Citrus Honeys from Three Different Regions of Turkey: HPLC-DAD Profiling and in Vitro Enzyme Inhibition,Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Properties with Chemometric Study

The objectives of the present study are to compare the phenolic profiles and biological activities of 15 citrus honey samples from three different locations in Turkey using a chemometric approach. The HPLC-DAD analysis was used to determine phenolic profiles. Nineteen phenolic compounds were identified. Gallic acid (107.14–717.04 μg/g) was recorded as the predominant compound. AF (Antalya-Finike) had the highest antioxidant activity in ABTS⋅⁺ (IC₅₀: 18.01±0.69 mg/mL), metal chelating (IC₅₀: 6.20±0.19 mg/mL) and CUPRAC (A_0.50: 12.05±0.68 mg/mL) assays, while it revealed the best anti-inflammatory activity against COX-2 (17.28±0.22 %) and COX-1 (43.28±0.91 %). AM (Antalya-Manavgat) was the most active in β-carotene-linoleic acid (IC₅₀: 10.05±0.19 mg/mL), anti-urease (38.90±0.69 %), anti-quorum sensing and antimicrobial activities. AKO1 (Adana-Kozan-1) in DPPH⋅ (IC₅₀: 34.25±0.81 mg/mL) assay, AKU1 (Antalya-Kumluca-1) in tyrosinase inhibition activity (37.73±0.38 %) assay, AKU2 (Antalya-Kumluca-2) in AChE (10.55±0.63 %) and BChE (9.18±0.45 %) inhibition activity assays showed the best activity. Chemometric tools were applied to the phenolic compositions and biological properties. PCA and HCA ensured that 15 citrus honey samples were grouped into 3 clusters. The results showed that myricetin, kaempferol, vanillin, protocatechuic acid, rosmarinic acid, rutin, vanillic acid, gallic acid, catechin and p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid are phenolic compounds that can be used in the classification of citrus honeys.     

Antiangiogenic,anti-inflammatory and their antioxidant activities of Turnera subulata Sm. (Turneraceae)

Turnera subulata is a substantial medicinal plant used in folk medicine to treat various ailments. The current study was assess the total phenolic and flavonoid contents to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the sequentially extracted T. subulata plant samples. In vitro anti-angiogenic activity was evaluated by chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model for chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts. The results obtained revealed that total phenolic content of the chloroform extract (24.13 ± 0.27 mg/g) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the chloroform extract (22.28 ± 0.40 mg/g) were found to be suggestively higher than the other extracts. A strong antioxidant property was observed for all the six extracts. A study anti-inflammatory activity was observed in chloroform and ethanol extracts, with IC₅₀ ranging from 79 ± 1.01 μg/mL to 81 ± 1.01 μg/mL for protein denaturation assay and from 74 ± 0.11 μg/mL to 76 ± 1.11 μg/mL for HRBC membrane stabilization assay, respectively. The chloroform and ethanol extracts have exhibited good antiangiogenic property. Eventually, these results justified that the chloroform and ethanol extracts of T. subulata with great antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenesis potentials could be promising candidates for the development of a cost effective, potent anticancer drug with minimal side effects.     

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant,Antiparasitic, Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Potential of the Algerian Limonium Oleifolium Mill. Essential Oil and Organic Extracts

This work aimed to investigate, for the first time, the chemical composition, antioxidant, antiparasitic, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activities of the aromatic plant Limonium oleifolium Mill. essential oil (EO) and organic extracts. L. oleifolium aerial parts essential oil was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS, and 46 constituents representing 98.25±1.12 % of the oil were identified. γ-Muurolene (10.81±0.07 %), cis-caryophyllene (7.71±0.06 %), o-cymene (7.07±0.01 %) and α-copaene (5.02±0.05 %) were the essential oil main compounds. The antioxidant activity of L. oleifolium EO and organic extracts (MeOH, CHCl₃, AcOEt, BuOH) was explored using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS, β-carotene/linoleic acid, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric reducing power assays. The results showed that L. oleifolium EO exhibit antioxidant capacity (IC₅₀=17.40±1.32 μg/mL for DPPH assay, IC₅₀=29.82±1.08 μg/mL for β-carotene assay, IC₅₀=25.23±1.01 μg/mL for ABTS assay, IC₅₀=9.11±0.08 μg/mL for CUPRAC assay and IC₅₀=19.41±2.06 mg/mL for reducing power assay). Additionally, the EO showed significant activity against trophozoite form of Acanthamoeba castellanii (IC₅₀=7.48±0.41 μg/mL) and promastigote form of Leishmania amazonensis (IC₅₀=19.36±1.06 μg/mL) and low cytotoxicity on murine macrophages (LC₅₀ 90.23±1.09 μg/mL), as well as good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results suggest that L. oleifolium essential oil is a valuable source of bioactive compounds presenting antioxidant, antiparasitic, and antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, it is considered nontoxic.     

Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) rhizome,callus and callus treated with some elicitors

The present study was aimed at determining total phenolic and flavonoid contents and studying the antioxidant activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) rhizome and callus, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol and callus treated with elicitors. Petroleum ether (PE) and chloroform: methanol (1:1, v/v) (CM) extracts were prepared by maceration. Highest total phenolic content was obtained from the CM extract (60.34?±?0.43?mg gallic acid/g) of rhizome while callus showed lower content detected in the CM extract (33.6?±?0.07?mg gallic acid/g). Flavonoids were only detected in rhizome (CM extract 40.25?±?0.21?mg quercetin/g). Both rhizome extracts exhibited good antioxidant activity with higher activity recorded in PE extract (IC₅₀ value 8.29?±?1.73?μg/mL). Callus extracts revealed lower antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ value 1265.49?±?59.9?μg/mL obtained from CM extract). 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol displayed high antioxidant activity in both assays with IC₅₀ 4.85?+?0.58_DPPH and 5.35?±?0.33_ABTS μg/mL for the former and IC₅₀ 7.61?±?0.81_DPPH and IC₅₀ 7.05?±?0.23_ABTS μg/mL for the latter. Treatment of callus with elicitors showed significant (p?<?0.05) effects in enhancing phenolic content and related antioxidant activity. The highest significant increase in phenolic content (37% and 34%) and antioxidant activity in DPPH assay (34% and 30%) was observed in callus treated with 100?mg/L yeast extract and 50?mg/L salicylic acid respectively. Therefore, studying the effect of the elicitation of ginger cultured tissues in phenolic accumulation would be of immense importance for pharmacological, cosmetic and agronomic industries.     

Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Antifungal,Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from Centrosema coriaceum using GC/MS,UFLC-QTOF-MS,and FACE

In recent years, natural products with biological activities have been increasingly researched. The elucidation of phytoconstituents is necessary for the development of drugs as a natural alternative for the treatment of various diseases. The work aimed to evaluate in vitro and in silico bioactivities of hexane (CCHE) and methanol (CCME) fractions of ethanolic extract from Centrosema coriaceum Benth (Fabaceae) leaves and elucidate their phytoconstituents. CCHE and CCME showed antifungal activity for Candida glabrata (MIC of 1000 μg/mL) with fungistatic effect and action in cell envelope by sorbitol and ergosterol assays. CCHE and CCME presented promising antioxidant activity against the DPPH radical with IC₅₀ of 13.61±0.50 and 6.31±0.40 μg/mL, respectively, and relative antioxidant activity (RAA%) of 45.77±3.61/ 28.53±2.25 % for CCHE and 82.18±2.25/51.99±3.23 % for CCME when compared to rutin and quercetin, respectively. Moreover, these fractions demonstrated promising results for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by β-carotene/linoleic acid assay. For anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities, CCHE and CCME significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide and TNF-α, without toxicity on murine intraperitoneal macrophages, respectively. Esters, alkanes, steroids, tocopherols, and terpenes were identified in CCHE by GC/MS. Flavonoids, phenolic acids, and disaccharides were detected in CCME by UFLC-QTOF-MS and FACE. Furthermore, rutin was purified from CCME. In silico predictions evidenced that compounds present in both fractions have high affinity to the fungal membrane besides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Based on these observations, CCHE and CCME have a noteworthy potential for the design of novel antifungal and anti-inflammatory agents that should be explored in future studies.     

Phenolic profile,antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of polar extracts from leaves and flowers of Isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae) growing in Sicily

This study was designed to define and compare the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of polar extracts obtained from basal leaves (It-BL), cauline leaves (It-CL) and flowers (It-F) of Isatis tinctoria L. growing wild around Acireale (Sicily, Italy). The phenolic profile was characterized by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS analysis and the correlation between phenolic content and the observed biological effects was established. Further, LC/MS analysis showed that the extracts contain glucosinolates at very low concentrations. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was tested in vitro; It-F was the most effective in the DPPH test (IC₅₀ = 0.437 ± 0.003 mg/mL), whilst It-CL showed the best reducing power (1.546 ± 0.006 ASE/mL) and ferrous ions chelating activity (IC₅₀ = 0.564 ± 0.011 mg/mL). The extracts exhibited anti-proliferative effects against three different human thyroid carcinoma cell lines, and It-BL displayed the strongest activity; particularly, it markedly inhibited the growth of CAL-62 cells, causing nearly 85% reduction of viability at the highest tested dose. No cytotoxicity against Artemia salina was observed. The results of our investigations indicate that the polar extracts obtained from I. tinctoria are a potential source of antioxidant and anticancer compounds, which could be suitable for nutraceutical and therapeutic applications.     

