强化生物除磷污泥厌氧磷释放影响因素的研究进展

强化生物除磷(EBPR)工艺的活性污泥含有大量的磷,并且具有厌氧条件下释放磷酸盐的能力,从EBPR剩余污泥中回收磷酸盐具有极大的发展潜力.因此,优化影响EBPR污泥厌氧释磷的各项参数,使其能够最大程度的释放磷酸盐,是目前研究的重点.本文对EBPR污泥厌氧释磷影响因素的最新进展进行了分析和归纳.尽管很多研究者在该领域进行了研究并取得了-定成果,但依然存在很多争议和无法解答的问题,还需要进行进-步的研究.     

The effect of substrate on the composition of polyhydroxyalkanoates in enhanced biological phosphorus removal

This paper primarily evaluates the effect of external substrate type on the composition of polyhydroxyalkanoates in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). Two sets of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) are operated for this purpose, one with acetate and the other with propionate as the sole carbon source at different influent COD/phosphate ratios in the range 6.7–20 mgCOD mg^?1P. Results indicate that propionate is a more efficient substrate for EBPR, enabling total phosphate removal regardless of the change in COD/phosphate ratio. Total polyhydroxyalkanoates formation of 267–291 mgCOD L^?1 with a slight increase at higher influent phosphorus levels is observed for acetate experiments, and a slightly lower level of 250–280 mgCOD L^?1, with a similar trend for propionate experiments. The volatile fatty acid type and composition in the influent induces a significant difference in the polyhydroxyalkanoates composition of the two sets of activated sludge sustained in corresponding SBR systems. Propionate is mostly stored as 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylvalerate and polyhydroxyvalerate, while acetate is stored as polyhydroxybutyrate. The P uptake rate in SBRs fed with propionate is considerably higher than that in the acetate reactors. Parallel batch experiments yield different results, especially for systems fed with acetate, indicating that the enzymatic system to metabolize propionate is not rapidly established, always yielding a dominant polyhydroxybutyrate fraction in the generated polyhydroxyalkanoates regardless of the level of propionate in the feed. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同碳源类型对生物除磷过程释放磷的影响

厌氧释放磷是生物除磷的重要部分,释放磷不充分是生物除磷不稳定的主要原因。为了研究碳源种类对厌氧生物除磷的影响,以A2/O氧化沟工艺好氧末端活性污泥为研究对象,投加乙酸钠、丙酸钠、葡萄糖、甲醇和乙醇等碳源,在厌氧和缺氧状态下进行释放磷试验研究。结果表明：（1）在厌氧条件下,聚磷菌（PAOs）以乙酸钠或丙酸钠为碳源释放磷速率很快,120 min平均比释放磷速率分别为290.5和236.7 mg P·（g VSS）-1·d-1;PAOs利用葡萄糖、乙醇和甲醇释放磷速率较低,比释放磷速率分别为49.4、38.8和8.91 mg P·（g VSS）-1·d-1;（2）在缺氧条件下,PAOs以乙酸钠或丙酸钠为碳源释放磷速率与厌氧状态下释放磷速率相差不大,而其他3种碳源作用下,PAOs并不释放磷;（3）初始NO-3过高时,乙酸钠作为碳源,PAOs在释放磷结束后利用NO-3作为电子受体进行反硝化吸收磷。     

Evaluation of the parameters affecting nitrogen and phosphorus removal in anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A/A/O) biological nutrient removal systems

Considerable research has been performed on biological nutrient removal (BNR) systems which remove the problematic nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, that cause eutrophication. This research focussed on setting up two laboratory‐scale anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A/A/O) systems and investigating their reliability while undergoing various parameter changes. Pump failure, in the first trial, R1, led to a decrease in pH, exposure of the sludge to relatively low nitrate concentrations and reduction of the suspended solids concentration within the system. This adversely affected the phosphorus removal efficiency. Shock loading the system with increased influent phosphate concentrations for 56 days was shown to aid remediation of the phosphorus removal efficiency to values between 65 and 70% (w/w). The second trial, R2, highlighted the presence of bacteria capable of P‐uptake under anoxic conditions (in the presence of nitrate). The characteristic anaerobic P‐release was also evident. The bacteria responsible for phosphate uptake under anoxic conditions are thought to be the denitrifying phosphate removing bacteria (DPB). However, the presence of higher nitrate concentrations retarded the P‐removal efficiency to some extent. Secondary release of P was evident in the clarifier of the A/A/O system during the R2 trial and especially during times of increased nitrate concentrations in the system. Between 20 and 40% (w/w) of the P taken up in the oxic stage of the system was released in the clarifier at various stages throughout the trial. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

