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1.
对直立人与早期智人的上颌牙齿特征的比较表明 :直立人牙齿的长宽尺寸 ,除中门齿唇舌径外 ,与早期智人的相应值很难区分 -早期智人的长宽尺寸多在直立人相应值的变异范围之内 ;直立人牙齿的观察性特征几乎都能在早期智人某些成员中见到。这意味着直立人与早期智人可能并无“种”而只有“亚种”这一分类级别上的差异 ,把直立人并入智人种这一建议是可取的。对若干化石地点的单个牙齿进行的重新鉴定表明 :桐梓、沂源、郧县梅铺、洛南和淅川的人类牙齿不一定是代表直立人的 ,有可能是代表早期智人的。 相似文献
2.
郧县人类头骨化石与周口店直立人头骨的形态比较 总被引:9,自引:4,他引:5
对郧县人类头骨化石与周口店直立人头骨作了形态上的比较以检验直立人特征在郧县头骨化石上的表现情况.比较项目包括眶上圆枕、枕骨圆枕、枕平面与项平面之间的转折情况、眶后收缩、颅骨最大宽位置、颅盖低平情况、前额后倾情况和颅容量.结果表明,在郧县人类头骨化石的这些特征项目中,有的因头骨破损和变形而难以肯定.其余的则应是早期智人的特征.从形态上讲,郧县人类头骨化石目前还难肯定是属于直立人,而有可能属于智人,如果认为“直立人”和“智人”是两个不同的物种的话. 相似文献
3.
中国目前较为可靠的早期智人牙齿材料应包括在巢县、许家窑、长阳、周口店新洞和桐梓发现的人类牙齿化石,代表一类与早期组早期智人相当或十分相近的古人类。丁村人类牙齿化石可能是代表晚期组早期智人也可能是代表解剖学上的现代智人。就牙齿材料而言,尚无充分的证据能表明在中国曾同时存在过两种类型的早期智人。 相似文献
4.
安徽巢湖早期智人的牙齿磨耗和早期智人前部齿工具机能假说 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
巢湖早期智人的前部齿重度磨耗较大可能是与前部齿行使习惯上的非咀嚼性机能和经常啃咬坚韧的食物有关。如果早期智人前部齿的工具机能被理解为既包括非咀嚼性的也包括咀嚼性的,则早期智人前部齿工具机能假说可用来解释巢湖早期智人的前部齿重度磨耗现象,而巢湖早期智人将是出自东亚的支持这一假说的首例化石材料。 相似文献
5.
对现代人、直立人、早期智人、晚期智人脑膜中动脉前支和后支压迹的形态的观察和对比发现:从直立人到现代人脑膜中动脉管径从粗到逐渐变细,分枝从简单到逐渐复杂,前支趋向于增大,后支趋向于缩小,呈现出一定的规律性,有地域性差异。作者认为脑膜中动脉的这种分布形式间接地反映了直立人向智人演化及现代人类形成过程中,大脑各部分比例的变化和功能的日益复杂对供血需求的影响。在研究颅骨与大脑之间的关系上及脑演化上,脑膜中动脉有一定的意义。 相似文献
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7.
我国是世界上发现古人类化石相当丰富的国家之一,迄今已在100余处地点发现了各种古人类化石,年代跨度在距今170万-1万年之间,这些古人类化石包括了直立人、早期智人和晚期智人.
在从20世纪80年代以来逐渐从西方开始流行起来的"走出非洲"这种人类演化故事的标准观点中,200多万年前直立人首先在非洲演化而出.之后大约在60... 相似文献
8.
金牛山古智人化石有近完整之上颌牙列。对这些牙齿观察测量比较表明,金牛山人上中间齿显著增大,上第三臼齿退化缩小,其余牙齿大小在我国早期智人和直立人分布范围之下限,He面形态简单,齿带较弱。金牛山人前牙磨耗重于后芽,表现与“前牙人具机能假说”大致相符,而从生理角度讲,前牙排列位置及倾斜角度与此也可能有一定关系。金牛山人上中门齿及第二前臼齿可能患有轻度的番质发育不全症。 相似文献
9.