Enhancement of total phenolic and flavonoids extraction from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rosmarinus officinalis</Emphasis> L using electromagnetic induction heating (EMIH) process

Electromagnetic induction heating (EMIH) assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis L, and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the plant extract were examined in this study. The extraction yield acquired with this process was found to be 25.1?±?2%, with maximum amounts of phenolic compounds: 127.87?±?2.1 mg Gallic acid equivalents per g dry weight and total flavonoids contents 14.48?±?1.5 mg quercetin equivalents per g dry weight, under optimum extraction conditions (extraction time 2 h, ratio of raw material to liquid 1:2 and 0% of NaCl). The antioxidant activity was assessed by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2, 2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS⁺) and ferric reducing power (FRAP) methods. The results indicate the extract derived through EMIH showed a strong antioxidant ability (89.25%; EC₅₀ of 0.0148 µg/mL). Besides, the antimicrobial bioassay demonstrated that the extract possessed a good antimicrobial activity against all tested fungi and bacteria.     

LC-ESI-MS/MS Chemical Characterization,Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Properties of Propolis Extracted with Organic Solvents from Eastern Anatolia Region

Geographic conditions (altitude, climate, and local flora) lead to significant differences in the chemical composition of propolis. Therefore, more research is needed for propolis in different geographical regions. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the phenolic profile, total phenolic content, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties of Pülümür propolis from Turkey. Methanol (MeOH), chloroform (CHCl₃), and hexane extracts of propolis were analyzed. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of the extracts showed that the most abundant phenolic compound is caffeic acid in the MeOH extract (2943.12±11.12 μg phenolics/g extract), while on the other hand, CHCl₃ extract had the highest total phenolic content (125.75±1.02 mg GAE/g extract). Antioxidant activity was measured using ABTS and DPPH assays, whereas CHCl₃ extract (IC₅₀=6.35±0.11 and 28.84±0.10 μg/mL, respectively) and MeOH extracts (IC₅₀=5.04±0.07 and 28.80±0.09 μg/mL, respectively) showed relatively high antioxidant activity. The MeOH extract showed better antidiabetic activity than the standard compound, acarbose (IC₅₀=0.544 and 0.805 mg/mL, respectively).     

Antioxidant,Anti-Skin-Aging,Anti-Inflammatory,and Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activities of Rourea oligophlebia Extracts

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-skin-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of the hexane (n-hex), AcOEt, BuOH, MeOH, and aqueous extracts from R. oligophlebia roots. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl₃ colorimetric assays. The antioxidant capacity was examined by reducing power (RP), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ABTS⋅⁺, and DPPH⋅⁺ radical cation assays. All extracts potentially exhibited antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 2.93 to 5.73 μg/mL for ABTS⋅⁺ and from 5.69 to 7.65 μg/mL for DPPH⋅⁺ except the n-hex extract. The BuOH, MeOH, and aqueous extract possess promising anti-skin-aging activities, as observed by an attenuation of UV-A toxicity on human keratinocytes. We proposed that these anti-skin-aging properties are possibly due to direct scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species and upregulate cellular antioxidant machinery. Moreover, we found that the antioxidant capacity was well correlated with anti-inflammatory capacity against nitric oxide (NO) production in terms of the n-hex, AcOEt, and BuOH extracts with IC₅₀ values from 23.21 to 47.1 μg/mL. In contrast, these activities were found to be poorly correlated with AchE activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the antioxidant, anti-skin-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of the extracts of R. oligophlebia roots. These findings indicated that this species could be a potential source of natural antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-inflammatory agents. Consequently, it may be suggested as a medicinal plant that prevents diseases related to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.     