A three‐phase fluidized bed reactor in the combined anaerobic/aerobic treatment of wastewater

Aerobic degradation or polishing is an essential step in the combined anaerobic/aerobic treatment of wastewater. In this study, a type of porous glass beads was used for immobilization of microbial cells in a three‐phase aerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) with an external liquid circulation. The effects of superficial gas and liquid velocities on bed expansion, solid and gas hold‐ups and specific oxygen mass transfer rate, k_La, were investigated. A tracer study showed that the mixing and flow pattern in the 8 dm³ reactor could be simulated by a non‐ideal model of two continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) in series. By treating an effluent from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) digester, the distribution of suspended and immobilized biomass in the reactor as well as the kinetics of COD removal were determined. The specific oxygen mass transfer rate, k_La, at a superficial gas velocity of 0.7 cm s⁻¹ dropped by about 30% from 32 h⁻¹ in tap water to 22 h⁻¹ after a carrier load of 15% (v/v) was added. The measured k_La further dropped by about 20% to 18 h⁻¹ in the wastewater, a typical value of the bubbling fermenters with no stirring. Compared with the aerobic heterotrophs under optimum growth conditions, the microbes in this reactor which was fed with anaerobic effluent plus biomass behaved like oligotrophs and showed slow specific COD removal rates. This might be attributed to the presence of a significant amount of obligate anaerobes and facultative organisms in the aerobic reactor. This was confirmed by a relatively low intrinsic oxygen uptake rate of the microbial population in the reactor, 94 mg O₂ dm⁻³ h⁻¹ or 19 mg O₂g VS⁻¹ h⁻¹. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

A2O工艺中反硝化除磷及过量曝气对生物除磷的影响

如何有效提高城市污水厂除磷效率一直是研究的热点,而反硝化除磷菌可以在碳源不足的条件下,通过“一碳两用”的方式同时实现反硝化脱氮和吸磷作用,是一种新型高效的技术.试验以啤酒废水为研究对象,验证了厌氧-缺氧-好氧（A²O）工艺中反硝化除磷现象的存在及其对系统脱氮除磷的影响.试验结果表明,A²O系统稳定运行时,反硝化聚磷菌在缺氧区可利用在厌氧段储存的PHB大量吸磷,同时氮也得到去除,计算表明缺氧除磷量可占厌氧总释磷量的71.3%,另外可节约曝气能耗25%.无论系统进水COD浓度从200 mg•L^-1变化为400 mg•L^-1,COD、总氮和总磷去除率总能保持较高水平,平均出水总氮和总磷浓度分别小于10 mg•L^-1和0.30 mg•L^-1.另外发现,过量曝气对系统除磷具有明显的影响,导致除磷效率降低,甚至会产生不吸磷现象,系统需要经过约一个污泥龄时间才能恢复其吸磷能力,所以应加强系统曝气的控制.     

