～27.9)相对正常体重(BMI 18.5～23.9)人群的OR值(95%CI)分别为4.33 (4.01-4.68)和2.16 (2.07-2.26);而体重过低(BMI18.5)为保护因素OR值(95%CI)为0.54 (0.45-0.66)。结论湖北省35～75岁居民"三高"慢性病率较高,超重和肥胖是影响"三高"患病和共病的最主要危险因素。慢性病预防策略是进行"三高"共管,即对高血压、糖尿病和高血脂的各种危险因素进行综合干预,而远离"三高",体重管理是关键。     

上海市社区老年居民主要慢性病共病流行情况

目的 分析上海市≥60岁社区居民常见慢性病共病流行情况和模式，为制定防治策略提供依据。方法 利用2017年上海市慢性病及其危险因素监测中12 507名≥60岁调查对象数据，基于多阶段复杂抽样加权，计算超重肥胖、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、慢阻肺、慢性肾脏疾病和慢性消化系统疾病等7种慢性病患病率和共病患病率，采用关联规则分析7种慢性病的共病模式及关联强度。结果 94.37%的老年居民至少患有纳入7种慢性病中的1种，高血压患病率最高，为58.75%(95%CI:55.96%～61.49%),其次为超重肥胖50.01%(95%CI:47.65%～52.37%)。共病(患慢性病种数≥2种)患病率为65.91%(95%CI:63.17%～68.54%),75～79岁组共病患病率最高，不同年龄组共病患病率差异有统计学意义(χ²=7.75,P<0.05)。关联规则分析显示，总体指向高血压的关联规则最多，{糖尿病}→{高血压}为首位强关联规则，其次为{血脂异常}→{高血压}和{慢性消化系统疾病}→{超重肥胖}。随着年龄增长，产生的符合条件的强关联规则越多，共病模式也越多。75...     

浙江省35～75岁常住居民血脂异常情况调查

目的分析浙江省35～75岁常住居民血脂异常及影响因素,为预防血脂异常提供依据。方法基于国家心血管病高危早期筛查和综合干预项目,采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,于2015—2016年选取浙江省6个县(市、区) 35～75岁常住居民为调查对象,采用问卷调查收集研究对象的基本资料,测量身高、体重、血压,实验室检测总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖和血尿酸等生化指标。采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析血脂异常的影响因素。结果纳入44 440人,有效调查40 751人,有效率为91.70%。检出血脂异常15 027例,血脂异常率为36.88%,标化异常率为34.58%。高TC血症、高TG血症和高LDL-C血症患病率较高,分别为18.10%、14.05%和15.78%,标化患病率分别为16.11%、13.76%和14.53%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄(OR=1.006,95%CI:1.004～1.008)、户籍(OR=1.139,95%CI:1.087～1.194)、吸烟(OR=1.099,95%CI:1.033～1.170)、饮酒(OR=0.915,95%CI:0.863～0.970)、BMI分类(体重过低,OR=0.623,95%CI:0.528～0.735;超重,OR=1.624, 95%CI:1.552～1.699;肥胖,OR=2.128, 95%CI:1.985～2.281)、糖尿病(OR=1.600,95%CI:1.493～1.715)、高血压(OR=1.218,95%CI:1.165～1.273)和高尿酸血症(OR=1.789,95%CI:1.679～1.905)均与血脂异常有统计学关联。结论浙江省35～75岁常住居民血脂异常率低于全国成年人群血脂异常率,但总体防治形势不容乐观,特别是高TC血症、高TG血症和高LDL-C血症患病率较高。     