Alginate,mannitol, phenolic compounds and biological activities of two range-extending brown algae, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sargassum mangarevense</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Turbinaria ornata</Emphasis> (Phaeophyta: Fucales), from Tahiti (French Polynesia)

This study deals with two range-extending brown algae from Tahitian coral reefs, Sargassum mangarevense and Turbinaria ornata; their alginate properties, mannitol and phenolic contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were determined. Turbinaria ornata showed the richest alginate content with the highest extraction yield (19.2 ± 1.3% dw). Their alginates also exhibited the highest viscosity (50 ± 18 mPa.s), but the M:G ratios (mannuronic acid to glucuronic acid) of alginates (1.25–1.42) were similar in both species. Alginate yield displayed spatial variations, but no significant seasonal changes. The highest mannitol content was found in S. mangarevense (12.2 ± 2.1% dw) during the austral winter. With respect to other tropical Fucales, both algae exhibited also a high phenolic content (2.45–2.85% dw) with significant spatio-temporal variations. Furthermore, high antioxidant activity and activity against Staphylococcus aureus were also detected in extracts. According to these preliminary results, these two range-extending algae are of key interest in numerous industrial areas.     

A Detailed Chemical and Biological Investigation of Twelve Allium Species from Eastern Anatolia with Chemometric Studies

Allium species are widely consumed as food all over the world. The phenolic profile of ethanol extracts of aerial parts and roots of 12 Allium species, collected from five different Eastern Anatolia regions, were studied using LC-MS/MS. In vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities were also tested. The multivariate analyses were performed using principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses. Seventeen of 27 standard compounds were detected in all Allium species. The major components were mainly identified as quinic acid, malic acid, vanillin, and p-coumaric acid. The aerial parts possessed better antioxidant activity than roots. Aerial parts of A. atroviolaceum, A. chrysantherum, A. kharputense, and A. shirnakiense exhibited high cytotoxic activity against DLD-1 colon cancer cell lines (IC₅₀ 12.5 μg/mL). A. shatakiense and A. vineale demonstrated good antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli (MIC 75 μg/mL). According to chemometric analysis, differences were detected between aerial parts and the roots. The aerial parts of A. atroviolaceum, A. chrysantherum, A. kharputense, and A. shirnakiense could be potent in the pharmaceutical industry while A. shatakiense and A. vineale in the food industry after further investigations.     

Anti-Inflammatory,Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibition Activities in Correlation with Mycochemical Profile of Selected Indigenous Ganoderma spp. from Balkan Region (Serbia)

The aim of this research work was to study the bioactivity potentials (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme inhibitory) of ethanol (EtOH), water (H₂O) and chloroform (CHCl₃) extracts of G. applanatum, G. lucidum, G. pfeifferi and G. resinaceum as well as their mycochemical profile: the total content of phenolics (TP) and sugars (TS) and LC/MS/MS detection of phenolics. LC/MS/MS profile showed that p-hydroxybenzoic and protocatechuic acids were mostly found. The highest ABTS and DPPH activities were detected in polar G. applanatum extracts (159.84±0.59 mg TE/g d.w., IC₅₀=0.85±0.30 μg/mL, respectively), while G. resinaceum CHCl₃ extract was the most potent in NO assay (IC₅₀=41.21±0.18−81.89±0.81 μg/mL). The highest TP and TS were generally determined in G. applanatum EtOH extracts. Enzyme inhibitory effects were determined in H₂O extracts. Generally, CHCl₃ extracts showed the most powerful anti-inflammatory potential. These results suggest that analyzed species are a promising source of bioactive compounds and may be considered as candidates for new food supplements or drug formulations.     

Synthesis of some pyrazolyl benzenesulfonamide derivatives as dual anti-inflammatory antimicrobial agents

Four series of pyrazolylbenzenesulfonamide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity using cotton pellet induced granuloma and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema bioassays. Moreover, COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activity, ulcerogenic effect and acute toxiCIT000y were also determined. Furthermore, the target compounds were screened for their in-vitro antimicrobial activity against Eischerichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Compounds 4-(3-Phenyl-4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide 9a and 4-(3-Tolyl-4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide 9b were not only found to be the most active dual anti-inflammatory antimicrobial agents in the present study with good safety margin and minimal ulcerogenic effect but also exhibited good selective inhibitory activity towards COX-2. A docking pose for 9a and 9b separately in the active site of the human COX-2 enzyme was also obtained. Therefore, these compounds would represent a fruitful matrix for the development of dual anti-inflammatory antimicrobial candidates with remarkable COX-2 selectivity.     