复合式膜生物反应器强化脱氮除磷的实验研究

在传统好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)的基础上,结合厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A2/O)工艺开发了复合式A2/O膜生物反应器,并对其处理小区生活污水中的氮、磷等污染物的特性进行了研究。实验表明:在各自合适的条件下复合式A2/O膜生物反应器可保证化学需氧量(COD)的平均去除率达到90.17%,NH4+-N的去除率可达到92.32%,总氮(TN)平均去除率可达到72%,而总磷(TP)的平均去除率达到71.23%。     

两级生物膜处理合成洗涤剂废水

采用厌氧生物滤池(AF)—好氧生物接触氧化(BCO)联合工艺对合成洗涤剂(LAS)废水进行处理试验。结果表明,AF反应器在HRT=24h、温度(32±2)℃、pH为7～8、营养母液质量浓度5mg/L条件下,BCO反应器在HRT=12h、常温、DO为4～5mg/L条件下,对LAS和COD的去除率分别可达到85%和95%,出水达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)规定的一级排放标准。     

城市污水生物脱氮除磷技术的研究进展

评述了近年来城市污水生物脱氮除磷技术的研究进展,重点介绍了生物处理的新方法:ANAMMOX–SHARON组合法、好氧同步脱氮除磷法和倒置A2/O法,并比较了各种工艺的优缺点。指出反硝化聚磷技术在倒置A2/O工艺中的应用将成为城市污水同步脱氮除磷研究的一个重要发展方向。     

城市污水自养脱氮系统中有机物与磷的回收

厌氧氨氧化的发现使开发低能耗城市污水处理技术成为可能,可通过生物吸附实现污水能源与资源的回收。强化除磷系统污泥龄(SRT)仅为2 d,系统抗冲击性强,污泥沉降性良好,污泥体积指数(SVI)低于50,可为自养脱氮系统提供稳定的进水,但系统污泥碳含量仅为37%。将反应器内好氧水力停留时间(HRT)降至 40 min后,实现有机物去除序批式反应器(SBR)的稳定运行,厌氧段COD去除率占总COD去除率的93.8%,这表明系统对有机物的去除主要为生物吸附作用,同时污泥碳含量提升至48%。由于异养菌对有机物的消耗利用与除磷菌的吸磷过程同时进行,若试验废水C/P比较低,可降低系统水力停留时间、提升碳的回收率并辅助少量的化学除磷手段,对系统厌氧搅拌时间、曝气时间及污泥龄进行优化,从而实现C与P的高效回收。     

缺氧环境对颗粒污泥强化除磷系统释磷的影响

以除磷颗粒污泥为研究对象,采用批次试验,以混合丙酸和乙酸（2∶1）为外加碳源,在厌氧起始阶段投加不同浓度的NO^-₃-N（0, 20, 30, 50和75 mg·L^-1, pH=8.0）和NO^-₂-N（10,20,40和60 mg·L^-1, pH=7.0, 7.5和8.0）,研究缺氧环境对颗粒污泥强化除磷系统释磷的影响。结果表明,硝态氮的投加对聚磷菌释磷无明显抑制,系统中VFA的吸收、磷的释放和硝态氮的反硝化同时发生,挥发性脂肪酸（相似文献   

The beneficial role of intermediate clarification in a novel MBR based process for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal

BACKGROUND: A novel membrane bioreactor (MBR) is described, employing an intermediate clarifier. Unlike the established function of a final clarifier in a conventional biological nutrient removal system, the role of an intermediate clarifier has rarely been studied. Thus, this work focused on explaining the fate of nutrients in the intermediate clarifier, as influenced by the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the preceding anaerobic bioreactor. RESULTS: The system was tested with two different anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic biomass fractions of 0.25/0.25/0.5 (run 1) and 0.15/0.35/0.45 (run 2) using synthetic wastewater. The major findings of the study were that phosphorus (P) removal was affected by the role of the intermediate clarifier. In run 1, P was removed at a rate 0.16 g d⁻¹ in the intermediate clarifier while in run 2, additional P was released at 0.49 g d⁻¹. The nitrogen (N) removal efficiencies were 74 and 75% for runs 1 and 2 respectively, while P removal was 91 and 96%. P uptake by denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms (DPAOs) accounted for 41–52% of the total uptake in the MBR. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the intermediate clarifier assisted chemical oxygen demand (COD), N, and P removal. With respect to the fate of P, the intermediate clarifier functioned as an extended anaerobic zone when the HRT of the preceding anaerobic zone was insufficient for P release, and as a pre‐anoxic zone when the anaerobic HRT was adequate for P release. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