表型可塑性是指同一基因型在不同环境条件下而产生多种不同表现型的反应能力。哺乳动物头骨形态的变化是在进化过程中出现的重要表型特征之一。云南省地势西高东低、海拔变化剧烈、是古北界寒带物种南迁,中南半岛热带物种北移的交汇地,自然环境的地带性和非地带性变化明显,栖息在该地区的动物为了适应多样的环境,可能出现不同的表型分化。高山姬鼠(Apodemus chevrieri)为我国特有种,主要分布在中国西南的横断山及其附近地区,是研究表型与生态适应之间关系的理想物种。为研究在云南特殊生态环境下物种的微进化,采用几何形态学的方法测量云南不同地区高山姬鼠头骨形态的变异,采用线粒体细胞色素b(Cytochrome b,Cyt b)基因和线粒体控制区(Mitochondrial control region,D-loop)探讨基因型的变化。结果显示:昆明种群与横断山种群(中甸、剑川、丽江)间发生了明显的形态变异和遗传分化,高山姬鼠头骨背面和腹面,横断山种群和滇中昆明种群很少重叠,这两个种群变异较大;但头骨的侧面和下颌侧面变异不明显。因此,分布于云南地区的高山姬鼠可能正处于生态物种形成的早期阶段。 相似文献
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人类头骨在大小、粗壮度和形状上具有性别差异。长期以来,性别鉴定的方法主要是根据头骨的大小和粗壮度,用肉眼进行粗略观察。受研究方法的限制,忽略了头骨细微的解剖结构及形状差别。为获取头骨性别差异的更多信息,探究头骨断面轮廓的性别差异,本文选用距今300年左右墓葬出土的云南现代人成年男性和女性头骨各30例作为研究材料,利用3D激光扫描技术及逆向工程软件提取头骨断面的外轮廓信息,在此基础上,采用几何形态测量方法对头骨冠状面、矢状面的外轮廓形状的性别差异进行了比较。研究结果显示:男女头骨在冠状面、正中矢状面顶骨部、正中矢状面枕骨部的形状上性别差异不显著,而在正中矢状面额骨部的形状上差异显著。本文对于古人类学和体质人类学鉴定人类头骨的性别差异,以及探讨不同地区、不同时代人群头面部形状的变异具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
11.
SUN Cheng-kai;ZHOU Mi; XING Song 《人类学学报》2011,30(01):32
Morphometric analysis of the crowns of six teeth from the Yiyuan site were compared with those of Homo erectus,archaic and late Homo sapiens from Asia,Australopithecus,African early Homo and recent Chinese. The present study shows that the Yiyuan teeth retain some primitive traits,including their trapezoidal outline shapes of the upper premolars and the straight mesial outline of the first upper molar. Other features are apomorphic,as manifested in the extent to which outline of P3 buccal cusp expands mesially and distally,the outline shape of the P4,which is close to that of the recent Chinese,the relatively large paracone size compared to the metacone in M1,and the roundness of the buccal outline and relatively restricted metaconid of M1. Fossil teeth of early and middle Pleistocene Chinese exhibit many similarities to each other,with no obvious differences being shown,therefore Chinese Homo erectus and archaic Homo sapiens could be treated as a sample group. The teeth from Yiyuan could also be placed in this group,however these teeth are quite “evolved ” compared with other sample members. It is noteworthy that M1 and M1 have a very large value of BL / MD,which surpasses each of corresponding specimens used in present study and may be meaningful in interpreting evolutionary progress. 相似文献
12.
南京2号人类头骨化石的复位和形态 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
南京2号人类头骨化石仅保留部分的额骨、顶骨、枕骨和颞骨,为一不完整的颅盖骨。其顶骨和枕骨有数条断裂缝,各断块之间有程度不一的错动,致使该颅盖骨显得外形异常。本项研究是对该颅盖骨的错动部分进行复位,结果表明,南京2号头骨有较大的顶骨、较小的上枕鳞相对宽度、可能较大的颅容量。这些形态提示该头骨与直立人有所不同而与早期智人相近。该头骨所具有的角圆枕、颞鳞顶缘形状、枕骨圆枕发育程度、枕骨的枕平面与项平面过渡情况、枕内隆突点与枕外隆突点的距离、头骨骨壁厚度、脑膜中动脉分支情况、头骨枕面观之轮廓线样式等形态细节,还很难作为可靠的依据把南京2号头骨鉴定为直立人。南京2号头骨很大可能是属于智人亚种(Homo sapiens sapiens)中的一员。 相似文献
13.
ZHANG Yinyun 《人类学学报》2006,25(04):267
The Nanjing 2 calvarium is believed to represent Homo sapiens erectus since its discovery in 1993. This calvarium preserves incomplete frontal, parietal, and occipital bones. The parietal and occipital bones are cracked and as their fragments are displaced the calvarium appears to be distorted. The calvarium was recently restored by the authors, exposing some anatomical details that had previously been obscured. Compared with Homo sapiens erectus, the restored calvarium presents larger parietal bones, a relatively narrow upper scale of occipital bone and a probable larger cranial capacity, which suggests affinities with Homo sapiens sapiens. Other anatomical details observed in the parietal and occipital bones are examined in this paper including the angular torus, parietal border of temporal squamous part, the occipital torus, the angle between the occipital and nuchal planes, the distance between inion and endinion, cranial vault thickness, the branches of the middle meningeal artery and the coronal contour of the vault. The results of this examination reveal that there must be some uncertainty in referring the Nanjing 2 calvarium to Homo sapiens erectus. It is more likely that the Nanjing 2 belongs to Homo sapiens sapiens. 相似文献
14.