Phytochemical analysis,antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of wild and in vitro derived plants of Ceropegia thwaitesii Hook – An endemic species from Western Ghats,India

Ceropegia thwaitesii Hook (Asclepiadaceae), an endemic plant species, due to habitat destruction and over exploitation has a very restricted distribution in the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India. The present wrok aimed to determine the chemical composition, the total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC) and tannin content (TEC), and to assess the antioxidant properties of various extracts of in vivo plants (IVP) and in vitro regenerated plants (IRP) of C. thwaitesii. Some phenolic compounds like gallic acid, cathechol, vanillin and salicylic acid were identified and quantified by HPLC. All the extracts possessed relevant radical scavenging activity on DPPH, Superoxide radical scavenging activity, and Nitric oxide radicals as well as total antioxidant ability. DPPH assay of in vitro methanol stems extracts and ethanol leaves extracts revealed the best antioxidant properties with important IC₅₀ values of 0.248?±?0.45?µg/mL and 0.397?±?0.67?µg/mL, respectively, whereas in vivo chloroform stems extracts showed a lower antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ of 10.99?±?0.24?µg/mL). The IRP methanol extracts of stem and leaves had good inhibitory activity against all tested microorganisms in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that in vitro raised plants of C. thwaitesii are an excellent source of antioxidant compounds to be exploited on an industrial level as food additive.     

New phenolic cinnamic acid derivatives as selective COX-2 inhibitors. Design,synthesis, biological activity and structure-activity relationships

Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme is an important achievement when looking for potent anti-inflammatory agents, with fewer gastrointestinal side effects. In this work, a new series of cinnamic acid derivatives, namely hexylamides, have been designed, synthesized and evaluated in human blood for their inhibitory activity of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. From this, new structure-activity relationships were built, showing that phenolic hydroxyl groups are essential for both COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition. Furthermore, the presence of bulky hydrophobic di-tert-butyl groups in the phenyl ring strongly contributes for selective COX-2 inhibition. In addition, a correlation with the theoretical log P has been carried out, showing that lipophilicity is particularly important for COX-2 inhibition. Further, a plasma protein binding (PPB) prediction has been performed revealing that PPB seems to have no influence in the activity of the studied compounds. From the whole study, effective selective inhibitors of COX-2 were found, namely compound 9 (IC₅₀ = 3.0 ± 0.3 μM), 10 (IC₅₀ = 2.4 ± 0.6 μM) and 23 (IC₅₀ = 1.09 ± 0.09 μM). Those can be considered starting point hit compounds for further optimization as potential non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.     

Phenolic Profiling,Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants from Tunisia

Phytochemical screening of aqueous extract from six medicinal wild plants grown in South-eastern of Tunisia: Atriplex halimus, Teucrium polium, Moricandia arvensis, Deverra tortuoa, Haplophyllum tuberculatum and Polygonum equisetiforme were evaluated. Both decoction and ultrasound assisted extraction were used. Antioxidant, antibacterial proprieties, and phenolic profiling, using LC-ESI-MS method, were assessed. Total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins contents ranged from 7.47±0.19 to 22.25±0.49 mg GAE/g Dw, 5.47±0.06 to 7.55±0.07 mg RE/g Dw, and 0.33±0.02 to 19.43±0.64 mg TAE/g Dw, respectively. Moreover, the reducing power and DPPH tests showed that P. equisetiforme (EC₅₀: 12.50±0.50 μg/ml; DPPH⋅⁺: 213.49±4.24 mg TEAC/g DW), T. polium (EC₅₀: 25.00±1.00 μg/ml; DPPH⋅⁺: 181.39±9.47 mg TEAC/g DW) as well as H. tuberculatum (EC₅₀: 56.25±0.25 μg/ml; DPPH⋅⁺: 177.83±5.85 mg TEAC/g DW) extracts were the most effective natural antioxidants. For anti-bacterial activity, the ultrasonic extract of H. tuberculatum showed the highest activity against both P. aeruginosa (13.50±0.71 mm) and S. aureus (13.00±0.00 mm) at 10 mg/ml. Furthermore 24 phenolic compounds were identified, with predominance of quinic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, catechin (+), trans-cinnamic and silymarin. These results were further consolidated by to heatmap clustering with P. equisetiforme, H. tuberculatum, T. polium as the main antioxidant and antibacterial sources which supports their domestication and industrial use.     

Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of Euphorbia dendroides L. (Euphorbiaceae) latex

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase properties and phytochemical constituents of the latex from Euphorbia dendroides L. (Euphorbiaceae) growing wild in Sicily. Phytochemical analysis revealed that into E. dendroides latex the triterpenoids were the most abundant among the identified compounds. Furthermore, a high content of polyphenols mainly as phenolic acids, was found. The antioxidant and free-radical scavenging properties, by several in vitro assays such as DPPH, TEAC and FRAP, have been evaluated. The results showed that E. dendroides latex has significant antioxidant activity, as measured by DPPH assay (2927.01?±?98.03 µmols of Trolox equivalent (TE)/100g FW). Reactivity towards ABTS radical cation and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values were 7580.95?±?97.65 µmols of TE/100g FW and 4383.13?±?95.30?μmol of TE/100g FW, respectively. The latex exhibited also significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity with an IC₅₀ value of 4.46 µg/mL (C.L.?=?2.002–9.947). Furthermore, Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) cytotoxicity bioassay showed that the larvae viability was significantly affected at higher concentrations than those capable to induce significant antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase effects (LD₅₀ 25 µg/mL). The results suggest that polyphenols and terpenoids can contribute significantly to antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of E. dendroides latex.     

Phytochemical Profiling,Antimicrobial, Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Stemodia viscosa Roxb. of Western Ghats Region,India

The present study shows the chemical profile, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, and apoptotic effects of Stemodia viscosa extracts. Thirteen bioactive compounds were identified in the 80 % ethanolic extract by GC/MS analysis. The acetone extract exhibited a higher content of flavonoids and phenols of 805.10 μg QE/mg DW and 89.31 μg GAE/mg DW extracts, respectively. Furthermore, the acetone extract possessed the highest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀=9.96 μg/mL). The 80 % ethanolic extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity; the highest activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus with a zone of inhibition of 25±0.51 mm, MIC value of 4 mg/mL, and MBC value of 8 mg/mL. The antiproliferative results revealed the presence of anticancer activity with an IC₅₀=91.562 and 74.362 μg/mL against the B16F10 skin and COLO205 colon cancer cells, respectively. The flow cytometric analysis shows that the plant extracts cause cancer cell death through the induction of apoptosis. Our findings confirmed that Stemodia viscosa is a potential source of biologically active compounds.     

Phenolics from Chilean Bee Bread Exhibit Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties: The First Prospective Study

Bee bread (BB) is a beehive product generated upon fermentation of pollen combined with flower nectar and glandular secretions. The potential application of BB is related to its nutritional and functional components, including phenolic compounds. This is the first prospective study on palynological parameters, phenolics, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of Chilean bee bread in vitro. The tested material exhibited high levels of phenolics (1340±186 mg GAE/100 g BB) and showed antioxidant capacity as determined by the FRAP (51±2 μmol Trolox equivalent/g BB) and ORAC-FL (643±64 μmol Trolox equivalent/g BB) and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes. Furthermore, the phenolic acids and flavonoids was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the concentration was determined using liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Kaempferol, quercetin, ferulic acid, and rutin were the main phenolics found. This study demonstrates the bioactive potential of Chilean BB and supports the evidence that this bee product is a promising source of antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds.     

Phytochemical Characterization and Biological Activities of a Hydroalcoholic Extract Obtained from the Aerial Parts of Matthiola incana (L.) R.Br. subsp. incana (Brassicaceae) Growing Wild in Sicily (Italy)

This study aimed to characterize the phenolic and the volatile constituents and to establish the antioxidant potential and the toxicity of a hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the leaves and flower buds of Matthiola incana (L.) R.Br. subsp. incana growing wild in Sicily (Italy). By HPLC‐PDA/ESI‐MS analysis, 12 phenolics (two phenolic acid derivatives and ten flavonoids) were identified, and eight of them were reported for the first time; luteolin‐glucoside was the main component (57.07 mg/g±0.87 % RSD). By SPME‐GC/MS, 47 volatile constituents were fully characterized, and dimethyl trisulfide turned out to be the most abundant one (33.24 %). The extract showed moderate activity both in the DPPH and in the reducing power assays (IC₅₀=2.32±0.24 mg/mL; ASE/mL=12.29±0.42); it did not inhibit the lipid peroxidation, whereas it was found to possess good chelating properties reaching approximately 90 % activity at the highest tested dose. Moreover, the extract protected growth and survival from H₂O₂‐induced oxidative stress in Escherichia coli. Finally, the extract was non‐toxic against Artemia salina (LC₅₀>1000 μg/mL). These findings increase the knowledge of M. incana subsp. incana and they could be helpful to a chemosystematic distinguishing of this subspecies also demonstrating that the aerial parts represent a safe source of antioxidants.