A/DAT-IAT工艺除磷影响因素的试验研究

针对DAT—IAT工艺在除磷方面存在的局限性,采用在工艺前端设置厌氧反应器的措施来强化DAT—IAT工艺的除磷功能。首次采用该工艺处理含磷废水,考察了回流比、运行周期、pH值、进水COD浓度和温度等因素对磷去除效果的影响,确定了适宜的反应条件。     

Simultaneous removal of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater by coupling two-step anaerobic digestion with a sequencing batch reactor

The objective of this study was to develop an integrated process for simultaneous removal of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from industrial wastewaters. The process consisted of a-two step anaerobic digestion reactor, for carbon removal, coupled with a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for nutrient removal. In the proposed process, carbon is eliminated into biogas by anaerobic digestion: acidogenesis and methanogenesis. The volatile fatty acids (VFA) produced during the first step of anaerobic digestion can be used as electron donors for both dephosphatation and denitrification. In the third reactor (SBR) dephosphatation and nitrification are induced through the application of an anaerobic–aerobic cycle. This paper describes the first trials and experiments on the SBR and a period of 210 days during which the SBR was connected to the acidogenic and methanogenic reactors. It was shown that nitrification of ammonia took place in the SBR reactor, during the aerobic phase. Furthermore, denitrification and VFA production were achieved together in the acidogenic reactor, when the efflux of nitrates from the SBR reactor was added to the first reactor influx. The proposed process was fed with a synthetic industrial wastewater, the composition of which was: total organic carbon (TOC)=2200 mg dm⁻³, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)=86 mg dm⁻³, phosphorus under phosphate form (P-PO₄)=20 mg dm⁻³. In these conditions, removals of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were 98%, 78% and 95% respectively. The results show that the combination of the two-step anaerobic digestion reactor and an SBR reactor is effective for simultaneous carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Reactor arrangements enabled zones of bacterial populations to exist. Complete denitrification occurred in the acidogenic reactor and hence the anaerobic activity was not reduced or inhibited by the presence of nitrate, thus allowing high TOC removal. Stable phosphorus release and phosphorus uptake took place in the SBR after coupling of the three reactors. A fast-settling compact sludge was generated in the SBR with the operational conditions applied, thus giving good separation of supernatant fluid. The benefits from this process are the saving of (i) an external carbon source for denitrification and phosphorus removal, (ii) a reactor for the denitrification step. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

长泥龄改良A2/O工艺的短程硝化反硝化除磷

为解决传统A²/O工艺硝化与除磷泥龄(SRT)之间的矛盾,进一步提高低C/N(P)比生活污水同步脱氮除磷效率,采用一种改良A²/O工艺在长SRT条件下处理生活污水.试验结果表明,该工艺可有效筛选和强化反应器内活性污泥,并大量富集长SRT的反硝化除磷菌(DPAO).通过亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)淘洗阶段后,反应器在SRT=19.6d、A²O段污泥浓度(MLSS)=5.5 g·L^-1、水力停留时间(HRT)=8.2 h、污泥回流比(R)=90%、硝化液回流比(r)=250%、溶解氧(DO)=1.5～0.3 mg·L^-1,间歇曝气段HRT=4 h、曝气周期1 h曝气1 min(DO=0.3～0.5 mg·L^-1)、沉淀59 min条件下长期运行,COD、NH₄⁺-N、TP和TN的平均去除率分别为88.71%、99.2%、93.77%和89.52%,出水亚硝化率(NO₂^--N/NO_x^--N)可达97.2%,DPAO占聚磷菌(PAO)比为95.5%.污水中约72.96%的COD被DPAO合成PHA除磷,15.75%的COD由异养反硝化消耗,约41.96%和31.31%的N分别通过反硝化除磷和异养反硝化去除.剩余污泥主要由DPAO和反硝化菌增殖产生,分别占82.74%和17.24%,较传统脱氮除磷途径减少了58.76%的碳源消耗和44.6%的污泥排放.     