北京市城区60岁及以上老年人群心血管疾病现状及影响因素分析

目的调查北京市城区60岁及以上老年人群心血管疾病(CVD)现状及其影响因素,为当地CVD的干预和预防提供新的参考依据。方法 2018-10/2019-01,采用分层随机抽样的方法,在北京市城区随机抽取2个城区,每个城区抽取2个街道,每个街道各抽取1个社区,以社区内的老年人群作为调查对象,采用自制问卷收集研究对象的一般自资料、行为生活方式、疾病史及进行相关的体格检查,采用卡方检验和多因素Logistic回归进行统计分析。结果本次调查2 326名老年人,年龄范围60～93岁,平均年龄为(68.89±4.38)岁。男性占52.28%,女性占47.72%。吸烟者占28.83%,糖尿病者占13.07%,血脂异常者占8.8%。消瘦者占5.67%,正常体重者占66.17%,超重者占20.59%,肥胖者占7.57%。CVD总体患病率为42.73%,其中高血压、冠心病、心力衰竭、心律失常及其他CVD患病率分别为34.65%、4.94%、3.74%、1.63%和2.79%。单因素分析显示CVD患病率在是否存在体力活动、吸烟、血脂异常、糖尿病以及不同的年龄和BMI方面的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素分析显示,年龄≥70岁、缺乏体力活动、吸烟、血脂异常、超重、肥胖及糖尿病者其CVD的患病风险分别为1.77(95%CI:1.48～2.71)、1.48(95%CI:1.26～2.05)、2.01(95%CI:1.79～3.05)、1.65(95%CI:1.24～2.82)、1.83(95%CI:1.37～3.52)、2.33(95%CI:1.85～4.41)和1.46(95%CI:1.25～2.08)。结论北京市城区老年群体CVD的流行率较高,以高血压最为常见。影响老年群体CVD的因素较多,需采取综合措施进行针对性干预,以改善当地老年群体CVD的流行。     

宁波市居民血脂异常及影响因素分析

目的分析宁波市居民血脂异常及影响因素,为制定血脂异常防控策略提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样法,选取宁波市5 280名15～74岁本地户籍常住居民进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测,采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析血脂异常的影响因素。结果共发放问卷5 280份,获得有效问卷5 160份,问卷有效率为97.73%。检出血脂异常1 730例,血脂异常患病率为33.53%;其中男性患病率为40.88%,高于女性的26.25%(P0.05);城市居民患病率为37.19%,高于农村居民的29.12%(P0.05)。血脂异常类型以低HDL-C血症为主(17.69%),其次为高TG血症(11.58%)。血脂异常患病率随年龄增加呈上升趋势,在55岁达到高峰。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄大(OR=1.051,95%CI:1.042～1.074)、男性(OR=1.623,95%CI:1.163～2.258)、高血压(OR=2.480,95%CI:1.896～3.264)、糖尿病(OR=2.095,95%CI:1.473～2.972)、高血压家族史(OR=1.384,95%CI:1.052～1.794)和血脂异常家族史(OR=4.231,95%CI:2.930～6.111)是血脂异常的危险因素。结论宁波市15～74岁居民血脂异常患病率低于全国成年人群血脂异常患病率,以低HDL-C血症和高TG血症为主。     

肥胖与四种常见慢性病的相关性分析

目的分析肥胖与高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常和高尿酸血症的相关性,为防控慢性病提供依据。方法于2018年6—10月采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,选取深圳市宝安区10个社区≥18岁的常住居民为调查对象,采用调查问卷收集基本人口学信息,测量身高、体重、血压和腰围,实验室检测空腹血糖、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和尿酸等生化指标。采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析肥胖与4种慢性病的关联。结果共调查宝安区常住居民2 004人,有效问卷1 994份,有效率为99.50%。宝安区成人超重、肥胖和中心性肥胖检出率分别为32.90%、9.03%和26.28%;高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常和高尿酸血症检出率分别为21.97%、5.97%、36.76%和13.24%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,超重、肥胖均与高血压(OR:1.824～2.745,95%CI:1.350～4.338)、糖尿病(OR:1.725～3.267,95%CI:1.117～5.675)、血脂异常(OR:1.536～1.844,95%CI:1.201～2.796)和高尿酸血症(OR:2.089～2.773,95%CI:1.468～4.563)存在统计学关联;体重过轻与血脂异常(OR=0.418,95%CI:0.221～0.791)存在统计学关联;中心性肥胖与高血压(OR=1.651,95%CI:1.212～2.249)、糖尿病(OR=2.754,95%CI:1.863～4.070)、血脂异常(OR=1.884,95%CI:1.427～2.487)和高尿酸血症(OR=1.868,95%CI:1.325～2.633)均存在统计学关联。结论宝安区居民超重、肥胖和中心性肥胖情况不容乐观,肥胖与高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常和高尿酸血症均存在统计学关联。     

Risk,Efficacy, and Seeking of General,Breast, and Prostate Cancer Information

The authors investigated the independent and interactive effects of perceived risk and perceived efficacy on seeking of general, breast, and prostate cancer information. Analysis of the 2003 Health Information National Trend Survey indicates that perceived absolute risk and perceived response efficacy have generally independent—rather than interactive—effects on cancer information seeking. The influence of perceived absolute risk on prostate cancer information seeking appears to be moderated by perceived relative risk. When perceived relative risk is low, perceived absolute risk has no effect on prostate cancer information seeking; when perceived relative risk is high, perceived absolute risk exerts a significant positive influence on prostate cancer information seeking. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications.     