本文使用主成分分析的多元统计方法比较中国与欧洲和西南亚不同类型的智人的额骨材料。研究结果支持黄龙头盖骨可能代表东亚解剖学上现代智人—古老种群的结论。中国的一系列标本与欧洲和西亚的一系列标本从古老智人到解剖学上现代智人的进化过程存在着差异,最终在额骨的主要形态方面还是趋于一致。 相似文献
15.
ZHANG Yin-yun; LIU Wu 《人类学学报》2002,21(02):87
The comparisons of maxillary dental fossils of Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens found in China show that most of the dental measurements of early Homo sapiens are within the ranges of Homo erectus, except the central incisor breadth which is larger in early Homo sapiens. Almost all the dental nonmetric characters of Homo erectus can be found in early Homo sapiens. The results of the comparisons suggest that there may not be a clear species boundary between Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens, and the opinion that Homo erectus should be merged with early Homo sapiens is accept- able by the present study.<br>The comparisons of present study also show that the dental remains from Tongzi, Yiyuan, Yunxian, Luonan and Xichuan may be reclassified as early Homo sapiens, although these fossils have been believed to be Homo erectus. 相似文献
16.
HDP1 is an archaeological and faunal site located on the Hoedjiespunt peninsula at Saldanha Bay, South Africa, that has recently yielded fossil human remains. Artefacts from the associated archaeological deposits are identified as being Middle Stone Age. U series analysis of capping calcretes and analysis of the foraminifera and fauna associated with the human fossils indicate an age for the deposit in excess of 74,000 years before present, and it most probably dates to around 300,000 years before present. The fossil human teeth from in situ deposits at Hoedjiespunt are described and found to be large by comparison with modern humans but smaller than the known upper dentitions of southern African “archaic” Homo sapiens. The Hoedjiespunt molars are found to be morphologically within the range of variation observed in the teeth of modern Homo sapiens. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
17.
Zhang Yinyun;Richard Potts 《人类学学报》1994,13(04):285
The occipital torus refers to a thickened band of bone usually between the superior and supreme nuchal lines. Since Weidenreich published his study in 1940, the size of the occipital torus has been thought to decrease over the course of human evolution. A strong torus can be seen in crania of Homo erectus, whereas a relatively weak one is presented in Homo sapiens. A well-developed occipital torus therefore may be useful in the diagnosis of Homo erectus.<br>Recent finds and dating results in China indicate that extensive variation occurred in the development of the occipital torus during the period 190-230 ky B.P. Thus, some authors have suggested the co-existence of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens in China during that time. However, it is also possible that the occipital torus is not a genetic marker, but rather may be an adaptive skeletal response to veriable nuchal muscle action.<br>In each skull the degree of occipital torus development was recorded and 14 measurements were taken reflecting cranial and occipital forms. The degree of occipital torus development was divided into four categories:<br>0: No torus. Supreme nuchal line (SMNL) cannot be identified. Superior nuchal line (SNL) may or may not be discernible. The surface between SMNL and SNL is smooth and level with the occipital and nuchal planes.<br>1:Slight elevation between SMNL and SNL, and SMNL shows a trace only. Alternatively, two small rounded elevations, one on right and left sides, appear between SMNL and SNL, and the SMNL presents its median portion only.<br>2:Moderately developed elevation between SMNL and SNL. The SMNL and SNL are distinct. The SNL extends laterally toward asterian.<br>3: Strong elevation with distinct demarcations (SMNL and SNL). The SMNL and SNL are pronounced and elevated. The SNL extends laterally toward asterian.<br>Results of these observations are given in Table 1. Testing the occurrence of each degree of occipital torus development, x2 tests indicate that there are no significant differences between different populations in either the male or the female samples (P>0.05). There is, however, a significant difference between male and female samples within populations (P<0.01).<br>To examine the correlation between occipital torus development and cranial or occipital form, statistics for the 14 measurements are given by sex and population. Analysis suggests that only occipital angle and nuchal plane length may be correlated with torus development within male or female samples of some (but not all) populations (Tables 2 and 3). This correlation is not widespread, and the development of the occipital torus is not necessarily affected by overall cranial and occipital form.<br>To summarize, the incidence of each category of occipital torus development appears to be identical across populations, controlling for sex. Moreover, the incidence is not strongly affected by geographic (environmental) differences in male or female samples of populations having the same racial affinity. Genetic factors thus may be operating in the development of the occipital torus. In this sense, occipital torus size may be considered a genetic marker.Wide variation in the development of the occipital torus can be traced back to Homa erectus. Compared especially with torus shape, the development (size) of the torus does not appear to be an effective taxonomic character, although genetically controlled.<br>This work was funded by SFPPAS of Academia Sinica., the Office of Fellowships and Grants of the Smithsonian Institution, and a grant from the American Museum of Natural History. The authors wish to express their grateful thanks for helpful suggestions to Prof. M.H. Wolpoff, Prof. E. Delson, and Dr. I. Tattersall, and for valuable assistance to Dr. D.R. Hunt and J.B. Clark. 相似文献