污泥转移SBR工艺中EPS对生物除磷的作用

采用新型强化生物除磷工艺--污泥转移SBR处理合成废水,探讨胞外聚合物（EPS）在工艺强化除磷过程中的作用。当污泥转移量为0、15%及30%时,污泥中的EPS含量分别为（108.14±9.68）mg·（g MLSS）^-1、（128.17±1.45）mg·（g MLSS）^-1和（123.35±22.98）mg·（g MLSS）^-1;工艺的除磷率分别为82.14%±0.85%、96.35%±1.25%及98.99%±0.98%,反应末端EPS中TP含量占污泥中TP的比重分别为27.9%±2.55%、57.23%±2.33%和63.88%±2.87%。此外,污泥中EPS在该工艺的好氧吸磷过程中吸磷量分别为（2.04±0.32）mg·（g MLSS）^-1、（5.90±0.38）mg·（g MLSS）^-1和（6.00±0.52）mg·（g MLSS）^-1,在污泥吸磷量中的贡献率均达到90%以上。研究结果表明：污泥转移SBR工艺中随着污泥转移量的增大有利于提高EPS中的磷含量,从而提升了工艺的除磷性能,EPS在该工艺的吸磷过程中起主要作用。但污泥转移对污泥中EPS含量影响不显著。     

混合液回流比对A/A/O工艺反硝化除磷的影响

以生活污水培养驯化污泥的小试规模A/A/O工艺为研究对象,进行了混合液回流比为100%、200%和300%时对反硝化除磷的影响研究,并利用厌氧/缺氧批式试验方法对污泥特性进行单独考察。结果表明,随着混合液回流比的增大,缺氧除磷在系统除磷所起的作用、反硝化聚磷菌缺氧利用单位聚羟基链烷酸（PHAs）的吸磷量和反硝化数量出现先升高后下降,厌氧合成单位PHAs的释磷量和好氧利用单位PHAs的吸磷量并没有受到影响,以200%时反硝化除磷和系统脱氮除磷效果为最好,过高或过低NO₃-N浓度均会影响反硝化聚磷菌的缺氧吸磷速率和PHAs降解速率,但并没有影响其本身所固有的特性。     

Characteristics of simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a pilot-scale sequencing anoxic/anaerobic membrane bioreactor at various conditions

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of pilot-scale sequencing anoxic/anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAM) process under various real situations. During the pilot experiment, the effect of three important operational parameters, such as hydraulic retention time (HRT), solids retention time (SRT) and internal recycling time mode were estimated and the long-term membrane fouling behaviour was also investigated. During the operation period, the COD removal efficiency was higher than 95% regardless of change of operational conditions because the membrane significantly contributed to remove COD by the complete retention of all particulate COD and macromolecular COD components. The change of Ax/An ratio representing internal recycling time mode significantly affected on nitrogen and phosphorus removal. As increasing Ax/An ratio, nitrogen removal efficiency increased but phosphorus removal efficiency decreased. As HRT decreased, phosphorus removal efficiency increased and nitrogen removal efficiency also increased until a certain limit of HRT (6.5 h in this study). However, when HRT decreased over the limit, nitrogen removal efficiency decreased because of insufficient nitrification. Relation between phosphorus removal efficiency and SRT was a little bit complex because SRT determined both the phosphorus content in the sludge and the sludge wasting rate. However, in this study, the shorter SRT resulted in the higher phosphorus removal efficiency. The effect of changes in all operational conditions was sensitive on phosphorus rather than on nitrogen removal efficiency. The increasing in influent flowrate resulted in the increase of flux and caused a rapid membrane fouling. Thus, the flux of 7.7 L/m²/h was more desirable compared to the 10.7 or 15.4 L/m²/h in this study.     

混凝-厌氧水解-好氧组合工艺处理印染废水的研究

印染废水的色度大,有机物含量高,可生化性差。针对上述特点,采用了混凝一厌氧水解一好氧组合工艺处理印染废水。结果表明,该工艺对印染废水有很好的处理效果,最终出水CODCr为83～124mg／L,出水基本达到无色,达到纺织染整工业水污染物排放一级标准(GB4287-1992),处理成本为1．5元／t。