Water,sanitation, and hygiene in schools: Status and implications of low coverage in Ethiopia,Kenya, Mozambique,Rwanda, Uganda,and Zambia

Adequate access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) in schools impacts health, educational outcomes, and gender disparities. Little multi-country research has been published on WaSH in rural schools in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this multi-national cross-sectional WaSH study, we document WaSH access, continuity, quality, quantity, and reliability in 2270 schools that were randomly sampled in rural regions of six Sub-Saharan African countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia. Data collection included: school WaSH surveys containing internationally established WaSH indicators, direct observation, and field- and laboratory-based microbiological water quality testing. We found 1% of rural schools in Ethiopia and Mozambique to 23% of rural schools in Rwanda had improved water sources on premises, improved sanitation, and water and soap for handwashing. Fewer than 23% of rural schools in the six countries studied met the World Health Organization’s recommended student-to-latrine ratios for boys and for girls. Fewer than 20% were observed to have at least four of five recommended menstrual hygiene services (separate-sex latrines with doors and locks, water for use, waste bin). The low access to safe and adequate WaSH services in rural schools suggest opportunities for WaSH interventions that could have substantive impact on health, education, and gender disparities.     

Bioaccumulation,metabolism, and effects of DDT,fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos onSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae accumulated DDT, fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos rapidly from yeast glucose medium. The maximum concentrations of DDT, fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos accumulated were 8,253, 18,960 and 11,579 g/g (dry wt), respectively. The pattern of accumulation was similar for all insecticides. The bioconcentration factor was inversely proportional to insecticide solubilities.Saccharomyces metabolized the three insecticides, but only two metabolites of DDT (DDD and DDE) were identified. Protoplast cultures were more sensitive to DDT and fenitrothion compared to normal cultures but were less sensitive to chlorpyrifos. Both the normal and protoplast cultures recovered from the toxic effect after 24 hr.     

Risk, efficacy, and seeking of general, breast, and prostate cancer information

The authors investigated the independent and interactive effects of perceived risk and perceived efficacy on seeking of general, breast, and prostate cancer information. Analysis of the 2003 Health Information National Trend Survey indicates that perceived absolute risk and perceived response efficacy have generally independent-rather than interactive-effects on cancer information seeking. The influence of perceived absolute risk on prostate cancer information seeking appears to be moderated by perceived relative risk. When perceived relative risk is low, perceived absolute risk has no effect on prostate cancer information seeking; when perceived relative risk is high, perceived absolute risk exerts a significant positive influence on prostate cancer information seeking. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications.     

Analysis of protein amino acids,non-protein amino acids and metabolites,dietary protein,glucose, fructose,sucrose, phenolic,and flavonoid content and antioxidative properties of potato tubers,peels, and cortexes (pulps)

The composition and antioxidative activity of whole potato tubers from five Korean cultivars, three peels from one cultivar, and eight pulps (cortexes) after peeling from six different cultivars were evaluated. Whole tubers were sectioned into three parts followed by analysis of the peels and pulps of each part. The following characteristics were determined: the dimensions and water content of whole tubers; nutritional protein content consisting of protein and free amino acids by an automated Kjeldahl nitrogen assay; free non-protein amino acids, metabolites, and fructose, glucose, and sucrose content by HPLC; phenolic compounds by HPLC and LC/MS; total phenolics and flavonoids by colorimetry; and antioxidative properties by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. The results demonstrate differences and similarities in the content of nutritional and bioactive compounds and in their bioactivities from whole potatoes, peels, and pulps. The present study reports for the first time the analysis of multiple potato nutrients and bioactive components as well the antioxidative properties of whole potatoes, peels, and pulps derived from the same tubers. The described methods are expected to facilitate the analysis of commercial and newly-developed potato cultivars, peels, and pulps and relate their composition and antioxidative activities to their reported nutritional, health-promoting, and industrial properties.     

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to treatment and prevention of cholera, Haiti, 2010

In response to the recent cholera outbreak, a public health response targeted high-risk communities, including resource-poor communities in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. A survey covering knowledge and practices indicated that hygiene messages were received and induced behavior change, specifically related to water treatment practices. Self-reported household water treatment increased from 30.3% to 73.9%.